Honors Physics

Summer quiz The freezing point of water on the Celsius scale is 0. The number 0.00000125 in scientific notation is 1.25 x 10^6 A scientist has 4 x 10^7 cells in a growing culture and introduces 4 x 10^9 more to the culture, then the scientist has 4.04 x 10^9. Earnest Rutherford directed alpha particles at gold foil. The idea he proposed as a direct result of his observations of his experiment is that an atom is mostly empty space. Compared to the proton the mass of an electron is 1/1,800 as much. The weight of a BMW Z-3 1.9 roadster is approximitly 2.250 pounds the weight expressed in scientific notation is 2.35 x 10^3 pounds. The nucleus of an atom is small but contains most of the atoms mass. A box with the volume of 200 cm^3 has a length of 8 cm. the area of one of it sides is 25 cm^2. An electronic clock gives the elapsed time as 7:34:21 this represents 27,261. The mass of a hydrogen atom is 0.00000000000000000000000017 gram. This written in scientific notation is 1.7 x 10^-24. The unit of time is most often used by physicist second. Compared to a 1.0-kilogram chunk of iron a 1.0-kilogram piece of a Styrofoam takes up more space. The metric unit of length closest to the thickness of a toothpick is the millimeter. 37 degree Celsius converted in Fahrenheit would be 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. The approximate numbers of days in a year are 365.25 the number in seconds in one year is 31,558,000. The volume of a box 10cm tall whose lid has an area of 16cm^2 is 160cm^3. In scientific notation the number 5.280 would be written as 5.280x10^3. The quotient of 6 x 10^-5 and 4 x 10^-10 is 1.5 x 10^5. 38degree C and 100degree F are approximately equivalent. A graduated cylinder contains 250 mL of water after adding a nugget of gold to the water the glass holds 265mL of liquid the volume of the gold nugget is 15cm^3 or 15mL. One kilogram of mass has a weight of about 2.2 pounds the weight of a 50.0-kiolgram Rottweiler expressed in pounds is 110. The product of 7 x 10^-10 and 5 x 10^-4 is 3.5 x 10^13. Air does not have length. In scientific notation the ratio 3.2/1280 is written as 2.5 x 10^-3. -273degree C is a temperature thats equivalent to 0 Kelvin.

Chapter 3
Tom and frank shoot water balloons using a new launcher the package claims it will launch balloons up to 200 yards the boys launch balloons at various angles to determine the angle that makes the balloons travel the greatest distance. If they graphed their results the values would be [placed on the graph as distance on the y axis and angle on the x axis. The term that refers to the location of an object is position. The slope of a distance versus time graph represents speed. The slope of a graph line is determined by calculating the change in the vertical values divided by the change in the horizontal values.

Chapter 3 & 4
Many cars are made with an automatic feature called cruise control. When the driver sets a care on cruise control a computer adjusts the engine to maintain the cars speed constant. When the car is on cruise control on a straight road the acceleration of the car is best described as equal to zero. The statement an object can have speed that is changing and still have zero acceleration can never be true. The term at in the equation v=vo+at represents the amount the object speed has changed. In the equation x-xo+vot+1/2at^2 the term vot represents the distance the object would have moved if the speed stayed constant at vo. If the speed is constant which variable is zero in the equation x=xo+vo+1/2at^2 is a. An arrow is shot right up into the air at a speed of 98m/sec the maximum height reached by the arrow (neglecting friction) is 490 meters.

Chapter 5 Two objects have the same inertia if the same force causes the same acceleration in both objects. An objects acceleration from 1m/sec^2 to 2m/sec^2 must have a net force. If the net force is negative and the speed is positive the speed will decrease over time. The Newton is a unit of force that is defined by an acceleration of 1m/sec^2 of an object with a mass of 1 kilogram. Consider the motion of an object acted on by a net force this is a situation that is possible the net force is positive and acceleration and speed are also positive. If every force has an equal and opposite reaction why all forces dont cancel out each other well the action and reaction forces act on different objects.

Chapter 6
The weight of a 1-kg mass is 9.8 Newtons. This is not true concerning mass and weight that mass is measured in Newtons and weight is measured in pounds. Vicious friction occurs when wet surfaces slide over each other. The force of dry sliding friction increases when the normal force between surfaces increases. A student attempts to slide down a block on a smooth dry ramp but the block doesnt move this is most likely because the coefficient of static friction is too large to allow the block to move. A box falling freely in the air with no strings attached is not in equilibrium. According to Hookes law an object resists being stretched with a force equal to the springs constant multiplied by the change in length by which the object is stretched. The force called weight comes from gravity.

