Monk

Pyfviw Nwfi Oxi
New Problems in Euclidean Geometry David Monk
he nited uingdom wthemtis rust
Contents
1 Problems E 2 Problems M 3 Problems H 4 Problems C 5 Problems T Hints for solution
rolems rolems rolems rolems rolems i w r g
1 21 43 63 89
F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F WR F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F WT F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F WW F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IHP F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IHT
93
Glossary
he(nitions F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F III tndrd results F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IIQ
111
Bibliography
117
Preface
his olletion of geometril prolems onsists of mteril umulted over mny yersF st stems from my long involvement with the orgnistion ofD nd trining tems forD wthemtil ylympidswork tht hs given me muh interest nd enjoymentF he gret mjority of the prolems were omposed y meD either s result of my explortions or osionlly y modifying other prolemsF roweverD euse of the lpse of time nd the rther unsysE temti nture of my notesD it is possile tht few items from other soures hve rept inF e smll numer hve een used inD or proposed forD ompeE titionsF st is in ny se impossileD in topi with suh widespred nd historil litertureD to e sure tht ides hve not ppered independently elsewhereF fe tht s it myD s hope the olletion will e found interesting nd helpfulF he prolems hve een roughly divided into (ve tegoriesX
E M H C T
isy woderte di0ulty rrd gomputtionl rigonometril
he (rs three of these ontins esyD moderte nd hrd prolems whih re pprohle y minly iuliden methodsF he lst two onsist of proE lems whih require lot of trigonometryF sn the (rst four tegoriesD the prolems re ompnied y digrmsD with single prolem on pgeF he prolems in tegory T re presented without ny digrmsF xote tht in the prolems with n ompnying digrmD sometimes there re two possile nswersD ut only one of the two ses is illustrtedF ome hints nd notes re providedD ut not full solutionsF he hints genE erlly involve only elementry idesF ysionllyD thoughD more dvned
onepts re mentionedD suh s isogonl onjugte or hrmoni rngeF he qlossry t the end of the ook inludes list of de(nitions nd stndrd results whih might prove to e usefulF ith regrd to the digrms two importnt omments must e mdeF he printed (gure should not e used s sustitute for one9s own digrm when tkling prolemdrwing (gure for oneself is signi(nt help in getting 9feel9 for on(gurtionF eondlyD urte (gures suh s these n indite onurrenes nd other spets of the sitution whih must not e ssumed without proof3 e few instnes of this re mentioned in the hintsF sn mny ses the methods of solution suggested re omputtionlD using trigonometry or oordintesF yf ourseD in mthemtil ontests ny orret pprohD even using omintion of tehniquesD is eptleF por the onnoisseurD howeverD the trditionl iuliden method oupies the high groundF o this olletion presents hllengeX to (nd suh proof where this is fesile nd none is suggested in the hintF s m extremely grteful to ghristopher frdley who enourged me to pulish this olletion nd with whom s hve enjoyed orrespondene on geometry for mny yersF re provided n initil version of the typesript whih ws the sis for muh preliminry workF re hs lso ontriuted sustntilly to the hintsD ut the ultimte responsiility for the prolems rests with meF s should dd my ppreition of the mny friendships mde over the yers s hve een ssoited with ylympids tivitiesF s nnot nme everyody ut speil thnks re lso due to edm wfride nd fill ihrdson for their support for this ookD nd to tmes qzet nd qerry veversh for their highly e0ient editoril workF idinurghD u
Desh Myxu
Chapter 1
Problems E
xew rolems in iuliden qeometry
Problem E1
sn tringle ABC the midpoints of the sides re denoted y L, M, N. rove tht LAC = ABM ifD nd only ifD AN C = ALB F
Chapter 1: Problems E
Problem E2
he tngents t A, B to irle ABC meet t T F he line through T prllel to AC meets BC t DF rove tht AD = CDF
Problem E3
sn the yli qudrilterl ABCD the point E is the midpoint of BC F he perpendiulr to BC t E meets the line AB t X nd the perpendiulr from E to AD meets the line CD t Y F rove tht XY is perpendiulr to CDF
B E C
Problem E4
he qudrilterl ABCD is yliF he perpendiulr isetor of CD meets AD t P nd BD t QF rove tht ACQ = P CB F
Q P D
Problem E5
sn the onvex qudrilterl ABCD the side AB is not prllel to CDF sts digonls AC nd BD meet t OF he prllel through O to AB meets AD t P nd BC t QY the prllel through O to CD meets BC t T nd AD t U F how tht if P O OQ = T O OU then ABCD is yliF
T Q O P
Problem E6
vet ABC e tringle with orthoentre H nd let P e point on its irE umirleF he line through A prllel to BP meets CH t Q nd the line through A prllel to CP meets BH t RF rove tht QR is prllel to AP F
Q A
E H R B P C
Problem E7
he uteEngled tringle ABC hs irumentre OF oints P on AC @exE tended eyond gD if neessryA nd Q on BA @extended eyond AD if neesE sryA re hosen so tht tringles BP Q nd ABC re similrD with verties orresponding s listedF rove tht O is the orthoentre of tringle BP QF
E O
P D B C
Problem E8
he tringle ABC is not isoselesF he points O nd H re its irumentre nd orthoentreD respetivelyD nd M is the midpoint of OH F @A sf ABC is uteEngled nd the internl isetor of BAC psses through M D lulte BAC F
O M H B C
@A sf ABC is otuseEngled nd the externl isetor of BAC psses through M D lulte BAC F
M A C
IH
Problem E9
he insried irle of tringle ABC hs entre I nd touhes CA t P nd AB t QF he lines BI nd CI meet the line P Q t X nd Y D respetivelyF rove tht X, Y, B, C re onyli nd identify the entre of this irleF
P X
Y C I Q
II
Problem E10
sn prllelogrm ABCDD the point H is the orthoentre of tringle ABC F he line through H prllel to AB meets BC t P nd AD t QY the line through H prllel to BC meets AB t R nd CD t S F rove tht P, Q, R, S lie on irleF
B P
IP
Problem E11
por ny point P inside tringle ABC D let D, E, F e the feet of the perpenE diulrs from P onto BC, CA, AB D respetivelyF how tht
EF P D F D P E DE P F + + AP BP CP is independent of P F
E F P
IQ
Problem E12
he point A does not lie on the irle C F he lines joining A to the verties P, Q, R of vrile equilterl tringle insried in C meet C gin t U D V DW D respetivelyF rove tht is onstntF
AP AQ AR + + AU AV AW
P C
W U
IR
Problem E13
he prllelogrm P QRS is not retngleF he lines a, b, c re drwn perpendiulr to P Q, P R, P S t Q, R, S D respetivelyD nd form tringle with A the intersetion of b, c, nd so onF rove tht P is the intersetion of the tngents t A nd C to the irumE irle of ABC F sf [ABC] = 2[P QRS]D (nd the mgnitude of ABC F
C S A
IS
Problem E14
sn the qudrilterl ABCD the digonls AC nd BC meet t RF he sides AB nd DC produed meet t QF rove tht if ABCD is yli then AR AC BR BD = . AQ BQ ss the onverse truec Q
C B
IT
Problem E15
he qudrilterl ABCD is yliF he sides AD nd BC meet t P Y the digonls AC nd BD meet t RF he points X, Y, Z re the feet of the perpendiulrs from D to AC, BC, P RF rove tht the irle XY Z psses though the midpoint M of CDF
X R B M Z C Y D
IU
Problem E16
he points L, M, N re the midpoints of the sides BC, CA, AB of tringle ABC F he points P nd Q re on AB nd BC D respetivelyY R nd S re points suh tht N is the midpoint of P R nd L is the midpoint of QS F rove tht if P S nd QR meet t right ngles t T D then T lies on irle LM N F
P N R T M
IV
Problem E17
he point D is on the irumirle of the equilterl tringle ABC F he lines AD, BD, CD meet BC, CA, AB t P, Q, RD respetivelyF he irle with entre D nd rdius DP meets BC gin t X F oints Y, Z re simiE lrly de(ned on CA, AB D respetivelyF rove tht X, Y, Z re ollinerF
D Q Y B P
IW
Problem E18
he tringle ABC is uteEngledF he irle though A touhing BC t B nd the irle through A touhing BC t C meet gin t U F qiven tht the irle though U touhing AB t B nd the irle through U touhing AC t C hve ommon tngent t U (nd BAC F
U C B
Chapter 2
Problems M
PI
PP
Problem M1
sn tringle ABC with AB nd AC unequlD the point D is the foot of the perpendiulr from A to BC D the points E nd F re the midpoints of AD nd BC D respetivelyD nd G is the foot of the perpendiulr from B to AF F rove tht EF is the tngent t F to the irle GF C F
F B D G
Chapter 2: Problems M
PQ
Problem M2
he irles C nd C lie in plne nd meet t two distint pointsF gonsider points P with the following propertyX @BA If T is a point of contact of a tangent from P to C and if circle Sp with centre P and radius P T meets C at Q,Q , then QQ passes through P . how tht points P with property @BA exist nd tht they ll lie on irle KF rove lso tht K ontins ll points whih stisfy the ondition @BA with the roles of C nd C interhngedF
C T Q P Q SP
PR
Problem M3
qiven prllelogrm ABCDD let E e the point dimetrilly opposite to B on the irle ABC F rove tht the irles ADE nd ABC hve equl rdiiF
O A
C E
PS
Problem M4
hrough the midpoint L of side BC of tringle ABC @in whih AC = 3AB A line is drwn prllel to the internl isetor of BAC D meeting the lines AB nd AC t X nd Y D respetivelyF he line XY is extended to Z so tht XY = Y Z F he lines BY nd CZ meet t DF rove tht the internl isetor of BDC is prllel to XY F
A X
PT
Problem M5
sn tringle ABC D the points L nd M re the midpoints of BC nd CAD respetivelyD nd CF is the ltitude from C F he irle through A nd M whih hs AL s its tngent t A meets the extension of BA t X F
BX pind the minimum vlue of nd speify the tringles ABC for whih CF the minimum is otinedF
M B L C
PU
Problem M6
he tringle ABC hs irumentre O nd orthoentre H F he line OA is extended to O so tht OA = AOY the midpoint of AH is H he tngent t F A to the irumirle meets the line BC t T F rove tht A, O, T, H re onyliF
O A H H O
PV
Problem M7
he point A is on irle with entre OF he line OA is extended to C so tht OA = AC D nd B is the midpoint of AC F he point Q is on the irle suh tht AOQ is otuseF he line QO meets the perpendiulr isetor of CQ t P rove tht P OB = 2P BOF
PW
Problem M8
e irle hs dimeter AB F he tngents t A nd B re l nd mD respeE tivelyF he tngent t further point P meets l t S nd m t W F he join of P to the midpoint U of AS meets m t V nd the irle gin t QF he tngent t Q meets m t T D nd the perpendiulr t Q to P Q meets AB t X F pind the rtios BV : BT D BW : BT nd AX : AB F
T U l Q P V W
QH
Problem M9
he point P lies on the internl isetor of BAC F he point D is the midpoint of BC nd P D meets the externl isetor of BAC t E F rove tht if F is the point suh tht P AEF is retngle then P F isets @internlly or externllyA BF C F
