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Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ?

Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion

Dark Energy and the Cosmological Constant


Ori Yudilevich
Utrecht University, Theoretical Physics Masters Program

December 3, 2008

Ori Yudilevich

Dark Energy and the Cosmological Constant

Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion

Energy budget

Ori Yudilevich

Dark Energy and the Cosmological Constant

Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion

An accelerating universe
Einsteins equations accomodate a Cosmological Constant: R 1 Rg + g = 8GT 2

An accelerating universe requires a Cosmological Constant or some form of Dark Energy (P/ < 1/3): H2 a a = 8G k a = + 2 a 3 3 a 4G ( + 3p) + 3 3
2

Ori Yudilevich

Dark Energy and the Cosmological Constant

Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion

An accelerating universe
Einsteins equations accomodate a Cosmological Constant: R 1 Rg + g = 8GT 2

An accelerating universe requires a Cosmological Constant or some form of Dark Energy (P/ < 1/3): H2 a a = 8G k a = + 2 a 3 3 a 4G ( + 3p) + 3 3
2

First Friedmann Equation rewritten: 1 = i + + k 8G k i = i , = , k = 2 2 3H 2 3H 2 a H


Ori Yudilevich Dark Energy and the Cosmological Constant

Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion

Cosmological constant history


Einstein postulates Cosmological Constant to obtain a static universe (positive energy density + positive curvature) 4G a = ( + 3p) + a 3 3 Hubbles discovery of an expanding universe eliminated the need for a static universe The cosmological constant came back into play with the recent discovery of an accelerating universe

Ori Yudilevich

Dark Energy and the Cosmological Constant

Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion

Cosmological constant history


Einstein postulates Cosmological Constant to obtain a static universe (positive energy density + positive curvature) 4G a = ( + 3p) + a 3 3 Hubbles discovery of an expanding universe eliminated the need for a static universe The cosmological constant came back into play with the recent discovery of an accelerating universe Dual interpretation of the cosmological constant: R 1 Rg 2 1 Rg 2 + g = 8GT g 8G

8G

Ori Yudilevich

Dark Energy and the Cosmological Constant

Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion

The Plan... 1. Experimental Evidence


a. Type Ia Supernovae b. CMBR Anisotropies

2. The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ?


a. b. c. d. Vacuum Energy The Smallness Problem The Casimir Eect The Coincidence Problem

3. Further Solutions to Dark Energy


a. Quintessence
Ori Yudilevich Dark Energy and the Cosmological Constant

Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion

Type Ia Supernovae CMBR Anisotropies

Distances
Luminosity Distance

F =

S r dL = = r (1 + z) 2 a(z) 4dL

Angular-Diameter Distance

l r dA = ra(z) = dA 1+z

Ori Yudilevich

Dark Energy and the Cosmological Constant

Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion

Type Ia Supernovae CMBR Anisotropies

Type Ia Supernovae
Type Ia Supernovae are used as Standard Candles
1. Integrate along a null geodesic to obtain the coordinate r in terms of the scale factor a(t) = 1/(1 + z(t))
t0 t1

dt = a(t)

r 0

dr (1 kr 2 )1/2

2. The Friedmann equations are used to derive the evolution of the scale factor a(t) for a given energy composition i . 3. Assuming matter and dark energy only, the luminosity distance is:
1 dL = r (1 + z) = H0 z +

1 2

1 + DE

1 M 2

z 2 + O(z 3 )

Ori Yudilevich

Dark Energy and the Cosmological Constant

Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion

Type Ia Supernovae CMBR Anisotropies

Supernova Cosmology Project results (Hubble diagram and constraints on M plane):

Ori Yudilevich

Dark Energy and the Cosmological Constant

Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion

Type Ia Supernovae CMBR Anisotropies

Type Ia Supernovae - remarks and drawbacks: A 40% dierence appears between peak brightness in nearby supernova - this can be reduced to 15% Evolution eects - intrinsic dierences between Type Ia Supernovae at high and low redshifts Obscuration by dust - dimming and reddening of the incoming signals

Ori Yudilevich

Dark Energy and the Cosmological Constant

Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion

Type Ia Supernovae CMBR Anisotropies

CMBR Anisotropies
CMBR Anisotropies were observed rst in 1992 by COBE satellite, here is more recent WMAP 5-yr data:

C ( /l)

