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December 3, 2008
Ori Yudilevich
Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion
Energy budget
Ori Yudilevich
Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion
An accelerating universe
Einsteins equations accomodate a Cosmological Constant: R 1 Rg + g = 8GT 2
An accelerating universe requires a Cosmological Constant or some form of Dark Energy (P/ < 1/3): H2 a a = 8G k a = + 2 a 3 3 a 4G ( + 3p) + 3 3
2
Ori Yudilevich
Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion
An accelerating universe
Einsteins equations accomodate a Cosmological Constant: R 1 Rg + g = 8GT 2
An accelerating universe requires a Cosmological Constant or some form of Dark Energy (P/ < 1/3): H2 a a = 8G k a = + 2 a 3 3 a 4G ( + 3p) + 3 3
2
Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion
Ori Yudilevich
Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion
8G
Ori Yudilevich
Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion
Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion
Distances
Luminosity Distance
F =
S r dL = = r (1 + z) 2 a(z) 4dL
Angular-Diameter Distance
l r dA = ra(z) = dA 1+z
Ori Yudilevich
Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion
Type Ia Supernovae
Type Ia Supernovae are used as Standard Candles
1. Integrate along a null geodesic to obtain the coordinate r in terms of the scale factor a(t) = 1/(1 + z(t))
t0 t1
dt = a(t)
r 0
dr (1 kr 2 )1/2
2. The Friedmann equations are used to derive the evolution of the scale factor a(t) for a given energy composition i . 3. Assuming matter and dark energy only, the luminosity distance is:
1 dL = r (1 + z) = H0 z +
1 2
1 + DE
1 M 2
z 2 + O(z 3 )
Ori Yudilevich
Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion
Ori Yudilevich
Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion
Type Ia Supernovae - remarks and drawbacks: A 40% dierence appears between peak brightness in nearby supernova - this can be reduced to 15% Evolution eects - intrinsic dierences between Type Ia Supernovae at high and low redshifts Obscuration by dust - dimming and reddening of the incoming signals
Ori Yudilevich
Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion
CMBR Anisotropies
CMBR Anisotropies were observed rst in 1992 by COBE satellite, here is more recent WMAP 5-yr data:
C ( /l)
T (n) T (n ) T T
=
l=0
2l + 1 Cl Pl (cos) 4
FRW geometry ({i }) dictates how we these anisotropies translate to perturbations in the energy density before recombination
Ori Yudilevich Dark Energy and the Cosmological Constant
Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion
Before recombination the universe was a uid of photons and charged particles Inhomogeneities in the energy density cause sound waves to propagate through space
Modes caught at extrema of their oscillations become peaks in the CMB Power Spectrum
Ori Yudilevich
Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion
Before recombination the universe was a uid of photons and charged particles Inhomogeneities in the energy density cause sound waves to propagate through space
Modes caught at extrema of their oscillations become peaks in the CMB Power Spectrum
Ori Yudilevich
Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion
rs (zdec , i )
0
cs dt
cs c[3(1 + 3b /4R )]1/2 and recall the angular-diameter distance: rsls dsls = 1 + zdec
Ori Yudilevich
Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion
Assuming a mattered dominated universe, the sound horizon is: tdec c/ 3 rs (zdec , i ) cs dt (1 + z)5/2 dz H0 M zdec 0 The angular-diameter distance will depend on the universes energy composition: dsls =
m cM rsls where 1 + zdec H0
m = 1 DE = 0 m 0.4 k = 1 tot = 0
The location of the rst peak is nearly constant for a at universe lpeak dsls rs M
1/2
if DE = 0
0.1 M if k = 0
Ori Yudilevich
Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion
for DE = 0
220 for k = 0.