E A
D B C
F P
QI
Problem M10
he tngents t A nd B to the irumirle of tringle ABC meet t T F he irle ABT meets BC DAC gin t D, E respetivelyD nd CT meets BE t F F qiven tht D is the midpoint of BC (nd the rtio BF : F E F
F A
C B D
QP
Problem M11
sn the qudrilterl ABCDD the perpendiulr from A to BD meets the perpendiulr from B to CD t P Y the perpendiulr from C to BD meets the perpendiulr from D to AB t QF rove tht P Q psses through the point of intersetion of the digonls AC nd BDF
A B
C D
QQ
Problem M12
he qudrilterl ABCD is yliF he lines AB nd DC produed meet t QF he lines AD nd CB produed meet t P F he midpoints of the digE onls AC nd BD re L nd M respetivelyY the point K is the orthoentre of tringle M P QF @A rove tht P, Q, K, L lie on irleF @A rove tht P M L = LKQF @A rove tht KLM = 90F
L A K B
QR
Problem M13
he qudrilterl ABCD is yliF he extensions of the lines AD nd BC meet t X Y those of AB nd CD meet t Y F he lines AC nd BD meet XY t P nd Q respetivelyF he midpoints of AC nd BD re E nd F respetivelyF rove tht E, F, P, Q re onyliF
P F C E A
QS
Problem M14
he qudrilterl ABCD is yliF he sides AD nd BC produed meet t P Y the sides AB nd DC produed meet t QF rove tht if AP Q = 90 then the perpendiulr from P to AB psses through the midpoint M of the digonl BDF
D M B P C
QT
Problem M15
he qudrilterl ABCD is yliF he line through D prllel to BC meets CA t P D AB t Q nd the irle gin t RF he line through D prllel to AB meets CA t S D BC t T nd the irle gin t U F rove tht if P Q = QR then ST = T U F
R A
B P
D C U T S
QU
Problem M16
he qudrilterl ABCD is insried in irle with entre OF he extenE sions of the sides ADD BC meet t P nd those of BAD CD meet t QF he line through Q perpendiulr to AC meets OP t X F rove tht ABX = 90F
A C
QV
Problem M17
sn the qudrilterl ABCDD the perpendiulr isetor of AB meets the line AD t X Y the perpendiulr isetor of CD meets the line BC t Y F rove tht if ABCD is yli then XY is prllel to AC F ss the onverse trueX if XY is prllel to AC is ABCD neessrily ylic
B A
D C
QW
Problem M18
pour distinti points re given on irle with entre OF rove tht in general there exist two lines l, m through O with the following propertyX
For every choice of two of the four points, if the line k joining these meets l at P and the join of the other two points meets m at Q, then P Q is perpendicular to kF
gonsider wht exeptionl ses n riseF
6 6 m
3 4 A 5 2 O
2 B 4 C 1 l 3 5 1
RH
Problem M19
he tringle ABC is uteEngledF he perpendiulr isetors of AB nd CD meet the medin through A t W nd V D respetivelyF he lines CV nd BW meet t T F he point U is the intersetion of AV W with the irE umirle of ABC F @A rove tht AT 2 = BT CT F @A rove tht AU = BT + CT F
N V T W
RI
Problem M20
he tngents t B, C to irle ABC meet t T F he points L, M, N re the midpoints of BC, CA, AB D respetivelyF he lines AT nd N L meet t X Y the lines AT nd LM meet t Y F rove tht BX is prllel to CY F
N Y
Chapter 3
Problems H
RQ
RR
Problem H1
he ltitudes BE nd CF of tringle ABC meet t H F he extensions of F E nd BC meet t U F e line through the midpoint L of BC prllel to the internl isetor of EU B meets CA, AB, HC, HB @extended s neessryA t P, Q, X, Y D respetivelyF rove tht the irles AP Q nd HXY hve equl rdiusF
F E A U Y B Q L C X P
Chapter 3: Problems H
RS
Problem H2
he tringle ABC hs orthoentre H F he ltitude BH meets the perpenE diulr t C to BC t X Y the ltitude CH meets the perpendiulr t B to BC t Y F he midpoints of CX nd BY re X nd Y D respetivelyF rove tht X Y psses through H nd is perpendiulr to the medin through AD meeting tht medin t U D syF how tht U lies on the irle BHC nd tht irle AU B touhes BC t B F
Y A
Y U H X X B L C
RT
Problem H3
wo irles meet t A nd B F he tngent t point P of one of the irles meets the other irle t Q nd RF he points X, Y, Z re the feet of the perpendiulrs from P to AB, AQ, BR respetivelyF rove tht the irle XY Z psses through the midpoint M of AB F
Y A M
X Q
RU
Problem H4
he tringle ABC is uteEngled nd AC < BC F he irumentre is O nd the orthoentre is H Y the ltitude CH meets AB t F F he perpendiuE lr to OF t F meets AC t P F rove tht F HP = BAC F
RV
Problem H5
he uteEngled tringle ABC hs irumentre O nd orthoentre H F he perpendiulr isetor of BH meets AB t QD the perpendiulr isetor of CH meets AC t P nd these two isetors meet t RF @A rove tht the irumirles AOP, P OR, ROQ, QOA hve equl rdiiF hen re they equl in rdius to the irumirle of ABC c @A rove tht if P Q psses through O then it lso psses through H F ht n e sid out BAC in this se c @A uppose irles AOP nd ROQ meet gin t S F ht n e sid out irle P RS c
H S Q P
O B R C
RW
Problem H6
he points P nd Q re distint points on the side BC of tringle ABC F he points K nd L re the feet of the perpendiulrs from P nd QD reE spetivelyD to the line AC F he points M nd N re on the line AB suh tht P M = P A nd QN = QAF xone of the points K, L, M, N oinides with AF st is given tht the irles AKM nd ALM meet gin t RD the midpoint of BC F pind the rtios BC : CA nd CA : AB F
L Q
K R
A P
SH
Problem H7
he tngents t B nd A to the irumirle of the uteEngled tringle ABC meet the tngent t C t T nd U respetivelyF vines AT nd BC meet t P D nd Q is the midpoint of AP Y lines BU nd AC meet t RD nd S is the midpoint of BRF rove tht ABQ = BAS nd determine @in terms of rtios of side lengthsA the tringles for whih this ngle is mximisedF
U Q R
S P C
SI
Problem H8
he tringle ABC hs n otuse ngle t B F he perpendiulrs to CA nd CB t C meet the side AB produed t P nd QD respetivelyF he midpoints of BP nd P Q re R nd S D respetivelyF st is given tht CB = CP F @A rove tht CA = CQF @A rove tht CR is the tngent t C to irle ABC F @A vet T e the point of ontt of the other tngent from R to the irleF how tht CT is perpendiulr to CS F
C A B T
R P S Q
SP
Problem H9
he uteEngled tringle ABC hs irumentre O nd orthoentre H F he ltitude BH meets the irle ABC gin t P nd OP meets CA t QY the ltitude CH meets the irle gin t R nd OR meets AB t S F rove tht the lines P Q, QH, HS, SR touh irleF ht hppens if BAC = 45c
O Q P H
SQ
Problem H10
he uteEngle tringle ABC hs ltitudes AD, BE, CF nd orthoentre H F he tngents t B nd C to irle ABC meet t T nd they meet the line EF t X nd Y respetivelyF sdentify the inentre of tringle XY T F sf L is the midpoint of BC prove tht LH, DT, EF re onurrentF
F H X
SR
Problem H11
he tringle ABC is rightEngled t AF e line through the midpoint D of BC meets AB t X nd AC t Y F he point P is tken on this line so tht P D nd XY hve the sme midpoint M F he perpendiulr from P to BC meets BC t T F rove tht AM isets T ADF
Y B T M P X D
SS
Problem H12
he points D, E, F lie in order on the side BC of tringle ABC with BD = DE = EF = F C F he insried irle of the tringle touhes BC t F F he lines DA, F A meet the perpendiulr isetor of EF t X nd Y F rove tht the irle on XY s dimeter psses through C F
ST
Problem H13
sn the uteEngled tringle ABC D the ltitudes from B nd C meet the opposite sides t E nd F D respetivelyF rove tht if BF + CE = EF then the entre I of the insried irle of ABC lies on EF F how tht the irumirle of ABC nd the esried irle opposite A hve the sme rdius RD nd (nd the distne etween their entres O nd J in terms of RF pind the minimum mgnitude of BAC for suh tringleF
O I
B E C
SU
Problem H14
he tringle ABC hs entroid GF he point P is on BG produed suh tht P CG = BAC nd P Q is drwn perpendiulr to CGF pind the minimum vlue of
GC F PQ A
Q B C
SV
Problem H15
e point O is outside irleF he lines OAB, OCD through O meet the irle t A, B, C, D with A, C the midpoints of OB, OD respetivelyF elsoD the ute ngle etween the lines is equl to the ute ngle t whih eh line uts the irleF hus OAP = D where AP is the tngent t A nd OCT = D where CT is the tngent t C F pind cos nd show tht the tngents t A, D to the irle meet on the line BC F
C A
SW
Problem H16
he tringle ABC hs orthoentre H D nd P is point not lying on its irE umirleF he perpendiulrs from P to BC, CA, AB meet these lines t L, M, N D respetivelyF he point Q is the midpoint of P H F qiven tht QM LN is prllelogrmD determine the ngles of ABC F
Q H
N L B C
TH
Problem H17
sn tringle ABC D the perpendiulr isetors of sides AB nd AC meet the internl isetor of BAC t X nd Y respetivelyF rove tht if irle ACX touhes BC t C nd meets AB gin t Z then BZ = CA nd irle ABY touhes BC t B F
A Z
Y X
TI
Problem H18
he uteEngled tringle ABC hs irumentre O nd AODB is prlE lelogrmF he perpendiulr from A to BC meets CD t X Y the perpendiE ulr from B to AC meets OC t Y F qiven tht XY is prllel to AO (nd ABC F
H Y O
Chapter 4
Problems C
TQ
TR
Problem C1
ringle ABC is suh tht ACB > BAC F e vrile point P lies on the r BC of the irumirle not ontining AF he line AP meets BC t QF he extension of BP meets the extension of AC t RF rove tht is onstntF ht is the reltion of AB to the irle if this onstnt is zeroc
CA CR CB CQ CQ CR
Chapter 4: Problems C
TS
Problem C2
he tngents t A nd B to irle ABC meet t P F rove tht the perpendiulr isetor of BC nd the line through P prllel to BC meet t point on AC F
TT
Problem C3
he tngents t B nd C to the irumirle of tringle ABC meet t T F he midpoint of BC is LF qiven tht AT = 2AL (nd BAC F
TU
Problem C4
he tngents t B nd C to irle ABC meet t T F he line AT meets BC t U F qiven tht BAC = 30 nd AU C = 60 (nd the rtio AB : AC F
U B C
TV
Problem C5
ABCD is qudrilterlF he lines AD nd BC meet t P Y the lines AB nd DC meet t QF st is immedite tht if ABCD is yli then PA PD PB PC = QC QD QA QB
ss the onverse truec
D C Q
TW
Problem C6
sn tringle ABC the irumentre is O nd the orthoentre is H F he perE pendiulr isetor of AH meets the side CA t P nd the line OP meets the side BC t QF rove tht tringle QP C is isoselesF
O H
UH
Problem C7
sn tringle ABC D the point D is on the line BC suh tht 4BD = DC F he line AD meets the irumirle of ABC gin t E F he point F is the midpoint of CE F qiven tht EAF = 45 (nd the ngles of tringle ABC F
B D
F E
UI
Problem C8
ringle ABC hs entroid G nd N is the foot of the perpendiulr from G to BC F gonsider those tringles with AB = AC for whih AN is the internl isetor of BAC F rove tht for ll suh tringles the rtio BN : BA hs the sme vlueD whih should e determinedF
UP
Problem C9
he tringle ABC is equilterlF he point D lies on the line through A perpendiulr to BC nd is on the sme side of BC s AF he point E lies on the opposite side of the line AD from B nd AE = ED = BDF pind CBE F
