12 Cranial Nerves and Assessment 1) Nerve: Type: Function: Test: Olfactory ( I ) Sensory Sense of smell Youll need three

substances with distinctive but familiar odors; for example, coffee, tobacco, and cloves. Ask patient to close his or her eyes, and occlude her left nostril with her finger. Hold one of these substances under his / her right nostril, and ask her to identify the odor. Follow the same procedure with the other two substances. Then, repeat the entire test on the other nostril. Actual findings: Patient detects and correctly identifies all three odors. 2) Nerve: Type: Function: Test: Optic ( II ) Sensory Vision Visual acuity Use Snellen chart or an E chart to test your patients visual acuity. Normal Findings: Patients vision fields are the same with my vision fields Test: Actual Findings: Optic disc appears yellowish-pink and is round or oval, with clearly defined edges. Fundus appears uniformly orange, with optic disc located one side. Blood vessels extend outward from optic disc along borders of the fundus.. 3) Nerve/s: Type: Function: - Oculomotor ( III ) - Trochlear ( IV ) - Abducens ( VI ) Motor Oculomotor: Innervates extrinsic eyemuscles and ciliary muscle Trochlear : Innervates superior oblique muscle Abducens : Innervates external rectus muscle Important: These three (3) nerves operate as a unit and should be tested and evaluated together. Extrinsic Eye muscles Ask the patient to open his or her eyes. Instruct him or her to focus on a point directly in front of him / her. Observe her ability to focus on one point effectively. Internal eye structure Examine the patients eyes with an opthalmoscope.

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Lower edges of lids meet bottom edges of irises; upper lids cover approximately 2mm of irises. Test: Direct papillary response Carefully note each pupils size. Darken the room, and check your patients eyes with a penlight. To do this, shine the light directly into one of your patients pupils, as she keeps his / her other eye closed. Note the pupils reaction. Then, check the other eye. Pupils constrict and remain constricted with light; pupils dilate when light is removed. Test: Consensual papillary responses Darken the room, but make sure patient keeps both eyes open. Position the penlight directly in front of his / her right eye. Turn the penlight ON, and observe the reaction of his or her left pupil. Then, check the other eye. Pupils constrict bilaterally and remain constricted with light. Test: Extraocular eye movement Begin by familiarizing yourself with the six cardinal fields of gaze. As you know each of these fields corresponds to one of your patients extraocular muscles. Check the field separately. First, hold a pencil 12 (30 cm.) in front of your patients nose. Ask your patient to hold his / her head still and follow the pencils movement with his / her eyes. Then, slowly move the pencil to your right side, then to your left, then, when the pencils approximately 24 ( 60 cm) from your starting point, or your patients eye movement stops ( in either or both eyes ), hold the pencil still. Note the position of the iris in relation to each eyes midline. Repeat this procedure, checking each vision field separately.

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Actual Findings: Eyes move smoothly and bilaterally in six cardinal fields of gaze. Test: Accommodation and Convergence First, hold a pencil approximately 18 ( 45 cm ) in front of your patients nose. Then, ask her to watch the pencil as you move it. Instruct him or her to keep his / her head and eyes stationary throughout the examination. Then, slowly move the pencil toward the bridge of his / her nose. If everythings OK, both your patients eyes will converge on the pencil at the same level and distance. At that point, expect his / her pupils to constrict and remain constricted. When the pencils 2 to 3 ( 5 to 7.6 cm.) from the

bridge of his / her nose, your patient should be able to comfortably hold her gaze. Document all findings in your nurses notes. Actual Findings: Both eyes converge on pencil at same level and distance. Patient maintains gaze on pencil when its held 2 to 3 ( 5 to 7.6 cm.) from the bridge of his / her nose. When patients eyes converge, both of her pupils constrict and remain constricted. 4) Nerve: Type: Function: Trigeminal ( V ) Motor; Sensory Chewing movements by innervation of masseter, temporal, and pterygoid muscles; corneal and sneezing reflexes; and sensations of face, scalp, and teeth. Masseter muscle strength Instruct your patient to clench her teeth tightly. As he or she does, locate and palpate the masseter muscle bulges at his / her right and left jaw joints. Compare them. Patient can clench teeth tightly. Masseter muscles bulge when teeth are clenched. On palpation, both masseter muscles feel equal in size and strength. Test: Temporal muscle strength Instruct your patient to clench his or her teeth tightly. As he or she does, locate and palpate the temporal muscles at his or her temples. Compare them. Patient can clench his / her teeth tightly. On palpation, temporal muscles feel equal in size and strength. Test: Pterygoid Muscle strength Instruct your patient to clench his or her teeth. Ask your patient to resist your efforts to open his or her jaws. Then, grasp his or her lower jaw with one hand, and pull downward. Patient keeps teeth tightly clenched, despite efforts. Test: Corneal reflex Instruct your patient to look up. Gently touch a cotton wisp to her right cornea. Repeat the test on her left cornea. Note: if your patient wears contact lenses, her corneal reflexes may be diminished. Patient blinks and his eyes tear when corneas touched. Test: Facial sensation