T (n) T (n ) T T

=
l=0

2l + 1 Cl Pl (cos) 4

FRW geometry ({i }) dictates how we these anisotropies translate to perturbations in the energy density before recombination
Ori Yudilevich Dark Energy and the Cosmological Constant

Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion

Type Ia Supernovae CMBR Anisotropies

Before recombination the universe was a uid of photons and charged particles Inhomogeneities in the energy density cause sound waves to propagate through space

Modes caught at extrema of their oscillations become peaks in the CMB Power Spectrum

Ori Yudilevich

Dark Energy and the Cosmological Constant

Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion

Type Ia Supernovae CMBR Anisotropies

Before recombination the universe was a uid of photons and charged particles Inhomogeneities in the energy density cause sound waves to propagate through space

Modes caught at extrema of their oscillations become peaks in the CMB Power Spectrum

Ori Yudilevich

Dark Energy and the Cosmological Constant

Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion

Type Ia Supernovae CMBR Anisotropies

The angular size of the observed acoustic modes: rs s dsls


where the sound horizon:
tdec

rs (zdec , i )
0

cs dt

cs c[3(1 + 3b /4R )]1/2 and recall the angular-diameter distance: rsls dsls = 1 + zdec

Ori Yudilevich

Dark Energy and the Cosmological Constant

Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion

Type Ia Supernovae CMBR Anisotropies

Assuming a mattered dominated universe, the sound horizon is: tdec c/ 3 rs (zdec , i ) cs dt (1 + z)5/2 dz H0 M zdec 0 The angular-diameter distance will depend on the universes energy composition: dsls =
m cM rsls where 1 + zdec H0

m = 1 DE = 0 m 0.4 k = 1 tot = 0

The location of the rst peak is nearly constant for a at universe lpeak dsls rs M
1/2

if DE = 0

0.1 M if k = 0

Ori Yudilevich

Dark Energy and the Cosmological Constant

Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion

Type Ia Supernovae CMBR Anisotropies

A more rigorous computation shows that: lpeak 220M


1/2

for DE = 0

220 for k = 0.

Data points are from rst results of MAXIMA and BOOMERANG experiment, curves correspond to various models
Ori Yudilevich Dark Energy and the Cosmological Constant

Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion

Type Ia Supernovae CMBR Anisotropies

5 year (top left is 3 year) WMAP results constraining dark energy density and equation of state, and spatial curvature:

Ori Yudilevich

Dark Energy and the Cosmological Constant

Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion

Vacuum Energy The Smallness Problem Casimir Eect The Coincidence Problem

Vacuum Energy
The Cosmological Constant as a perfect uid: p = w = With repulsive gravitational charge. Consider the relative geodesic acceleration: g = 4G ( + 3p)

Ori Yudilevich

Dark Energy and the Cosmological Constant

Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion

Vacuum Energy The Smallness Problem Casimir Eect The Coincidence Problem

Vacuum Energy
The Cosmological Constant as a perfect uid: p = w = With repulsive gravitational charge. Consider the relative geodesic acceleration: g = 4G ( + 3p) This could corresond to the minimum energy (Vacuum Energy) of a Classical homogenous scalar eld: ((t)) = 1/22 + V () = /(8G ) = Vmin

Ori Yudilevich

Dark Energy and the Cosmological Constant

Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion

Vacuum Energy The Smallness Problem Casimir Eect The Coincidence Problem

Vacuum Energy
The Cosmological Constant as a perfect uid: p = w = With repulsive gravitational charge. Consider the relative geodesic acceleration: g = 4G ( + 3p) This could corresond to the minimum energy (Vacuum Energy) of a Classical homogenous scalar eld: ((t)) = 1/22 + V () = /(8G ) = Vmin In Quantum Field Theory, each mode of a eld has a zero-point energy: 1/2 p Summing over all modes gives the energy density of the Vacuum: vac = 1 2
UVcuto IRcuto

d 3k k4 k vac = cuto (2)3 16 2


Dark Energy and the Cosmological Constant

Ori Yudilevich

Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion

Vacuum Energy The Smallness Problem Casimir Eect The Coincidence Problem

The Smallness Problem


For a Planck Mass cuto energy , MPl = (8G )1/2 1018 GeV , the Vacuum Energy density is: vac 10109 J/m3 The observed value of the Cosmological Constant energy density, (obs) 1011 J/m3
(Pl)

