The MSM, Dark Matter and

Neutrino Masses
Mikhail Shaposhnikov
Taup 2005, Zaragoza, September 11, 2005 p.1
Outline
The MSM
Dark matter
Active neutrino masses
Conclusions
Taup 2005, Zaragoza, September 11, 2005 p.2
The MSM
Simplest extensions of the Standard Model incorporating neutrino
masses (four-dimensional renormalizable eld theory)
Higgs sector: add new SU(2) Higgs triplets with small VeV: no
new fermionic degrees of freedom. Besides oscillations, no
other physical output...
Fermionic sector: add singlet right-handed neutrinos
N
D
+ N
C
+ N
B
: the MSM. Can explain also dark matter and
baryon asymmetry of the Universe!
Taup 2005, Zaragoza, September 11, 2005 p.3
Lagrangian of MSM.
Most general renormalizable Lagrangian
L
MSM
= L
MSM
+

N
I
i

N
I
F
I

L

N
I

M
I
2

N
c
I
N
I
+ h.c.,
Extra coupling constants:
3 Majorana masses of new neutral fermions N
i
,
15 new Yukawa couplings in the leptonic sector
(3 Dirac neutrino masses, 6 mixing angles and 6 CP-violating phases),
18 new parameters in total. The number of parameters is doubled in compari-
son with the MSM.
Compare with MSSM: 100 new degrees of freedom, 100 new
parameters...
Taup 2005, Zaragoza, September 11, 2005 p.4
The scales of MSM
Assume:
all mass scales are < M
W
100 GeV
the Dirac neutrino masses Fv M
M
are smaller than
Majorana masses
Then see-saw formula works:
M

= M
D
1
M
M
M
T
D
.
Taup 2005, Zaragoza, September 11, 2005 p.5
DM candidate: the lightest Majorana
Dodelson, Widrow, Shi, Fuller, Dolgov, Hansen, ...
Yukawa couplings are small
sterile N can be very stable.
N

Z
Main decay mode: N 3.
For one avour:

N
1
= 510
26
sec
_
1keV
M
1
_
5
_
10
8

2
_
=
m
D
M
M
Taup 2005, Zaragoza, September 11, 2005 p.6
Cosmological production of sterile neutrinos
Dodelson, Widrow, Dolgov, Hansen, Abazajian, Fuller, Patel
If Yukawa coupling is very small, sterile neutrino never equilibrates,

N
h
2
0.1

=e,,
_
|
I
|
2
10
8
__
M
I
1 keV
_
2
.
Production temperature 130
_
M
I
1 keV
_
1/3
MeV.
Extreme complication - exactly the point where the quark-gluon plasma
is strongly coupled and the dilute hadron gas picture is not valid!
Taup 2005, Zaragoza, September 11, 2005 p.7
Consequences of dark matter sterile neutrino
Abazajian, Fuller, Tucker
Astrophysics: radiative decays
N can be detected.
Chandra, XMM-Newton, and
future Constellation X observa-
tories.
Present upper limit:
M
1
< 5 KeV.
N

e
W

W
e

Taup 2005, Zaragoza, September 11, 2005 p.8

Structure formation and warm dark matter
M. Viel, J. Lesgourgues, M. G. Haehnelt, S. Matarrese and A. Riotto
Sterile neutrino: Warm Dark Matter (WDM) particle with large free
streaming length.
The matter power spectrum at comoving scales of (1 40)h
1
Mpc is
sensitive to M
1
.
WMAP (cosmic microwave background) and the matter power
spectrum inferred from Lyman- forest data: M
1
> 2 KeV.
Conclusion: only small window is allowed,
2 keV < M
1
< 5 keV
Taup 2005, Zaragoza, September 11, 2005 p.9
Active neutrino masses
Asaka, Blanchet, MS
Particle physics: The minimal number of sterile neutrinos, which can
explain the dark matter in the universe, is N = 3. Only one sterile
neutrino can be the dark matter.
Absolute values of the active neutrino masses:
m
1
m
dm

= O(10
5
) eV.
Normal hierarchy:
m
2
= [9.05
+0.2
0.1
] 10
3
eV
_
m
2
solar
,
m
3
= [4.8
+0.6
0.5
] 10
2
eV
_
m
2
atm
,
Inverted hierarchy: m
2,3
= [4.7
+0.6
0.5
] 10
2
eV .
Taup 2005, Zaragoza, September 11, 2005 p.10
Outline of the proof, one generation
Production of N goes through the processes like:

Z
e
e

+
_
From production :

I

=e,,

M
D
I

2
= m
2
0
, m
0
= O(0.1)eV
Asaka, Blanchet, MS
From see-saw formula: m

m
2
0
M
I
< 10
5
eV
Many generations: linear algebra and computation of determinants.
Taup 2005, Zaragoza, September 11, 2005 p.11
Conclusions
The physics at the electroweak scale can explain simultaneously
neutrino oscillations
dark matter
baryon asymmetry of the universe
Predictions:
active neutrino masses
specic range of sterile neutrino masses
Dark matter is warm and not cold
Gamma-ux from DM
Taup 2005, Zaragoza, September 11, 2005 p.12