E D
UQ
Problem C10
sn tringle ABC D the point L is the midpoint of BC nd BE is the ltitude from B to CAF CA qiven tht BAL = 45 (nd the minimum vlue of nd the mgnitude BE of BAC in tringle for whih the minimum is ttinedF
E 45
UR
Problem C11
he tringle ABC hs irumentre O nd A is uteF he line OC is extended to D so tht OC = CDF he points E, F, G re the feet of the perpendiulrs from B, C, A to the lines CA, AB, ODD respetivelyF qiven tht 2CA + EF = 2DG (nd the ngles of the tringleF
G C B
US
Problem C12
sn the qudrilterl ABCDD the sides AD nd BC re not prllelF he digonls AC nd BD meet t E F he points F nd G divide AB nd DC respetively in the rtio AD : BC rove tht if E, F, G re olliner then A, B, C, D re onyliF
A F B
C G D
UT
Problem C13
he qudrilterl ABCD hs CAB = 50D DBC = 20D ACD = 40 nd BDA = 70F pind the ngles etween the digonls AC nd BDF
20 50
70 40 C D
UU
Problem C14
sn the yli qudrilterl ABCDD the digonls AC nd BD meet t X F he midpoints of AB nd CD re E nd F D respetivelyF rove tht if AF D = CEB then XF C = ABC F
B E A
D F
UV
Problem C15
sn the qudrilterl ABCDD the lines AD nd BC meet t P F he line l psses through P nd is prllel to AB F he perpendiulr distnes of C D D from l nd of P from CD re p, q nd rD respetivelyF rove tht if ABCD is yli then pq = r2 F ss the onverse truec
A B
C D
UW
Problem C16
he insried irle of tringle ABC touhes BC, CA, AB t P, Q, R respeE tivelyF he line through A prllel to QR meets the line P Q t X F rove tht BX psses through the midpoint M of QRF
X A
Q R M
VH
Problem C17
sn the yli qudrilterl ABCDD the sides BA, CD produed meet t P F he points E nd F re the midpoints of AB nd CDD respetivelyF qiven tht P D = DC nd DBC = 30 (nd AEF F
30 E
VI
Problem C18
sn the yli qudrilterl ABCDD the digonls AC nd BD meet t E F he points M nd N re the midpoints of AB nd AC respetivelyF he lines CM nd AD meet t P Y the lines DN nd BC meet t QF qiven tht P Q is prllel to AB D (nd the rtio AE : EC F
Q A
M B N E
C D
VP
Problem C19
ringles ABC is equilterlF he point D is the midpoint of BC nd DB is extended to E so tht EB = BDF he point X is on the side AB nd Y is tken on the extension of BA so tht XY = BAF he lines EX nd DY meet t Z F rove tht ZCE = 2ZEC F
Y A
Z X
VQ
Problem C20
wo irles C nd DD of rdii a nd b respetivelyD touh externlly t the point AF oints P on C nd Q on D re suh tht P AQ = 120 nd the tngents t P nd Q interset on the internl isetor of tht ngleF hetermine the rtio AP : AQ in terms of a nd bF
D b
60 60
A C
VR
Problem C21
he tringle ABC D in whih AB nd AC re unequlD hs orthoentre H nd L is the midpoint of BC F he perpendiulrs to BC nd HL t L meet AB t X nd Y respetivelyF rove tht AX = BY F
H Y
VS
Problem C22
he uteEngled tringle ABC hs irumentre O nd orthoentre H F he line through H prllel to CA meets BA t X nd the line through H prllel to BA meets CA t Y F rove tht tringle OXY is isoseles nd determine its ngles in terms of AF
O H
VT
Problem C23
he ltitudes through A, B, C of tringle ABC meet the opposite sides t D, E, F D respetivelyF he line through D prllel to EF meets the lines AC D AB t Q, RD respetivelyD nd EF meets BC t P F rove tht the irle P QR psses through LD the midpoint of BC F
E P
C R D Q
VU
Problem C24
ringle P AB hs P BA = 2P AB F he point C is on the side AB suh tht AC = 2CB F rllel lines l nd m through A nd C respetively re inlined t n ngle of 60 to AB F he line P C meets l t Q nd AP meets m t RF rove tht QR is perpendiulr to AB F
P m
Chapter 5
Problems T
VW
WH
he following prolems relte to tringle ABC D with side lengths deE noted y a, b, cD irumrdius R nd re [ABC]F he irumentre is O nd the orthoentre H F
T1. T2. T3. T4. T5. T6. T7. T8.
sf 2 cos A cos B(1 + cos C) = 1D (nd A, B nd C F sf c = 2bD (nd the minimum vlue of cot B cot C F sf 6[ABC] = 2a2 + bcD (nd A, B nd C F rove tht 3a2 + 3b2 c2 4 3[ABC]F rove tht b2 +c2 +R2 a2 nd speify the tringles for whih equlity oursF qiven tht 4R = (b + c)(1 2 cos A)D (nd A, B nd C F qiven tht a2 + b2 + c2 4 3[ABC] = 2R2 D wht n e sid out A, B nd C c por points P other thn AD de(ne
F (P ) =
BP 2 + CP 2 AP 2
sf there re three distint points Q, R nd S on BC suh tht F (Q) = F (R) = F (S)D (nd A, B nd C nd the ommon vlue of F F
T9. T10.
sf D divides BC in the rtio 2 : 1D ADB = 60 nd C = 45D (nd A nd B qiven tht a b cD suppose tht x, y, z re rel numersD not ll zeroD suh tht
a2 x + b2 y + c2 z
= 3b2 c2 (yz + zx + xy).
pind A, B, C nd ll possiles triples (x, y, z)F
T11.
vet ABC e uteEngledD ndD for n interior point P D let u, v, w e the perpendiulr distnes of P from BC, CA nd AB F
1 rove tht avw + bwu + cuv hs mximum vlue 4 abc when P is t OF
T12.
sf ABC is uteEngledD nd 5R2 = OH 2 + 4[ABC]D (nd the smllE est ngle of the tringleF
Chapter 5: Problems T
WI
T13.
he point P lies on BC D Q on AC produed eyond C nd R on AB produed eyond B F he perpendiulr distnes of P from CA nd AB re p1 , p2 Y those of Q from AB nd BC re q1 , q2 Y those of R from BC nd CA re r1 , r2 F sf a2 q2 r1 = b2 r2 p1 = c2 p2 q1 = D show tht = 4[ABC]2 nd prove tht AP, BQ nd CR re onurrentF
T14.
vet ABC e uteEngledD nd let P nd Q vry on AB, AC in suh wy tht CQ AP = . PB QA rove tht there is (xed point F in the interior of ABC suh tht FP F Q is onstntD nd determine whether there is ny other (xed point in the plne of the tringle with tht propertyF
T15.
vet P e point inside ABC D nd AP, BP, CP meet BC, CA, AB t L, M, N D respetivelyF pind the position of P for whih
AP AL
is minimumF
BP BM
CP CN
T16.
vet D divide BC internlly in the rtio 1 : 2D nd let E divide AD externlly in the rtio |2 : 1F sf C = 2B D prove tht ECB + 180 = 2EBC F he irumirle of tringle ABC is K F por point P D let
T17.
F (P ) = AP BP + AP CP BP CP.
here re three distint points Q, R nd S lying etween B nd C on tht r of K whih does not ontin AD suh tht F (Q) = F (R) = F (S)F rove tht ABC is equilterlF
T18.
por P point on the plne of ABC D let L, M nd N e the feet of the perpendiulrs from P to BC DCA nd AB D respetivelyF
WP
xew rolems in iuliden qeometry rove tht there is unique point U in the plne of ABC with the property tht there exist rel numers s, t, u, v D not ll zeroD suh tht
sP L2 + tP M 2 + uP N 2 + vU P 2
is onstnt for ll P D nd identify itF
Hints for solution
WQ
WR
Problems E
E1. E2. E3. E4. E5. E6. E7. E8. E9.
gonsider qudrilterl N GLB D where G is the entroidF
ADBT is yliF
gonsider qudrilterl XECY F trt with ACQ = ACP + P CQF
P QT = ABC nd U QT P is yliF xote tht the ondition tht AB is nor prllel to CD ensures tht the rgument does not ollpseF
rove tht QAHR is yli nd hene tringles ARQ nd CBA re similrF ringle P AB is isoselesD so P lies on the perpendiulr isetor of AB tht is P O AB F rove tht XOEQ is yliD where X is the intersetion of OP nd AB D nd hene BO is perpendiulr to P QF how tringle AHO is isoseles nd use the ft AH = 2OAD where A is the midpoint of BC F
1 Y IB = 1 B + 2 C = 90 1 A = AQY D sine tringle P AQ is 2 2 isoselesF rene QY IB is yli nd BY I = 90F imilrly CXI = 90F o C, B, X, Y re onyliY the entre of the irle is the midpoint of BC F
E10.
vet X e the intersetion of HA nd P C nd Y e the intersetion of HC nd ARF vel QHA = D SHC = nd use interseting hords to show tht
HP HQ cos2 = HX HA = HY HC = HR HS cos2
E11. E12. E13.
hedue from the yli qudrilterl AEP F tht EF = AP sin AF rene show tht the expression is equl to [ABC] F R se the tngentEsent forms of the interseting hords theorem to hnge the expression to one involving OA nd RF rove tht CAB = P CQD using the fts tht P SAR nd P QRC re yliF por the seond prt note tht [P QRS] = 2[P QR]D then using similr similr tringles you n prove AC = 2P RF
Hints for solution
WS
E14. E15. E16. E17.
ringles ACQ nd DBQ re similrF se the sine rule on tringles ARB nd DBQF por the (nl question use the sine rule ginF rove tht XZY = XM Y nothing the yli qudrilterls DZY P nd DXRZ F elso XM C = 2XDC nd CM Y = 2CDY F toin N T nd T LF se the ft tht N is the entre of irle P T R nd L is the entre of irle QT S to prove tht N T L = 180 B F he key to this is provided y the (gureD whih suggests tht X, Y, Z re olliner with DF ke D to e on the minor r AC F vet DX meet AB in Z0 nd CA in Y0 F vet DXP = DP X = D then prove DZ0 R = DRZ0 = 60 D so Z0 oinides with Z F imilrly DY0 Q = DQY0 = 60 + D so Y0 oinides with Y F iitherX let AU meet BC t LF se the interseting hord theorem to show tht L is the midpoint of BC F how tht BU L = B nd CU L = C F fring in the ngles , tht BU D CU mke with the ommon tngent t U nd (nd two independent equtions stis(ed y A, B, C, + to provide the solutionF yrX let the given ommon tngents t U meet AB t V nd AC t W F hen V BU = V U B D U BC = BAU nd two similr resultsF xow use V U B + BU C + CU W = 180.
E18.
WT
Problems M
M1. M2.
vet H e the midpoint of BG so tht F H is prllel to GC F rove tht tringles F HGD F ED re similrF se grtesin oordintesF ke C nd C to hve equtions
x2 + y 2 2ax 1 = 0 nd x2 + y 2 2bx 1 = 0.
uppose P hs oordintes (X, Y )F how SP hs eqution
x2 + y 2 2Xx + 2aX + 1 = 0.
xoe (nd the ommon hord of SP nd C nd put in the ondition tht if psses through P F ou should (nd the lous of P in the irle K with eqution x2 + y 2 (a + b)x 1 = 0.
K hs rel pointsD is oxil with C nd C nd is symmetril under the interhnge of a nd bF
M3. M4. M5.
rnslte the irumirle of ABC through the vetor BAD onsidering the point dimetrilly opposite to AF se grtesin oordintes with A s origin nd the internl nd exE ternl isetors of BAC s the x nd yxesD respetivelyF iitherX let N e the midpoint of AB so tht LN is prllel to CAF hen show tht tringles AXM nd N LA re similrF ou should get
AX AM
b c
nd
BX CF
b2 +2c2 2bc sin A
with minimum of
2 when A = 90 nd b = c 2F
yrX (nd AX y using the sine rule on tringle AXM Y otin the rtio sin BAL : sin LAC y equting the res [ABL] nd [ALC]F
M6.
iitherX e hve to prove T H = 90 F vook for prllelogrmsF O gonsider the orthoentre of tringle ALT D where L is the midpoint of BC F yrX se omplex numers to show tht
HO HT
is purely imginryF
Hints for solution
WU
M7. M8.
se oordintes with O s originD OA s xxis nd the irle s 2 x + y 2 = a2 F xote SA = SP nd T B = T QF se the sine rule for tringles P U S nd QV T F vet QT meet l t Y F xote tht AY = BW F gonsider AS BT tringles QXOD QU Y D where O is the entre of the irleF
BV : BT = 1 : 2D BW : BT = 1 : 3D AX : AB = 1 : 4F
M9. M10. M11. M12.
se oordintes with A s originD the isetors of BAC s xesF B(b, bm) nd C(c, mc)F
BEC = ADC F pind BF : F E = 2 : 1F rove D is the entre of the irumirle of ABC F