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Instruct your patient to close her eyes. Gently touch the point of a pin to one side of his or her forehead. Ask him or her to tell you what she feels, and when and where she feels it. Wait about 2 seconds, then repeat the test on the opposite side of the forehead. Next, repeat the test, using the blunt end of the pin. Finally, try the entire test ( both ends of pin ) on both sides of your patients cheeks and jaw. Compare all findings. Actual Findings: Patient identifies the same sensation bilaterally, and tells when and where he feels it. Test: Temperature sensation To test your patients hot / cold perception, to do this, fill one test tube ( or bottle ) with hot water and another test tube ( or bottle ) with cold water. Then, touch the one filled with hot water to your patients face. Hold it there for about 1 second. Then, touch the cold one to his or her face for about 1 second. As you do, ask your patient to tell you what temperature she feels and where she feels it. Note any difficulty she has distinguishing hot from cold. Using the same technique, alternately test his or her other body parts, varying test locations. Be sure to document test location, test performed, and the result. Actual Findings: Patient identifies the same sensation bilaterally, and tells when and where he feels it.. 5) Nerve: Type: Function: Test: Actual Findings: Symmetrical facial contours, lines, wrinkles; symmetrical facial movement. Test: Actual Findings: Patient retains puffed cheeks despite efforts to collapse them. Test: Upper portion of the facial nerve Lower portion of the facial nerve Instruct your patient to puff out his or her cheeks and resist your efforts to collapse them. Facial ( VII ) Motor Facial expression, taste ( anterior 2/3 of the tongue ), and salivary and lacrimal gland innervation. Lower portion of the facial nerve Observe your patients face at rest and during conversation. Instruct him or her to purse his or her lips, smile, and frown.

Ask your patient to close her eyes and resist your efforts to open them. Actual Findings: Patient resists efforts to open his eyes. Test: Taste sensation on anterior 2/3 of tongue Wet cotton swabs in each of the following solutions: sugar (sweet), lemon juice ( sour ), saline ( salty ), quinine ( bitter ). Ask your patient to stick out her tongue. In turn, touch each swab to the front of her tongue, and ask her to identify the taste. Instruct your patient to rinse her mouth with water between tastes. Patient does not identifies sweet, sour, salty, and bitter tastes because of his colds 6) Nerve: Type: Function: Test: Acoustic ( VIII ) Sensory Hearing and sense of balance. Air and bone conduction 1. Youll need a tuning fork in the C-Octave. Using a 256-Hertz tuning fork to perform the Weber, Rinne, Schwabach tests. By studying the results of these tests, a trained health-care professional can differentiate between a patient with normal hearing and a patient with a conductive or sensori-neural hearing loss. To ensure accurate results, you should perform each of these tests three separate times with 256-, 512-, and 1,024-Hertz tuning forks. However, this may not always be possible. 2. Before you begin a test, explain the testing procedure to your patient. Then, practice vibrating the tuning fork. Youll get the most accurate testing tone by gently hitting the fork against your fist, OR you may also get a tone by pinching the forks prongs together, OR by stroking the prongs upward. 3. To perform WEBER test. Begin by holding a vibrating 256Hertz tuning fork between your thumb and index finger. Touch the base of the tuning fork to your patients forehead. Then, ask your patient to describe the tone in each ear. If all is well, your patient will hear the same tone ( volume and intensity ) in each ear. In that case, youd document the result as Weber negative. If your patient hears the tone louder in one ear, ask him or her to point to the ear in which she hears the louder tone. Document the result Weber right or Weber left. 4. Next, youll perform the RINNEs test to evaluate your patients hearing by both bone and air conduction. First, ask your patient to mask the hearing in her left ear by rapidly moving his or her left fingertip in and out of his or her left ear canal.

