Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Vol. 47, Nos. 56, September, 2011 (Russian Original Nos.

56, MayJune, 2011)

ANALYSIS OF THE REPULSIVE FORCE OF HIGHLY COERCIVE PERMANENT MAGNETS IN SURFACE MAGNETIC CLUTCHES AND PLANE MAGNETIC SYSTEMS

A. Ya. Krasilnikov1 and A. A. Krasilnikov2

This paper gives an expression for calculation of the repulsive force of highly coercive permanent magnets in the form of rectangular prisms located in surface magnetic clutches or plane magnetic systems.

Surface magnetic clutches and magnetic systems have come into rather widespread use in hermetically sealed machines and vessels (particularly in high-risk productions), ensuring complete sealing of the internal volume of the equipment and protecting personnel and the surrounding environment from harmful substances [1]. A basic deficiency of surface magnetic clutches and magnetic systems (plane) is the existence of attractive and repulsive forces of permanent magnets situated opposite one another in the half couplings of a surface magnetic clutch or sections of a magnetic system, whereupon the stronger these forces, the smaller the air gap between the half couplings of the clutch or sections of the system. In surface magnetic clutches or plane magnetic systems, attractive forces of the half couplings of a magnetic clutch (along the axis of rotation) or sections of a magnetic system (perpendicular to the direction of motion of the sections) [2], which load the bearings employed for the driving and driven shafts of machinery or equipment in the transport trolleys of hermetically sealed conveyers, act under the normal operating conditions of sealed equipment. For equipment operating under emergency conditions where a twisting moment on the machine actuator, or attractive forces are greater than the transferring twisting moment of the surface magnetic clutch, or the transferring magnetic force of the plane magnetic system, failure of the magnetic coupling occurs between the half-couplings of the clutch, or sections of the system. At that moment, the half couplings (sections) are first attracted toward one another (the directions of magnetization of the magnets in the half couplings or sections are coincident), and then repulsed one from the other (the directions of magnetization of the magnets in the half clutches or sections are not coincident, i.e., are directed in opposite directions), resulting in development of alternating-sign loads. It is therefore possible to conclude that in the stage of structural development of machinery or equipment, it is necessary to determine the value of the attractive or repulsive forces of the permanent magnets. Analysis of the attractive forces of highly coercive magnets in surface magnetic clutches and plane magnetic systems is discussed in [2]. It is assumed that the attractive and repulsive forces of the surface half couplings and magnetic systems are equal in value, but opposed in direction. Let us consider an example of experimental data whether real or not. The experiments were conducted on a special bench; the position of the sections of a plane magnetic system with highly coercive permanent magnets subjected to repulsive-force measurements is shown in Fig. 1.
1 2

Yeltsin Ural Federal University (UrFU), Ekaterinburg, Russia. Sverdlovskii Research and Design Institute of Chemical Machine Building (SverdNIIkhimmash), Ekaterinburg, Russia. Translated from Khimicheskoe i Neftegazovoe Mashinostroenie, No. 5, pp. 1416, May, 2011.

0009-2355/11/0506-0309 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.

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Fig. 1. Diagram showing measurement of repulsive force (Frep) in plane magnetic system: a) magnets in form of rectangular prisms; b) trapezoidal magnets; 1) first section of plane magnetic system; 2) second section of plane magnetic system; ) direction of magnetization.

Fig. 2. Dependence of specific force Fsp of permanent magnets with dimensions A B H = 15 40 8 mm (A = a, B = b, H = h) formed from Grade KS-37 alloy, 1st group (Br = 0.76 T) on air gap : a) specific attractive force Fsp.a (experiment); b) specific repulsive force Fsp.rep (experiment).

Figures 2, 3, and 4 are graphical plots showing the variation in the specific attractive and repulsive forces between magnets positioned in the sections of a plane magnetic system with various air gaps between the sections of the system, while Table 1 compares results of the specific attractive and repulsive forces. The specific repulsive force between magnets was calculated from the expression Fsp.rep = Frep /S, (1) 310

Fig. 3. Dependence of specific force Fsp of permanent magnets with dimensions A B H = 20 30 10 mm (A = a, B = b, H = h) formed from Grade KS-37 alloy, 1st group (Br = 0.76 T) on air gap : a) specific attractive force Fsp.a (experiment); b) specific repulsive force Fsp.rep (experiment).

Fig. 4. Dependence of specific force Fsp of permanent magnets with dimensions A B H = 18 40 8 mm (A = a, B = b, H = h) formed from Grade KS-37 alloy, 2nd group (Br = 0.80 T) on air gap : a) specific attractive force Fsp.a (experiment); b) specific repulsive force Fsp.rep (experiment).

where Frep is the repulsive force between magnets in the sections of the plane magnetic system, N; and S is the surface area (upper or lower) of a magnet, cm2. Analyzing the data (see Figs. 2, 3, 4 and Table 1), it is possible to conclude that the specific repulsive forces are lower than the specific attractive forces for all types of magnets. The specific attractive and repulsive forces become close (equalization occurs between the specific forces) when the air gap = 12 mm; this is also observed for the magnets with a geometric shape differing from rectangular prisms (Fig. 5). Surface magnetic clutches and plane magnetic systems are widely used with air gaps = 38 mm between the magnets. As is apparent from Table 1, the specific repulsive forces do not exceed 0.9 of the specific repulsive forces with these 311

TABLE 1
Dimensions and grade of magnets Specific force Experimental values of specific forces Fsp

Gap , mm Specific attractive force ABH=abh= = 15 40 8 mm, KS-37, 1st group, Br = 0.76 T Specific repulsive force Fsp.rep, N/cm2 2.2 10.1 Ratio Fsp.rep /Fsp.a 0.84* 4.0 6.97 0.90 Fsp.a, N/cm2 2.0 12.65 4.0 7.75 6.0 5.40 8.0 3.34 10.0 2.16 12.0 1.375

