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First Law Analysis for a Control Volume (open system)

Control Volume
A control volume is a volume in space in which we have interest for a particular study or analysis. The surface of this control volume is called the control surface. The size and shape of control volume are arbitrarily chosen to suit our analysis. The surface may be fixed, or it may be movable (expand or contract). Mass as well as heat and work can cross the control surface, and the mass in the control volume (as well as its properties) change with time.
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Control Volume

Mass Balance
When we have many flows coming in and going out of the control volume,

dm C.V. dt

mi

me

control volume

So, if the mass inside the control volume changes with time, it is only because we add some mass or take out some mass. There can be NO other means by which mass inside a control volume can change.
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massin

massout

The above equation is called Conservation of Mass or Continuity Equation.

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The first law of thermodynamics for a control volume

The first law for a control mass, 1Q2 1W2 = E = E2 E1 The rate form of first law for control mass,

Mass and Volume Flow Rates

The amount of mass flowing through a crosssection per unit time is called the mass flow rate. A liquid or gas flows in and out of a control volume through pipes or ducts. The mass flow rate of a fluid flowing in a pipe is proportional to the cross-sectional area A of the pipe, the density of the fluid, and the velocity of the fluid. The mass flow rate through a differential area dA is given by,

dEC .M . dt

Q W

In a similar manner, a control volume will have rates of heat transfer, rates of work, and (in addition) mass flows.
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dm
Where

Vn dA
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Vn is the velocity component normal to dA.

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Mass and Volume Flow Rates

dm Vn dA
The mass flow rate through the entire crosssectional area of the pipe is obtained by integration:

Mass and Volume Flow Rates

m Vn dA V A VA / v
Here, is density (=1/v), kg/m3 , A is crosssectional area normal to flow direction, m2 . The volume of the fluid flowing through a crosssection per unit time is called the volume flow rate, given by,

Vn dA

In most practical applications, the flow of fluid through a pipe can be approximated to be onedimensional flow. This means, properties can be assumed to vary in one direction only (the direction of flow). So, the properties are uniform at any crosssection normal to the flow direction. 7

V
The mass and volume flow rates are related by

Vn dA V A
V V v A(vel)
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The concept of Flow Energy

For control volumes, an additional mechanism can change the energy of a system: mass flow in and out of the control volume. When mass enters a control volume, the energy of a control volume increases because the entering mass carries some energy with it. Similarly, when some mass leaves the control volume, the energy contained within the control volume decreases because the leaving mass takes out some energy with it.
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Total Energy of a flowing fluid

The fluid flowing across the control surface enters or leaves with an amount of energy per unit mass as,

e u ke pe u

V 2

gz

The fluid possesses an additional form of energy __ the flow energy (flow work).

whenever a fluid mass enters a control volume at state i, or exits at state e, there is a boundary movement work associated with that process.
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Flow Work
Control volumes involve flow of mass across the control surfaces, and some work is required to push the mass into or out of the control volume. This work is known as the flow work. It is necessary for maintaining a continuous flow through the control volume. Consider a fluid element of volume V just entering the control volume. The fluid immediately upstream will force this fluid element to enter the control volume; thus it can be regarded as an imaginary piston.
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Flow Work..
If the fluid pressure is P and the cross-sectional area of the element is A, the force applied on the fluid element by the imaginary piston is: F= PA To push the entire fluid element into the control volume, this force acts through a distance X; thus the work done in pushing the fluid element across the boundary (flow work) is: WFLOW = P A X = P V So, the flow work per unit mass is given by,

wFLOW = P v
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Flow work.
The rate of flow work is,

Flow work
The flow work per unit mass is then Pv, and the total energy associated with the flow of mass is,

W flow

F .dx / dt

FV

P V dA P V

Pv m
e Pv u Pv

For the flow that leaves the control volume, work is being done by the control volume,

V2 2

gz

V2 2

gz

The first law equation control volume case,

dEC. V . QC. V . WC. V . mi i Pi v i )me e Pe v e ) (e (e dt

Pe ve me
and for the mass that enters, the surroundings do the rate of work equal to