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To test your patients hearing by bone conduction, place the vibrating 256-Hertz fork against his or her right mastoid process. Your patient should hear the tone immediately. Ask him or her to tell you when she no longer hears the tone. Note the length of time she heard the tone. 5. Then, test his or her hearing by air conduction. Quickly (without re-vibrating the fork), place the prongs ( 1.3 cm.) from his or her right external ear canal, as the nurse is doing here. Make sure the prongs are in front but not touching the ear canal. Ask your patient to tell you when she no longer hears the tone. Note the length of time she heard the tone. If everythings OK, your patient will hear the tone carried by air conduction twice as long as the tone carried by bone conduction. In this case, document the result as +R ( Rinne Positive ). Repeat the same procedure on your patients left ear. 6. Youll perform the Schwabach test to compare your hearing by bone conduction with your patients hearing by bone conduction. But remember, make sure your hearing is normal before you begin or the test wont be accurate. Ask your patient to mask the sound in her left ear, then, place a vibrating 256-Hertz tuning fork on his or her right mastoid process until she says she hears the sound. If alls well, she should say she hears the sound immediately. 7. Then, immediately mask the sound in your left ear, and place the fork on your right mastoid process. Listen for the sound. Continue to alternate the tuning fork between your patients mastoid process and your mastoid process. When either you or your patient stops hearing the tone, count the seconds the other continues to hear it. If both of you have normal hearing, youll stop hearing the tone at the same time. Repeat the test on your patients left mastoid process. If you suspect your patient has a hearing deficit, recommend she get an audiogram for a more accurate assessment. Always document the type of test you performed, the result, and the kind of tuning fork used, in your nurses notes. Actual Findings: Equal hearing in both ears. Air conducted tone heard twice long in both ears as bone-conducted tone. . 7) Nerve/s: Types: Function: - Glossopharyngeal ( IX ) - Vagus ( X ) Motor ; Sensory Swallowing movements and saliva secretion. Gag and swallow reflexes. Sensation in the pharynx and larynx, as well as taste on

posterior 1/3 of tongue. Also, autonomic innervation of heart, lungs, esophagus, and stomach. Important: these two nerves operate as a unit and should be tested and evaluated together. Test: Throat movement Instruct your patient to open his or her mouth and say Ah. As he or she does, observe his or her uvula and soft palate. Actual Findings: When patient speaks, his uvula and soft palate move straight up. Test: Gag reflex Instruct your patient to open his or her mouth. As you depress his or her tongue with a tongue depressor, touch a cotton swab to either side of his or her pharynx. Patient gags. Test: Actual Findings: Patients voice clear and strong. Cough strong.. 8) Nerve: Type: Function: Test: Spinal Accessory ( XI ) Motor Innervates sternocliedomastoid and trapezius muscles. Shoulder movement Stand facing your patient. Place your hands on his or her shoulders. Ask him or her to lift his or her shoulders as you apply moderate downward pressure.. Patient lifts shoulder despite downward pressure.. Test: Neck muscle strength Stand facing your patient. Place your left hand on the right side of your patients face. Instruct him or her to turn her head toward his or her right side, against your hands pressure. Repeat the procedure on the left side of her face. Firm jaw pressure against hand. 9) Nerve: Type: Function: Test: Hypoglossal ( XII ) Motor Innervates tongue muscle. Tongue movement Ask your patient to open his or her mouth, and observe his or her tongue at rest. Vocalization Ask your patient to speak or cough.

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Actual Findings: Tongue is motionless and centered on mouth floor. Test: Actual Findings: Protruding tongue appears centered between lips. Expect slight tongue movement. Test: Tongue strength Instruct your patient to press his or her tongue against one cheek wall. Apply fingertip pressure to outside of cheek as patient uses tongue to resist pressure. Repeat test on other cheek. Patient exerts firm tongue pressure against your fingertips. Test: Tongue Movement Instruct your patient to dart his or her tongue in and out quickly. Then, ask him or her to stick his or her tongue out and move it from side to side as quickly as possible. Fast, smooth tongue movement. Tongue Movement Instruct patient to stick out her tongue.

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