Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Guido Buresti
Department of Aerospace Engineering University of Pisa (Italy)
KTH Stockholm, 19/3/2004 1
CONTENTS
ELEMENTS OF AERODYNAMICS AERODYNAMICS OF CARS AERODYNAMICS OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE CARS DESIGN TOOLS AERODYNAMICS AT FERRARI AUTO CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
Elements of Aerodynamics
AERODYNAMIC FORCES
Elements of Aerodynamics
THE AERODYNAMIC FORCES ACTING ON A BODY IN MOTION IN A FLUID DEPEND ON: SHAPE
Elements of Aerodynamics
Origin of the forces: Friction over the body surface Pressures on the body surface FL = Lift
FD = Drag
FD = 1 V 2 S C D
2
FL = 1 V 2 S C L
2
Drag Coefficient FD CD = 1 V 2 S
2
Lift Coefficient FL CL = 1 V 2 S
2
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Elements of Aerodynamics
Boundary layers
At the wall the relative velocity between fluid and body is zero and a boundary layer develops But if the Reynolds number Re is high the thickness of the boundary layer may be very small
VL Re =
Elements of Aerodynamics
Elements of Aerodynamics
Bluff bodies:
Boundary layer separates from their surface Wide and generally unsteady wakes
Elements of Aerodynamics
Elements of Aerodynamics
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Elements of Aerodynamics
The complete equations of motion (Navier-Stokes equations) are non-linear and very complex However, Prandtl showed that
p( x , ) p( x , 0 )
and that outside the boundary layer a simple equation of motion applies (potential flow equation) r 2 V = = 0 with Inside the boundary layer the equations of motion may be simplified, even if they remain non-linear
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Elements of Aerodynamics
For aerodynamic bodies a simplified procedure may then be devised for the evaluation of the aerodynamic loads
This is not possible for bluff bodies! Solution of Navier-Stokes equations or experimental data
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Elements of Aerodynamics
FD 1 2V 2 L
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Elements of Aerodynamics
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Elements of Aerodynamics
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Elements of Aerodynamics
CD = 2
CD = 1.2
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Elements of Aerodynamics
CD = 1.8
CD = 0.9
Aerodynamics of cars
All cars are bluff bodiesbut not all with the same bluffness!
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Aerodynamics of cars
P = FD V = 1 V 3 S C D
2
To decrease the aerodynamic drag implies Decreasing the frontal area Decreasing the drag coefficient
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Aerodynamics of cars
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Aerodynamics of cars
CD = 0.35
FD (Kg) 8.9 35.5 59.9 141.8 319.0 434.2 P (HP) 1.6 12.9 28.3 102.9 347.4 551.6
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Aerodynamics of cars
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Aerodynamics of cars
Aerodynamics of cars
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Aerodynamics of cars
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Aerodynamics of cars
Aerodynamics of cars
K5 of Kamm (1938)
CD = 0.37
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Aerodynamics of cars
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Aerodynamics of cars
Evolution of CD of cars
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Aerodynamics of cars
Evolution of CD of cars
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Aerodynamics of cars
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Aerodynamics of cars
CD = 0.55!
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Aerodynamics of cars
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Aerodynamics of cars
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Aerodynamics of cars
Evolution of CD of cars
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Aerodynamics of cars
Analysed problem: Axisymmetrical body ending with different radius of curvature, r/D
20 m/s
0.3 0 0.1
U = 50 m/s r/D
0.2 0.3
0.1
r/D
0.2
A maximum of drag exists for a certain value of r/D The phenomenon depends on geometrical and flow parameters
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Aerodynamics of cars
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Aerodynamics of cars
CD = 0.25
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Aerodynamics of cars
C.N.R. Prototype
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Aerodynamics of cars
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High engine power Vmax > 300 km/h Necessity of assuring high and safe global performance For high-performance cars it is essential that the vertical aerodynamic force be not directed upwards
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Indeed: The grip of the tyres is proportional to the downward force acting on them (weight aerodynamic force )
If the grip decreases:
- The breaking space increases - The maximum admissible turning velocity decreases
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In general cars tend to be lifting bodies (upward vertical aerodynamic force) This may cause even beautiful cars to become potentially dangerous
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Aerodynamic Design Goals: High downward aerodynamic forces (negative lift) High efficiency (low drag)
High and concentrated load Interference with the style and increased drag
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Generation of Aerodynamic Download The whole car may be used to generate the download Body
The design of the upper part of the car may be used to generate the required download producing the minimum amount of drag
Underbody
An appropriate design of the underbody allows high aerodynamic performance to be obtained without interfering with the style
- A rough uncovered underbody slows the airflow and does not allow the lower part of the car to be used to generate a download. - A smooth faired underbody improves the airflow, increases the download and reduces the drag. - A smooth faired underbody modelled with a diffuser accelerates the airflow below the vehicle and further improves the aerodynamic performance.
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Aerod. Specifications
Style
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