Pi vi mi
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dEC. V . QC. V . WC. V . m(hi i dt

Vi 2

gz i )me e (h

Ve 2

gz e )
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Flow work
dEC. V . QC. V . WC. V . m(hi i dt Vi 2
2

gz i )me e (h

Ve 2

gz e )

Here, the work term W accounts for all other types of work (shaft work, boundary work, etc.) except flow work. For a general control volume where we may have multiple mass streams entering the control volume, and multiple mass streams leaving the control volumedEC. V . QC. V . WC. V . dt mi i (h Vi 2
2

dEC. V . QC. V . WC. V . dt

m(hi i

Vi 2

gz i )

me e (h

Ve 2

gz e )

gz i )

me e (h

Ve 2

This means that :-------The rate of change of energy inside the control volume is due to :-A net rate of heat transfer, A net rate of work and The summation of energy fluxes due to mass flows into and out of a control volume.
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gz e )

First Law for a control volume

Note that:

dE cv dt
2

is the net rate of energy change within the CV (it is zero for steadystate, steady flow systems)

m(h

Qcv and W :

are terms representing fluxes of V energy into and out of the CV, gz) which depend on the mass 2 fluxes. are terms representing energy transfer across the CV boundaries not associated with the mass cv fluxes.
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The steady state process

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When is a system at equilibrium?

For a system to be at equilibrium there can be no processes occurring within the system.

Equilibrium

i.e. It must be at the same temperature as that

of surroundings.

T x

T t

Steady state equilibrium

is

not

the

same

as

At equilibrium the temperature is the same throughout the system, and it does not change with time.

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Steady State

T x

T t

First Law Analysis for a Control Volume

Contd
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At steady state different temperatures can exist at different points around the system, but the system does not change with time.

Open Systems: Steady State Steady Flow (SSSF)

Steady-state (SS): The state of a substance within Control Volume does not change with respect to time. Steady-flow (SF): the total mass within a Control Volume does not change with respect to time. WE deal with steady-state, steady-flow (SSSF) system now onwards
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Assumptions of the steady state model

No change in the mass of fluid in the CV i.e. Mass in = Mass out. Fluid is uniform in state and in composition.

State of fluid at any point is same at all time. Heat and work interaction between system & surroundings across control surface dont change with time.
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Assumption: The state of mass at each point in the

controlvolumedoes not vary with time.

Consequence:

dmC .V . dt

dEC .V . dt

When we have only one stream entering the control volume and only one stream leaving, Continuity equation: m i me m First Law
QC .V . m i (hi Vi 2
2

So, for the steady state process: Continuity equation:

mi

me

First Law becomes for steady state process,

dEC .V . dt QC .V . W C .V . m i ( hi Vi 2
2

gzi )

me (he

Ve 2

gze ) W C .V .

gzi )

me ( he

Ve 2

Define q
gze )

QC .V . m

and

WC .V . m

QC .V .

m i ( hi

Vi 2

gzi )

me ( he

Ve 2

gze ) W C .V .
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q hi

Vi 2

gzi

he

Ve 2

gze

w
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Some common steady flow devices

STEADY- FLOW ENGINEERING DEVICES

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Only one input & one output

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Single Stream Steady Flow System

Nozzles Diffusers Turbines Compressors Throttling Valve
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Nozzles and Diffusers

Nozzles and Diffusers are commonly used in jet engines, rockets, spacecrafts and even in garden hoses.

Q W

m he hi

Ve2 Vi 2 2

g ze

zi

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Nozzles
A nozzle is a steady state device that increases the velocity of a fluid at the exit/ outlet point at expense of pressure.
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Nozzles
There is no means to do any work in a nozzle, since there are no moving parts. The kinetic energy of the fluid at the nozzle inlet is usually small, and would be neglected if its value is not known.
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Diffuser
A steady state diffuser is a device constructed to slow down a high-velocity fluid in a manner that results in an increase in the pressure of the fluid at the exit. In a way, it is an EXACT OPPOSITE of a nozzle. There is large kinetic energy at the diffuser inlet and a small, (but usually not negligible) kinetic energy at the exit.
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NOZZLES & DIFFUSERS.