Gap , mm 6.0 4.71 0.87 8.0 2.94 0.88 10.0 2.45 1.13 12.0 1.86 1.35

Gap , mm Specific attractive force ABH=abh= = 20 30 10 mm, KS-37, 1st group, Br = 0.76 T Specific repulsive force Fsp.rep, N/cm2 2.0 7.55 Ratio Fsp.rep /Fsp.a 0.60** 3.5 6.08 0.62*** Fsp.a, N/cm2 2.3 12.36 4.0 9.52 6.0 6.38 8.0 4.41 10.0 3.43 12.0 2.45

Gap , mm 6.0 4.61 0.72 8.0 3.68 0.83 10.0 2.94 0.86 12.0 2.26 0.92

Gap , mm Specific attractive force ABH=abh= = 18 40 8, mm, KS-37, 2nd group, Br = 0.80 T Specific repulsive force Fsp.rep, N/cm2 2.0 10.89 Ratio Fsp.rep /Fsp.a 0.76**** 4.0 7.41 0.72 Fsp.a, N/cm2 3.0 11.97 4.0 10.3 6.0 7.23 8.0 5.30 10.0 3.73 12.0 2.35

Gap , mm 6.0 5.16 0.71 8.0 4.02 0.76 10.0 3.14 0.84 12.0 2.45 1.04

Gap , mm Specific attractive force Trapezoidal magnets A(A1) B H = = a(a1) b h = = 10(20) 30 8 mm, KS37, 1st group, Br = 0.76 T Specific repulsive force Fsp.rep, N/cm2 2.0 3.92 Ratio Fsp.rep /Fsp.a
*

Fsp.a, N/cm2

2.0 9.22

4.0 6.47

6.0 3.92

8.0 2.45

10.0 1.67

12.0 0.83

Gap , mm 4.0 2.65 0.41 6.0 1.86 0.47 8.0 1.28 0.52 10.0 0.98 0.59 12.0 0.73 0.88

0.43

When gap = 2.2 mm; ** when gap = 2.3 mm; *** when gap = 4.0 mm; and **** when gap = 3.0 mm.

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Fig. 5. Dependence of specific force Fsp of permanent trapezoidal magnets with dimensions A(A1) B H = 10(20) 30 8 mm (A = a (A1 = a1), B = b, H = h) formed from Grade KS-37 alloy, 1st group (Br = 0.76 T) on air gap : a) graphical Fsp.rep curve; b) dimensions of trapezoidal magnet; a) specific attractive force Fsp.a (experiment); b) specific repulsive force Fsp.rep, experiment).

air gaps. Proceeding from the above, it is possible to account for the total repulsive force of the magnets between the half couplings of a surface magnetic clutch or sections of a plane magnetic system on the basis of the following expression (see [2], Eq. (9)): Frep = 0.9F = 0.9[1.33(Brn gr. /Br1 gr.)2 0.57(d/)]mFz. (2) A total repulsive force between the sections of a plane magnetic system, or the half couplings of a surface magnetic clutch equal to the total attractive force, i.e., Frep = F = [1.33(Brn gr. /Br1 gr.)2 0.57(d/)]mFz, (3)

is recommended for air gaps > 8 mm between the sections of a flat magnetic system or the half couplings of a surface magnetic clutch. Under actual conditions when equipment is operating with a plane magnetic system with noncorrespondence of the magnetic coupling between the sections of a magnetic system (breaking of the magnetic couple), one of the sections of the magnetic system will stay in place, while the second section is displaced relative to the stationary section in the horizontal direction (see Fig. 3 in [3]) over one magnet, i.e., m 1 pairs of magnets are in contact in the plane magnetic system [2]. In that case, expressions (2) and (3) assume the form Frep = 0.9F = 0.9[1.33(Brn gr. /Br1 gr.)2 0.57(d/)](m 1)Fz; Frep = F = [1.33(Brn gr. /Br1 gr.)2 0.57(d/)](m 1)Fz. (4) (5)

Conclusions 1. The studies that we conducted made it possible to calculate the total repulsive force of highly coercive permanent magnets one from the other, which are situated in the half couplings of a surface magnetic clutch, or in the sections of a plane magnetic system, enabling us to account for this force as an additional active force (load) when selecting rolling bearings in the structural-design stage.

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2. Investigations indicated that the repulsive force is smaller than the attractive force of half couplings for air gaps = 38 mm between magnets in the half couplings of a surface clutch. In analyzing the repulsive force for these air gaps, it is recommended that it be assumed to be 90% of the attractive force. For air gaps of more than 8 mm between the half couplings of a surface magnetic clutch, or the sections of a plane magnetic system, the attractive and repulsive forces are close to one another (essentially equal when the air gap is 12 mm), and they can be assumed equal for the calculations.

REFERENCES 1. 2. Ya. Krasilnikov, Standard designs of magnetic systems and clutches, Khim. Neftegaz. Mashinostr., No. 7, 3537 (2002). A. Ya. Krasnlnikov and A. A. Krasilnikov, Calculation of the attractive force of a pair of highly coercive permanent magnets in plane magnetic systems and surface magnetic clutches, Khim. Neftegaz. Mashinostr., No. 11, 1719 (2009). A. Ya. Krasnlnikov and A. A. Krasilnikov, Calculation of the shear force of highly coercive permanent magnets in magnetic systems with consideration of affiliation to a certain group with respect to residual induction., Khim. Neftegaz. Mashinostr., No. 7, 89 (2008).

3.

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