se oordinte system with n xis long DB F @A rove tht P LQ = 180 P M QF @A ou need the ft tht if R is the intersetion of AC nd BD then OR is perpendiulr to P Q @indeed O is the orthoentre of tringle P QRAF @A sf QK meets M P t N onsider M N KLF
M13. M14. M15. M16.
vet AC D BD meet t Z F hen Z D P seprte A, C hrmonilly @see pge IIP of the qlossryAF rove tht EZ ZP = AZ ZC F vook similrly t the line BDF hrw the perpendiulr DE from D to AB F gonsider DEQP F trt with DQ QR = AQ QB F se similr tringles AQP D ABC F se oordintes with
A(
nd so onF
1 a2 2a , ), 1 + a2 1 + a2
M17.
ringles P AB D P CD re similrF o tooD thereforeD re AXE D CY F D where E, F re the midpoints of AB, CD respetivelyF por the onE verseD note there is nother type of qudrilterl stisfying the ondiE tionD hrterised y reltion etween the sides AB, CDF
WV
xew rolems in iuliden qeometry vet A, B, C, D e the four pointsF o nlyse the sitution onsider the prtil (gure resulting from the two hoies AB nd CD for k F st turns out tht l is the join of O to the entroid of @equl msses tA A, B, C, DF se the sine rule to show tht AT B = AT C nd dedue tht CAT = U AB F st then follows tht tringles ABT, CBU nd ACT re ll similrF prom thereD @A is immedite nd @A follows from tolemy9s theorem on qudrilterl ACU T. he most ovious method seems to e triliner oordintes @see pge IIP of the qlossryAF st turns out tht BX nd CY re prllel to the tngent t AF his my lso proved y otngent lultionF xote tht AT is the isogonl onjugte of AL @see pge IIP of the qlossryAF @ev psses through the entroid nd e psses through the symmedin pointFA
M18.
M19.
M20.
Hints for solution
WW
Problems H
H1.
ine Y HX = 180 A it is su0ient to show tht P Q = XY F essumingD without loss of generlityD tht C > B we hve QLB = 1 1 2 (C B) so AQL = AP L = 90 2 AF he sine rule now shows BQ = CP F hedue tht tringles BQY D CP X re ongruentF ringles HCX D ABC re similrD so HCX D ABL re similr nd it follows tht HX is perpendiulr to ALF imilrly HY is perpenE diulr to ALF por the seond prtD it is ritil to see tht LX is prllel to BX D for whih X U C n e shown to e equl to 90 C F st now follows tht BU C = BHC = B + C. por the (nl prt show tht Y U B = A + C nd it is only one step from showing tht U BL = BAU F
H2.
H3.
vet AQD BR meet t S F how tht the isogonl onjugte of P reltive to tringle SAB lies on the perpendiulr isetor of AB @see pge IIP of the qlossryAF his rgument n e dpted to the se when AQ nd BR re prllelF e trigonometril lultion is possileF e proof n lso e given y mens of the fmous utter)y theorem @see pge IIR of the qlossryAF his prolems ws proposl of mine for swy IWWT nd ws shortE listedF gonsequently the prolem ppers in The IMO Compendium Q on pge PVW with solution on pge THUF
H4.
H5.
his is good illustrtion of the dvntges nd dngers of n urte (gureF st suggest useful resultsD but these must be proved. rere irle QOR through B D irle P OR through C nd R is the re)exion of O in BC F he ommon rdius is R/(2 sin A)F vet P C = xF pind the ondition tht AKM R is yliY this is of (rst degree in xF sf seond point hs the sme property the ondition must e stis(ed identillyF pind tht a : b : c = 6 : 3 : 1F pind tht ABQ = BAS = D where
H6. H7.
cot =
a2 + b2 + 3c2 . 4[ABC]
IHH
his hs minimum vlue 7 when a : b : c = 2 : 2 : 1 so the 1 mximum vlue of is arctan 7 .