Data points are from rst results of MAXIMA and BOOMERANG experiment, curves correspond to various models
Ori Yudilevich Dark Energy and the Cosmological Constant
Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion
5 year (top left is 3 year) WMAP results constraining dark energy density and equation of state, and spatial curvature:
Ori Yudilevich
Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion
Vacuum Energy The Smallness Problem Casimir Eect The Coincidence Problem
Vacuum Energy
The Cosmological Constant as a perfect uid: p = w = With repulsive gravitational charge. Consider the relative geodesic acceleration: g = 4G ( + 3p)
Ori Yudilevich
Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion
Vacuum Energy The Smallness Problem Casimir Eect The Coincidence Problem
Vacuum Energy
The Cosmological Constant as a perfect uid: p = w = With repulsive gravitational charge. Consider the relative geodesic acceleration: g = 4G ( + 3p) This could corresond to the minimum energy (Vacuum Energy) of a Classical homogenous scalar eld: ((t)) = 1/22 + V () = /(8G ) = Vmin
Ori Yudilevich
Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion
Vacuum Energy The Smallness Problem Casimir Eect The Coincidence Problem
Vacuum Energy
The Cosmological Constant as a perfect uid: p = w = With repulsive gravitational charge. Consider the relative geodesic acceleration: g = 4G ( + 3p) This could corresond to the minimum energy (Vacuum Energy) of a Classical homogenous scalar eld: ((t)) = 1/22 + V () = /(8G ) = Vmin In Quantum Field Theory, each mode of a eld has a zero-point energy: 1/2 p Summing over all modes gives the energy density of the Vacuum: vac = 1 2
UVcuto IRcuto
Ori Yudilevich
Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion
Vacuum Energy The Smallness Problem Casimir Eect The Coincidence Problem
Ori Yudilevich
Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion
Vacuum Energy The Smallness Problem Casimir Eect The Coincidence Problem
(Pl)
Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion
Vacuum Energy The Smallness Problem Casimir Eect The Coincidence Problem
Casimir Eect
Sean Carroll, in a review of the Cosmological Constant, remarks: ...And the vacuum uctuations themselves are very real, as evidenced by the Casimir eect. Weinberg, in a dierent review of the cosmological constant, writes: Perhaps surprisingly, it was a long time before particle physicists began seriously to worry about (quantum zero-point uctuation contributions in ) despite the demonstration in the Casimir eect of the reality of zero-point energies
Ori Yudilevich
Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion
Vacuum Energy The Smallness Problem Casimir Eect The Coincidence Problem
Fc c 2 = A 240a4
Ori Yudilevich
Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion
Vacuum Energy The Smallness Problem Casimir Eect The Coincidence Problem
Fc c 2 = A 240a4 Reservations:
Casimirs derivation assumes that the waves vanish on the boundaries The force does depend on interactions and not only on pure vacuum energy R.L.Jae shows that the Casimir Eect can be derived without using the zero-point energy term
Ori Yudilevich Dark Energy and the Cosmological Constant
Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion
Vacuum Energy The Smallness Problem Casimir Eect The Coincidence Problem
Ori Yudilevich
Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion
Quintessence
Quintessence
Time dependent Dark Energy density - in hope to predict the present energy density without ne tuning
From Quintessence: 1 a a V () 2 Follows a time dependent w (t): Lquin = q (t) = If 1 (2V /2 ) 1 2 1 + V ; pq (t) = 2 V ; wq = 2 2 1 + (2V /2 )
Ori Yudilevich
Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion
Quintessence
For a given evolution a(t) V (t) and (t) can be constructed For the case of only Scalar Field energy density and k = 0: V (t) = Examples: Power law expanding universe a(t) = a0 t n : V () = V0 exp 2 8G n 3H 2 H 1+ ; (t) = 8G 3H 2 dt H 3G
1/2
Ori Yudilevich
Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion
Quintessence
Drawbacks:
No predictive power - every a(t) can be modeled by a suitable V () Degeneracy in Lagrangians - an observed w (a) can be derived by more than one Lagrangian Cosmological Constant must be set to zero No eld theoretical justication to the potentials used Observations today do not prefer a time varying w (t)
Ori Yudilevich
Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion
Conclusion
Observations favor non-zero dark energy density and (nearly) at universe The Cosmological Constant provides a good (and simplest!) description for the observation There are conceptual problems with a Cosmological Constant Alternative models attempt to oer a deeper understanding
Ori Yudilevich