Ori Yudilevich

Dark Energy and the Cosmological Constant

Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion

Vacuum Energy The Smallness Problem Casimir Eect The Coincidence Problem

The Smallness Problem


For a Planck Mass cuto energy , MPl = (8G )1/2 1018 GeV , the Vacuum Energy density is: vac 10109 J/m3 The observed value of the Cosmological Constant energy density, (obs) 1011 J/m3 A discrepancy of 120 orders of magnitude! To suciently lower our cuto, we would have to assume that our theories describe physics up to an energy of 1012 GeV , an unreasonably low value.
Ori Yudilevich Dark Energy and the Cosmological Constant

(Pl)

Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion

Vacuum Energy The Smallness Problem Casimir Eect The Coincidence Problem

Casimir Eect
Sean Carroll, in a review of the Cosmological Constant, remarks: ...And the vacuum uctuations themselves are very real, as evidenced by the Casimir eect. Weinberg, in a dierent review of the cosmological constant, writes: Perhaps surprisingly, it was a long time before particle physicists began seriously to worry about (quantum zero-point uctuation contributions in ) despite the demonstration in the Casimir eect of the reality of zero-point energies

Ori Yudilevich

Dark Energy and the Cosmological Constant

Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion

Vacuum Energy The Smallness Problem Casimir Eect The Coincidence Problem

Casimir Eect and Vacuum Energy:


Casimir predicted that there is an attracting force between to parallel conducting plates in vacuum

Fc c 2 = A 240a4

Ori Yudilevich

Dark Energy and the Cosmological Constant

Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion

Vacuum Energy The Smallness Problem Casimir Eect The Coincidence Problem

Casimir Eect and Vacuum Energy:


Casimir predicted that there is an attracting force between to parallel conducting plates in vacuum

Fc c 2 = A 240a4 Reservations:
Casimirs derivation assumes that the waves vanish on the boundaries The force does depend on interactions and not only on pure vacuum energy R.L.Jae shows that the Casimir Eect can be derived without using the zero-point energy term
Ori Yudilevich Dark Energy and the Cosmological Constant

Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion

Vacuum Energy The Smallness Problem Casimir Eect The Coincidence Problem

The Coincidence Problem


Dark Energy density is constant as the universe evolves, matter scales as 1/a3 in cosmological math M = DE Why do we live in such a period when M /DE 1? Is it a pure coincidence?

Ori Yudilevich

Dark Energy and the Cosmological Constant

Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion

Quintessence

Quintessence
Time dependent Dark Energy density - in hope to predict the present energy density without ne tuning
From Quintessence: 1 a a V () 2 Follows a time dependent w (t): Lquin = q (t) = If 1 (2V /2 ) 1 2 1 + V ; pq (t) = 2 V ; wq = 2 2 1 + (2V /2 )

V the Cosmological Constant equation of state is reproduced.

Ori Yudilevich

Dark Energy and the Cosmological Constant

Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion

Quintessence

For a given evolution a(t) V (t) and (t) can be constructed For the case of only Scalar Field energy density and k = 0: V (t) = Examples: Power law expanding universe a(t) = a0 t n : V () = V0 exp 2 8G n 3H 2 H 1+ ; (t) = 8G 3H 2 dt H 3G
1/2

Exponentially expanding universe a(t) exp(t f ), f = /4 + , 0 < f < 1, > 0 V () ( 8G ) 1 2 1 6 8G 2

Ori Yudilevich

Dark Energy and the Cosmological Constant

Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion

Quintessence

Drawbacks:
No predictive power - every a(t) can be modeled by a suitable V () Degeneracy in Lagrangians - an observed w (a) can be derived by more than one Lagrangian Cosmological Constant must be set to zero No eld theoretical justication to the potentials used Observations today do not prefer a time varying w (t)

Ori Yudilevich

Dark Energy and the Cosmological Constant

Introduction Experimental Evidence The Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy ? Further Solutions to Dark Energy Conclusion

Conclusion
Observations favor non-zero dark energy density and (nearly) at universe The Cosmological Constant provides a good (and simplest!) description for the observation There are conceptual problems with a Cosmological Constant Alternative models attempt to oer a deeper understanding

Ori Yudilevich

Dark Energy and the Cosmological Constant

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