These are assumed to be adiabatic devices

because flow thru these devices are at high velocities, so there is NO significant change in heat transfer. Also there is NO work interactions, since they are used for acceleration & deceleration of flow only. Also there is no change in elevation of flow through these devices.
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Nozzles and Diffusers

Ve2 V i 2 V2 hi 2 e
2 Vi ze g

he

hi

Ve2 Vi 2 2

Q W

m he

he

hi

zi

In a nozzle, enthalpy is converted into kinetic energy If inlet velocity is neglected, then exit velocity is given by How can you find the mass flow rate in a nozzle?
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Is there work interaction in this system? Is there heat transfer?

NO

Ve
m Vi Ai vi

2(h i h e )
Ve Ae ve
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NO NO

Does the fluid change elevation?

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Throttling Valves
A throttling process occurs when a fluid flowing in a line suddenly encounters a restriction in the flow passage. This may be a plate with a small hole in it, a partially closed valve protruding into the flow passage, or it may be a change to a much smaller diameter tube, such as capillary.
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Throttling Valve
The result of this restriction is an abrupt pressure drop in the fluid, as it is forced to find its way through a suddenly smaller passage way. A steady state throttling process is approximately a pressure drop at constant enthalpy.

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Throttling Valve
Throttling valves are adiabatic because

Throttling Valve
m he 0

there is neither sufficient time & nor large area for any effective heat transfer to take place. Also NO work interaction takes place in these Valves. Change in fluid elevation is also ignored. Usually change in K.E of fluid is also neglected.
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Q W

hehi hVe i

Vi 2 2

g ze

zi

Is there work in this system? Is there heat transfer? Does the fluid change elevation? Does the fluid change velocity?

NO NO NO

Usually it can be ignored

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Throttling Valves
hin = hout For ideal gases
h = Cp T But h = 0 So T = 0 The inlet and outlet temperatures are the same!!!

Turbine
A turbine is a rotary steady state machine whose purpose is to produce shaft work (power) at the expense of the pressure of the working fluid.

Throttling Valves are sometimes called as isenthaplic devices.

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Turbine
Inside the turbine, there are two distinct processes: In the first, the working fluid passes through a set of nozzles, that expand the fluid to a lower pressure and higher velocity. In the second, this high-velocity fluid stream is directed onto a set of moving (rotating) blades, in which the velocity is reduced before being discharged from the outlet. This produces a torque on the rotating shaft, resulting in a shaft work output.
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Compressors
The purpose of a steady state compressor (gas) or pump (liquid) is: To increase the pressure of a fluid by putting in shaft work (power). The working fluid enters the compressor at low pressure, moving into a set of rotation blades, from which it exits at higher velocity, as a result of the shaft work on the fluid. The fluid then passes through a diffuser section, in which it is slowed down in a way that increases its pressure. So, fluid finally exits from the compressor at high pressure.
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Turbines and Compressors A turbine is a device that produces work at the expense of temperature and pressure.
A compressor is a device that increases the pressure of a fluid by adding work to the system.
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Turbines and Compressors

m he w hi

Q W

hVe hVi h m hee 2ii

Yes!

g ze

zi

Is there work in this system? Is there heat transfer? Does the fluid change elevation? Does the kinetic energy change?

Usually it can be ignored

Usually it can be ignored

Usually it can be ignored

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Mixing of Streams

Mixing Chamber

Mixing Chamber

Mixing two or more fluids is a common engineering process.

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Mixing Chamber
Ve2 e2 Vi 2 2

Mixing Chamber
Mass Balance

0 Qnet Wnet

m e he e

m h

gze

mi mhih
i

gzi

We no longer have only one inlet and one exit stream Is there any work done? Is there any heat transferred? Is there a velocity change?

No No No Usually it can be ignored

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me

mi

Is there an elevation change?

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Mixing Chamber
Energy Balance
3

mh mh mh
1 1 2 2 3

m m m
1 2

Mass Balance

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Heat Exchanger

Heat Exchanger
A heat exchanger is a device where two moving fluids exchange heat without mixing.

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Heat Exchangers

Our analysis approach will depend on how we define your system

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