Hot QCD and Warm Dark Matter

Mikko Laine (University of Bielefeld, Germany)

Why bother with hot QCD? Hot QCD theorists: Heavy ion experimentalists need us. Heavy ion experimentalists: It is relevant for cosmology. 95% of cosmologists: Hot QCD is uninteresting since there is no strong rst order phase transition. But...
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It appears that there is Dark Matter Rotation curves Gravitational lensing of distant galaxies Large-scale structure formation Anisotropies in cosmological microwave background Supernovae distance measurements Each has unknown systematic uncertainties, yet all can be explained with a common dm = 0.22 0.04, or e dm 1.1 GeV m3 e baryon 0.2 GeV . 3 m

What could Dark Matter be? CDM (Cold Dark Matter): M > 50 GeV. New particles from SUSY? WDM (Warm Dark Matter): M > 10 keV. Right-handed neutrinos?
Peebles 1982 Olive, Turner 1982

Modications in gravity at large distances, ...

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Minimal model for right-handed (sterile) neutrinos 1 / L = L MSM + Ns[i Ms]Ns [hsL aRNs +H.c.] , 2 where generations s, = 1, 2, 3 are summed over.2 2 Active neutrino masses with see-saw: m |hs|s v . M Usually: M1, M2, M3 1010...1015 GeV, |hs| < 1. 11 Now: M1 keV, M2, M3 GeV, |hs| < 10 .
Asaka, Blanchet, Shaposhnikov 2005

Even the new version seems able to explain e baryon.

Akhmedov, Rubakov, Smirnov 1998 Asaka, Shaposhnikov 2005 5

How about e dm? Experimental constraints Lower bound from structure formation, upper bound from X-ray emission from sterile neutrino decays.

hs v Ms .

Review: Abazajian, Koushiappas astro-ph/0605271 6

Confront this with a theoretical computation Basic mechanism for dark matter generation: thermal.
Dodelson, Widrow 1994

N1 d T u GF e transition

After production N1 does not interact any more.

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Rate |amplitude|2 the rate can be related to the imaginary part of the 2-point function of active neutrinos:
d N1 u e+ N1

Or, more generally:

V , A N1 e+ N1

As formulae
Cosmology part:

Asaka, Laine, Shaposhnikov 2006

d T dT

n1(T ) 1 = 2 s(T ) 3cs (T )s(T )

3 2 1 =1

3m2 Pl 8e(T )

d q R(T, q) .

Relation to active neutrinos:

1 R(T, q) (2)32|q|

4 / / M1 Tr[Q Im ] . 2 [M1 + 2|q| Re ]2

Imaginary part of active neutrino self-energy:

Im (Q) /

2 GF

d3 r |q| |q + r| K , (2)3 T T
V,A

(Q + R ) (|q| |q + r|, r) . / /
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Why does QCD thermodynamics play a role? Tr[Q Im ] G2 T 6f (|q|/T ). / / F

1 Re G2 T 4w |q|. F

For |q| T , one then has

4 M1 G 2 T 6 F R(T, q) , 2 (M1 + 100G2 T 6)2 F

and the rate is strongly peaked around T M1 10 GF

1 3

200 MeV

M1 1 keV

1 3

.
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Example of numerics
600

M1 = 10 keV 400 1 = 10
2 -10

with = e

T / MeV
200

hadronic uncertainties 0.00 0.05

dm

0.10

0.15

0.20

Asaka, Laine, Shaposhnikov, in preparation 11

Main sources of hadronic uncertainties (1) Equation-of-state, particularly c2(T ), s(T ), e(T ). s Current status plenary by Urs Heller, etc. (2) Spectral functions for vector and axial currents. Current status plenary by Tetsuo Hatsuda, etc.

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Conclusions The basic WDM scenario is old, but it has recently experienced a revival, because of progress on ... the experimental side: parameter region strongly constrained by structure formation and X-ray bounds, so one has to be more quantitative than before. ... the theoretical side: there is a minimal model which may also explain neutrino masses, baryogenesis, etc. So need to promote predictions to a higher level of accuracy, and for this hot QCD is much needed.
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