his prolem ws sumitted to swy PHHH nd shortlistedD so it ppers in The IMO Compendium Q on pge QHH with solution on pge TUPF
H8. H9.
por prts @AD @AD use esy ngle rgumentsF por prt @AD if CT meets AB t U D then R, U seprte A, B hrmonilly @see pge IIP of the qlossryAF e (gure suggests tht the irle hs entre AF he distne from A to OP Q n e found y onsidering [OAP ] is R sin 2AF imilrly for the distne of A from ORS F xote tht QH is got from QP y re)exion in CAF por A = 45D P QD SR re the sme line @through OAF egin the (gure is helpful nd suggests tht L is the inentre of tringle 1 XY T F how tht the distne from L to T X, XY, Y T is 2 a sin AF xote tht tringles DEF, T Y X re similr nd H is the inentre of tringle DEF F udrilterl ADM T is yliF yne more the urte digrm is very useful nd points to n indiret pprohF rove tht c = b + 1 aF gonsider the irle @homotheti from 2 A to the inirleAD whih touhes AC t C nd touhes AB etween A nd B @see pge III of the qlossryAF he ondition on the tringle is cos A = cos B + cos C F he esiest wy of seeing tht I lies on EF is to use triliner oordintes @see pge IIP of the qlossryAF ell the formul for the exrdius r1 involving hlfEnglesF elso OJ 2 = R2 + 2Rr1 F pind tht A cos1 ( 3 1)F xote tht
H10.
H11. H12.
H13.
H14.
GC = cot A + cot P GC. PQ
se the otngent rule @see pge IIQ of the qlossryA to prove tht
cot P GC =
1 (2 cot B + 2 cot C cot A). 3
o see the minimum onsider
(cot A + cot B + cot C)2 3(cot B cot C + cot C cot A + cot A cot B).
Hints for solution
IHI
H15.
trightforwrd lultion gives cos = 3 F ht the tngents t A, D 4 meet on BC @tht isD AD, BC re onjugte lines with respet to the irleA orresponds to the reltion AB CD = AC BD @the soElled hrmoni qudrilterlAF his prolem ws proposl of mine for swy IWVQF st ppers in The IMO Compendium Q on pge ITH without solutionF
H16. H17. H18.
se the omplex numers seems to e the only fesile pproh hereF pind tht A = 120D B = C = 30F trightforwrd lultion using the sine rule in tringle ACX shows tht a2 = bcF vet Z e the intersetion of AX nd CY F epply the sine rule to tringle XY Z F his ledsD fter some involved trigonometryD to sin(B C) = 2 cos B sin(A B) nd the two possile solutions re B = 60 or 120F yther methods re possileD inluding use of oordintes with the irle s x2 + y 2 = 1 nd
A(0, 1),
F
2b 1 b2 , 1 + b2 1 + b2
2c 1 c2 , 1 + c2 1 + c2
IHP
Problems C
C1 C2
vet P AC = use the sine rule on tringles CAQ nd CBR to show the expression redues to 2 cos C F vet X e the intersetion of AC with the perpendiulr isetor of BC F toin BX nd mrk ll the ngles tht re equl to BCA = C F xote AXB = 2C F ou should now see tht P, A, X, B re onyliF enother ngle is now equl to C F elterntivelyD P B = 1 2 a tan C F
c 2 cos C D
so the distne of P from BC is
c sin A 2 cos A
C3 C4
se epollonius theorem @see pge IIQ of the qlossryA nd the osine rule to otin the two vlues 60 nd 120F fy mrking ngles t B, C, T nd U it is esy to (nd BU : U C F e stndrd resultD whih is strightforwrd to proveD is tht
BU : U C = AB 2 : AC 2 .
C5 C6 C7
se the sine ruleF wo ses riseX there is seond type of qudriltE erl tht hs the propertyF glulte AP nd hene P E D where E is the midpoint of AC F pind QP C F se the otngent rule @see pge IIQ of the qlossryA to show tht
52 + 6 + 2 2 2 2 + 1 = 0,
where = cot AD = cot B F egrd this s qudrti in @whih oe0ients involving A nd omplete the squreF
C8
pind BN = mnipulte
2 3 (a
1 b cos C) nd similr expression for CN F hen 2
BN CN BN + CN BN CN = = = c b b+c cb a to get simple eqution for b+c F he nswer is 1 : 3F
C9
his is strightforwrd lultion using ythgors9 theoremF he nswer is 30F
Hints for solution
IHQ
C10 C11
CA 2 cot A + cot B = 1 nd BE = cot A + cot C F ixpress this s rtionl funtion of cot AF he nswer is 2( 2 1) with BAC = 112 1 F 2
ixpress the distnes in terms of RD the irumrdiusD nd funtions of the nglesF how tht
sin B
1 2
+ nother nonEnegtive expression = 0.
C12
se wenelus9 theorem for tringles BCD nd ABC @see pge IIR of the qlossryAF hividing nd using the ft tht
DG AD AF = = GC BC FB
we hve
AD2 AE DE 2 = BE CE . BC xow use the sine rule for tringles ADE nd BCE nd the resulting trigonometril equtionD fter using @BAD gives two possiilitiesD one of whih must e rejeted euse AD is not prllel to BC F
elterntivelyD vetor pproh n e usedF his n e solved y using the sine ruleD ut ewre there is more tht one nswerF pind tht BEC = 80 or 90 @in the ltter se the qudrilterl is yliA
1 vet ACD = nd BDC = D then cot AF D = 2 (cot cot D) 1 nd cot CEB = 2 (cot cot B) using the otngent rule @see pge IIQ of the qlossryAF wke third pplition of the otngent ruleF
C13 C14 C15 C16
sf p = P C sin B D nd so onF here re two similr expressions for rF
RM BR sb = = . AX BA c epply the sine rule to tringle AQX to (nd AX D using formule suh s B s(s b) cos = . 2 ca
ork with otngentsF pind AEF = 60F gh is yli so ADN = BCM F xow work with otngentsF
C17 C18
IHR
xew rolems in iuliden qeometry uppose the sides of tringle ABC hve length P unitsF ke B s origin nd let i, j e unit vetors long BC nd BA respetivelyF xote 1 tht i.j = 2 F vet BX = xj (0 < x < 2)F xow lulte the position vetor of Z F ou should otin
C19
BZ =
1 x(x + 2) i+ j. 1+x 1+x
xow lulte ZC = bD ZE = c nd with EC = a = 3 you should get ab = c2 b2 F his implies ZCE = 2ZEC F
C20 C21
rigonometril lultions yields the rther improle looking reE sult 2 2 AP : P Q = a 3 : b 3 . iitherX let AB > AC nd show DL = R sin(C B)F xow let = LHD = Y LB F ork out cot from tringle HDL nd then use the sine rule on tringle BY L to otin
BY =
R sin(C B) = AX. cos B
yrX tke oordintes with D s origin nd A(0, a)D B(b, 0) nd C(c, 0)F st is strightforwrd to show tht H is (0, bc )F st now su0es to work a out the x oordinte of Y F
C22
iitherX note tht AY HX is prllelogrm so HA isets XY F se the otngent rule @see pge IIQ of the qlossryA to (nd cot XY H F xow AY = 2R cot A cos B nd simple lultion shows tht XY H = OY C F his gives XY O nd Y XO n e found similrlyF yrX use oordintes with A(0, 0)D B(2, 2v)D C(2, 2w)D then H hs oE ordintes (2(1 + vw), 0) nd O hs oordintes (1 vw, v + w)F his prtiulr oordinte system is often useful when A plys speil roleF yrX use omplex numers on the unit irle for A, B nd C nd onE sider the modulus nd rgument of X F Y
C23
iitherX in order to prove tht P QLR is yli it is su0ient to prove tht RD DQ = LD DP F xow LD nd DP re esily found to e
1 2bc cos B cos C (c cos B b cos C) nd D 2 c cos B b cos C
Hints for solution
IHS
sine BD : DC = BP : CP F o work out RD nd DQD let AD meet EF t X nd use the ft tht tringles AF X nd ARD re similrD s re tringles AXE nd ADQF ou need to use the sine rule for tringle AXE F sntermedite results re
AD cos(C B) 2R sin C cos C cos A = nd EX = . AX cos A cos(C B)