Chapter 57
A 5-newton force directed north and a 5-newton force directed west both act on the same point the resultant of these two forces is approximately 7 Newtons northwest. The coefficient of static friction is larger than the coefficient of sliding friction. A violation of Newtons first law is the speed of an object changes even though no forces are acting on the object. A skateboarder gets a rolling start along a level sidewalk and jumps down meters to a lower level and rolls on the time the skater is in air between rolling off the upper level and touching down on the lower level is unchanged if the skater gets a faster rolling start. A water balloon is launched horizontally at a height of 1.5 meters above the ground its launch speed is 30m/sec the instant before the balloon hits the ground its horizontal speed is 30m/sec. Launching at an angle of 15 degrees to 75 will give a projectile the same range. The velocity of a launched projectile is described at constant in the horizontal direction. A projectile launched at 45 degrees will have the greatest range, As the launch of a projectile is increased from an angle f 0 degrees to an angle of 90 degrees the range of the projectile will increase then decrease. This is not true about an action reaction pair of forces is when the action force us applied first and the reaction force appears later. A person on water skis is being towed behind a boat at constant speed; the person is in equilibrium because friction from the water creates a force equal and opposite to the force from the boat.

Chapter 8 You can calculate the linear speed at the edge of a wheel by multiplying the angular speed by the radius of the wheel. A basketball is rolled across a gym floor making 17 revolutions in 3.0 seconds if the diameter of the ball is 24 cm the ball rolls approximately 1,220 centimeters. To convert an angle expressed in degrees to an angle expressed in radians you multiply the angel by pie/180degrees and or divide the angle by 360degrees/pie. An airplane makes a circular turn in its approach to the runway for landing the air applies a centripetal force on the wings of the plane that allows it to turn if the mass of the plane was doubled the centripetal force required to turn the plane would be twice as much. If the distance between two objects were doubled the force of gravitational attraction between the objects would be one quarter of the original force, The mass of an object at the surface of the earth compared to the mass of the same object at a distance of two earths radii the surface of the earth is the same.

Chapters 8 and 9
Moving some of the objects mass farther from the center of rotation will increase the moment of inertia of an object,

The loop in a loop-the-loop in a rollercoaster has a radius of curvature of 21 meters the rollercoaster car loaded with passengers has a mass of 2,200 kilograms a minimum speed must be maintained so the car stays on track while its upside down the minimum speed is about 14m/sec. An object least likely to topple over if its area of support is large and its center of gravity is low. Objects in rotational equilibrium when there is no net torque acting on the object. A wood ball and a metal ball of equal diameter and with the same mass are rolled down a ramp the wood ball is solid all the way through the metal ball is hallow what happens now is the wood bal reached the bottom of the ramp first because it has a lower moment of inertia. To open a door with the least amount of force pushes on the door as far away from the hinges as possible. The wheel rolling on the ground is an example of a combination of rotational and translational motion. 120 kilograms-meters is not a unit of torque.

Chapters 10 and 11

The efficiency of a machine is decreased by friction. The brakes on an automobile become hot when they are used continuously because work input is being converted to heat. The rate at which work is done is called power. The rate at which energy is used is called work. The ability to do work is called energy. If an appliance is rated at 1,200 watts this is equivalent to 1.2 kilowatts. The ratio representing power doesnt include force x distance. A 1.5 horsepower engine runs a water pump for 12 hours the work done is 4.8 x 10^7 joules, The organisms at the bottom of the food chain are producers. At each level in the food pyramid the amount of usable energy decreases. If the output force is bigger than the input force the mechanical advantage is always larger than 1. The joule is a derived unit of Newtons and meters. Work is defined by scientists as lifting a book from your desk. The ability to do work is energy and measured in joules. Energy of position or condition called potential energy, measured in joules, and represented in mgh. A rolling wagon has 50 joules of kinetic energy if the wagons velocity is doubled the kinetic energy of the wagon is increased to 200 joules. A 2,000 kilogram automobile accelerates horizontally to a speed of 20m/sec. the increase in its gravitational potential energy is 0 joules.