pinlly DQ = R sin 2C nd DR = R sin sin2B F yr @using more dvned ideAX xote tht BCF E is yli nd trinE gles ECP, BRD nd QCD re similrF hedue tht DQ : P E = DC : CP Y use this nd similr reltion to show DQ DR = DB DC F xow D, P seprte B, C hrmonilly @see pge IIP of the qlossryAD so 1 1 2 = DP DC DB @in the (gure s shownAF his prolem ws proposl of mine for swy IWWU nd ws shortlistedF st ppers in The IMO Compendium Q on pge PWS with solution on pge TPUF
C24
iitherX it n e shown tht tan P CB = 3 cot P AB F trightE forwrd trigonometril lultions then prove tht the feet of the perpendiulrs from Q nd R to AB oinideF yrX use grtesin oordintes with A s origin nd AB s x xisF he eqution of AP is y = x tan D where = P AB D nd tht of CR is y = 3(x 2a)D with similr expressions for the equtions of AQ nd CP F st turns out tht the x oordintes of oth Q nd R re the smeD equl to 6a . 3 3 tan
IHT
Problems T
T1 T2
2 cos A cos B = cos(AB)+cos(A+B) 1cos C F pind tht C = 90 nd A = B = 45 F
se the osine rule for cos B nd cos C nd the sine rule in the form bc sin A = ca sin B = ab sin C F
An alternative approach is: sf L is the midpoint of BC then

cot B cot C = 2 cot ALC
F por (xed B, C the lous of A is irleF he nswer is
3 2
when A = 90 F
T3 T4 T5
se [ABC] = 1 bc sin A nd the osine rule for a2 Fou lso need to use 2 b2 + c2 2bcF he eqution 2 sin A + 4 cos A = 5 determines AF B nd C re then determinteF se [ABC] = 1 ab sin C nd the osine rule for cos C F ixpress evE 2 erything in terms of a, b, C to show the inequlity is equivlent to a2 + b2 2ab sin(C 30 )F se the osine rule to show tht wht you hve to prove is tht 8 cos A sin B sin C + 1 0F his is trivil unless A is otuseF hen this is so put A = + 90 nd then B + C + = 90 nd the inequlE ity eomes the stndrd inequlity sin B sin C sin 1 F iqulity is 8 when A = 120 nd B = C = 30 F o see the genesis of this prolem prove @ prtiulr se of stnE drd formulA tht if D is suh tht ACDB is prllelogrm nd P is ny point then
P B 2 + P C 2 P A2 = P D2 + a2 b2 c2 .
epply this with P t the irumentreF
T6
sing trigonometril formule show tht
cos
3a 2
cos
BC 2
= 1
he nswer is A = 120D B = C = 30 F
Hints for solution
IHU
T7
1 2 a + b2 + c2 4 3[ABC] = AX 2 , 2 where X lies on the sme side of BC s A nd tringle XBC is equiltE erlF o the eqution ertinly holds if A = 30Y lso it is symmetril in a, b, c whih gives two others possiilitiesF he onlusion is on(rmed y expressing the eqution s cos A cos B cos C
nd onsidering
3 sin A sin B sin C =
3 4
cos A
3 sin A
cos B
3 sin B
cos C
3 sin C .
he nswer is tht t lest one ngle is equl to 30 F
T8 T9
vet BP = xD CP = a x nd then work out AP 2 in terms of a, b, c, xF ht hppens now if F (P ) = F (X) = k hs three solutions for xc vet DC = x nd AD = y F he sine rule for tringle ADC gives 3y 2 = 2b2 F xow use the osine rule for tringles ADB nd ADC to give c2 = 6x2 nd y = x(1 + 3)F pinlly use the sine rule for tringle ABD to give A = 60 nd B = 75 F yr work with otngentsF gomplete the squreD the (rst step of whih is
T10
1 3 b2 y c2 z + (a2 c2 )x 2 2
et the end you should get two squres plus
+ ....
3 2a2 c2 + 2a2 b2 b2 c2 a4 b4 c4 x4 .
xow you hve to see why this implies a = b = cF
T11
iitherX use the method of vgrnge9s undetermined multipliers @see pge IIQ of the qlossryA on the funtion
F (u, v, w) = avw + bwu + cuv (au + bv + cw 2[ABC])

nd turns out to e the irumrdius R nd u = R cos AD etF
IHV
xew rolems in iuliden qeometry yrX use nonElulus methodD onsidering
2 ( 1 abc avw
4
bwu cuv)
1 = 4 abc{(au + bv cos 2C + cw cos 2B)2 + nother squre}D
where
= [ABC] = 1 (au + bv + cw). 2
T12
gonsidering the power of H with respet to the irumirle gives
OH 2 = R2 (1 8 cos A cos B cos C).

gonsider (sin Acos A)(sin Bcos B)(sin Ccos C)F ht the smallest ngle hs een identi(ed is euse the tringle is given to e uteE ngledF
T13
bp1 + cp2 = 2[ABC] nd two similr equtions holdF ou my (nd it helpful to mke the sustitution x = br2 D y = cp2 D z = aq2 nd onsider the three equtions k + y = w, x k + z = w, y k + x = w, z
where w = 2[ABC] nd k is the ommon produtF xot only does the vlues of k emergeD ut you lso (nd p1 q1 r1 p2 q2 r2 D whih with the id of gev9s theorem @see pge IIR of the qlossryA estlishes tht AP, BQ, CR re onurrentF
T14
gonsider prtiulr points for P, QD where for exmple P is t AD B nd the midpoint of AB F ou should (nd s result tht the onstnt must equl c so tht b
FP c FB FA = = = . FQ b FA FC
sf b = cD this mens tht F lies t the intersetion of two linesD ut if b = cD then F lies t the intersetion of two epollonius irles @see pge IIS of the qlossryAF hen the tringle is uteEngled one of this points is internlF fut even if this point is identi(edD n rgument involving similr tringles is needed to show tht it works for ll possile pirs P, QF elso when b = cD there is seond position of F lying on BC D dividing BC externlly in rtio whih should e determinedF
Hints for solution
IHW
T15
se rel oordintes with P (l, m, n) @see pge III of the qlossryAF ih of l, m, n is positiveD sine P is n internl pointF he given expression equls (m + n)2 + (n + l)2 + (l + m)2 F sing l + m + n = 1D this omes to 1 + l2 + m2 + n2 F his is minimised when P is t the entroidF fy tking the dimeter of the irumirle s unit of length we hve BC = sin 3B D CA = sin B D AB = sin 2B F trightforwrd trigonoE metril lultions show tht tan EBC = 3 cot B nd the ngle reltion n e veri(edF ixpress F (P ) in terms of = BAP D so tht AP = 2r sin(C + ) etFD where r is the irumrdiusF uppose F (Q) = F (R) = F (S) = 4r2 k. ytin qudrti eqution in t = tan whih hs three distint roots orresponding to Q, R, S D iquting its oe0ients to zero dedue tht sin C sin A = sin(C A) nd cos C + cos A = cos(C A)F gonsider P on the sides to (nd tht one must hve @to within nonE zero multiplierA s = sin 2AD t = sin 2B D u = sin 2C D v = 2 sin A sin B sin C F he point U is the orthoentreF his prolem ws sumission of mine for swy IWVWF st ppers in The IMO Compendium Q on pge PQR with no solutionF
T16
T17
T18
Glossary
Denitions
Homothety ringles ABC nd A1 B1 C1 re homotheti if they re similr
ut not ongruentD nd orresponding sides re prllelF romotheti hve the property tht AA1 , BB1 nd CC1 re onurrent t point O lled the entre of similitudeD nd O is the entre of n enlrgement whih mps ABC to A1 B1 C1 F sf the sle ftor is positiveD this is diret entre of similitudeD nd if the sle ftor is negtiveD it is n inverse entreF
Areal coordinates qiven ny tringle ABC D the point P

ntes (x, y, z) if
hs rel oordiE
x=
[P BC] , [ABC]
y=
[P CA] , [ABC]
z=
[P AB] . [ABC]
sn other wordsD the oordintes represent the res of the three tringlesD normlised y the re of the originl tringleD so tht x + y + z = 1F
P x
B
III
IIP
nnormlized rel oordintes re sometimes lled barycentric coordinatesF here is short disussion of rel oordintes in IDPDQF
Trilinear coordinatesF qiven ny tringle ABC D the point P hs triE liner oordintes (ka, kb, kc) if they re proportionl to the perpendiulr distnes from P to the sides of the tringleD s shown in the digrmF
A
c P b a B C
sf k = 1D so tht the oordintes represent the tul perpendiulr distnesD then they re lled exact trilinersF riliners re disussed in P nd re used extensively in SD where there is ler explntion of their propertiesF with respet to tringle ABC is found y re)eting the lines AX, BX nd CX in the internl ngle isetors of the tringleF st turns out these lines re lso onurrent t point X D whih is the isogonl onjugte of X F por exmpleD the orthoentre nd irumentre re isogonl onjugtesF sf the triliner oordintes of X re (, , )D then the triliner oordintes 1 1 1 of X re ( , , )F
Isogonal conjugate he isogonl onjugte of point X
Harmonic range vet the line segment AB e divided internlly y C

externlly y D in the sme rtioF sn other words
nd
AD AC = . CB DB
hen A, C, B, D re sid to form hrmoni rngeD orD lterntivelyD C nd D divide AB hrmonillyF st turns out thtD if this is the seD then D, B, C, A is lso hrmoni rngeD nd B nd A divide DC hrmonillyF
Glossary
sf O is the midpoint of AB D then OB 2 = OC ODF
IIQ
Lagrange multipliers
vgrnge multipliers re used to evlute mxim nd minim of funtion f (x1 , . . . , xn ) of severl vriles where one or more ext onstrints gi (x1 , . . . , xn ) = 0 hve to e stis(edF e new funtion L = f + i gi is onstrutedD then the prtil derivtives of L with respet to x1 , . . . , xn nd eh i re lultedF he sttionry points re found y solving set of simultneous equtions otined y setting eh derivtive equl to zeroF
Standard results
Cotangent rule In the triangle ABC , if L is the midpoint of BC , then
cot B cot C = 2 cot ALC. A
B P C
More generally, if P divides BC in the ratio m : n and angles , and are as shown above, then
n cot B m cot C = (m + n) cot m cot n cot = (m + n) cot m cot = (m + n) cot A + n cot B F
Apollonius' theorem If ABC is a triangle, with median AL, then

AB 2 + AC 2 = 2AL2 + 2BL2 .
IIR
Ceva's theorem Suppose the points L,

sides BC, CA and AB of triangle ABC .
A
M and N lie respectively on the
M N
Then the lines AL, BM and CN are concurrent if, and only if,
BL CM AN = 1. LC MA NB Menelaus' theorem Suppose the points L, M and N lie respectively on the sides BC, CA and AB of triangle ABC . A
Then L, M and N are collinear if, and only if,

BL CM AN = 1. LC MA NB
Glossary
IIS
Buttery theorem Let Q, R be points on a circle and let S be the midpoint

of QR. If XY, ZT are two chords of the circle through S , the XT and Y Z meet QR at points equidistant from S .
Apollonius circle Let A and B be xed points and let be a constant, not
equal to 1. Then the locus of points P such that
PA = PB
is a circle.
P
Bibliography
I ghristopher t frdleyF ghllenges in qeometryX for mthemtil ylympids pst nd presentF yxford niversity ressD PHHSF P ghristopher t frdleyF he elger of qeometryX grtesinD rojetive nd erel oEordintesF righpereptionD PHHUF Q hun hjukiD ldimir tnkoviD svn wtiD nd xikol etroviF he swy gompendiumX e golletion of rolems uggested for the snterntionl wthemtil ylympidsX IWSWEPHHRF rolem fooks in wthemtisF pringerD PHHTF R e h qrdiner nd g t frdleyF lne iuliden qeometryF he nited uingdom wthemtil rustD PHHSF S glrk uimerlingF inylopedi of tringles enters igonlineF yE toer PHHVF eville fromX httpXGGfultyFevnsvilleFeduGkTGenylopediGigFhtml
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Pyfviw Nwfi Oxi

New Problems in Euclidean Geometry David Monk

he nited uingdom wthemtis rust

he(nitions F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F III tndrd results F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IIQ

isy woderte di0ulty rrd gomputtionl rigonometril

xew rolems in iuliden qeometry

xew rolems in iuliden qeometry

xew rolems in iuliden qeometry

xew rolems in iuliden qeometry

xew rolems in iuliden qeometry

xew rolems in iuliden qeometry

xew rolems in iuliden qeometry

xew rolems in iuliden qeometry

xew rolems in iuliden qeometry

xew rolems in iuliden qeometry

xew rolems in iuliden qeometry

xew rolems in iuliden qeometry

xew rolems in iuliden qeometry

xew rolems in iuliden qeometry

xew rolems in iuliden qeometry

xew rolems in iuliden qeometry

xew rolems in iuliden qeometry

xew rolems in iuliden qeometry

xew rolems in iuliden qeometry

xew rolems in iuliden qeometry

xew rolems in iuliden qeometry

xew rolems in iuliden qeometry

xew rolems in iuliden qeometry

xew rolems in iuliden qeometry

xew rolems in iuliden qeometry

xew rolems in iuliden qeometry

xew rolems in iuliden qeometry

xew rolems in iuliden qeometry

xew rolems in iuliden qeometry

xew rolems in iuliden qeometry

xew rolems in iuliden qeometry

xew rolems in iuliden qeometry

xew rolems in iuliden qeometry

xew rolems in iuliden qeometry

xew rolems in iuliden qeometry

xew rolems in iuliden qeometry

xew rolems in iuliden qeometry

xew rolems in iuliden qeometry

xew rolems in iuliden qeometry

xew rolems in iuliden qeometry

xew rolems in iuliden qeometry

T1. T2. T3. T4. T5. T6. T7. T8.

= 3b2 c2 (yz + zx + xy).

pind A, B, C nd ll possiles triples (x, y, z)F

Hints for solution

xew rolems in iuliden qeometry

E11. E12. E13.

Hints for solution

E14. E15. E16. E17.

xew rolems in iuliden qeometry

K hs rel pointsD is oxil with C nd C nd is symmetril under the interhnge of a nd bF

M3. M4. M5.

b2 +2c2 2bc sin A

Hints for solution

M9. M10. M11. M12.

BEC = ADC F pind BF : F E = 2 : 1F rove D is the entre of the irumirle of ABC F

M13. M14. M15. M16.

Hints for solution

xew rolems in iuliden qeometry

Buttery theorem Let Q, R be points on a circle and let S be the midpoint