Physics 212

Lecture 3
Today's Concepts: Electric Flux and Field Lines

Gausss Law
Physics 212 Lecture 3, Slide 1

Music
Who is the Artist? A) B) C) D) E) Eric Clapton Bill Frisell Jimmy Page Jeff Beck Buddy Guy

Why? Maybe Someone Less Obscure?? Also, my vote for most memorable performance at New Orleans Jazzfest by a big name! Somewhere over the Rainbow People Get Ready Amazing.

Physics 212 Lecture 3

Your Comments
Where did "epsilon not" come from and what is its value?.

q E =k 2r r

q E= r 2 4 0 r 1

ITS JUST A CONSTANT !

k = 9 x 109 N m2 / C2 0 = 8.85 x 10-12 C2 / N m2

What is the difference between E times A and E "dot" A? Why is there a specific number of lines coming from a particle? Aren't electric fields radial, so wouldn't the lines be infinite? Will we ever be expected to take surface integrals, and if so can you discuss them in a little more depth? Are we going to actually use calculus now? I always understand the material so much better after the lectures and especially the clicker questions

VECTORS: dot product ! Field lines are a REPRESENTATION ! You can choose number of lines produced by 1 Coulomb. YOU BET! Integrals will be easy to evaluate, though.. We will use Gauss law next time to calculate E fields !! Thats what we hope happens!!

It's my friend Ben Wallace's birthday tomorrow during the Tuesday lecture! Can you put it on the board for me please? 04 Physics 212 Lecture 3, Slide 3

My Comments
You will need to understand integrals in this course!!! Forces and Fields are Vectors Always Draw a Picture First What do the Forces/Fields Look Like?
Prelecture E Lecture E E Infinite line of charge Finite line of charge (constant ) Finite line of charge (non-constant ) The 1/4 shell problem on the homework was not explained extensively enough in the smart physicsbook. The 1/4 shell problem is not special !! Its the same as all the others!
Physics 212 Lecture 3, Slide 4

Worked Example

dq 1 dq E = k 2 r = r 2 r 4 0 r
WORKS FOR ALL !!

Homework

E Arc of charge (constant )

Electric Field Lines

Direction & Density of Lines represent Direction & Magnitude of E

Point Charge: Direction is radial Density 1/R2

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Physics 212 Lecture 3, Slide 5

Electric Field Lines

Dipole Charge Distribution: Direction & Density much more interesting

08

simulation

Physics 212 Lecture 3, Slide 6

Checkpoint 3.1
Preflight 3

100 80 60 40 20 0

The field lines around charge one are denser, and so its magnitude must also be greater..
09

simulation

Physics 212 Lecture 3, Slide 7

Checkpoint 3.3

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

The field lines begin at one charge and end at the other. Thus one is positive and the other is negative.

10

simulation

Physics 212 Lecture 3, Slide 8

Checkpoint 3.5
Preflight 3

100 80 60 40 20 0

There is greater density of field lines at point B than point A so the field is stronger at point B.

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Physics 212 Lecture 3, Slide 9

Telling the difference between positive and negative charges while looking at field lines. Does field line density from a certain charge give information about the sign of the charge?

Point Charges

-q

+2q

What charges are inside the red circle? -Q +Q -Q +2Q -2Q +Q -Q

+Q

A
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Physics 212 Lecture 3, Slide 10

Which of the following field line pictures best represents the electric field from two charges that have the same sign but different magnitudes?

C
15

D
Physics 212 Lecture 3, Slide 11

simulation

Electric Flux Counts Field Lines

I still feel a little unclear about flux integrals. Can you go over some more example problems?

S = E dA
S
Flux through surface S Integral of E dA on surface S

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Physics 212 Lecture 3, Slide 12

Checkpoint 1
flux is proportional to the enclosed charged, and the enclosed charge for case one (lambda*(L))is double the enclosed charge for case two (lambda*(L/2)).

An infinitely long charged rod has uniform charge density and passes through a cylinder (gray). The cylinder in Case 2 has twice the radius and half the length compared TAKE s TO BE RADIUS ! with the cylinder in Case 1.

L/2

because the flux is the electric field times the surface area which is 2 pi r times the length. So if the radius is doubled and the length is halved it cancels out to the same .
50 40 30 20 10 0

1=22

1=2

(A)

(B)

1=1/22

(C)

(D)

none

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Physics 212 Lecture 3, Slide 13

An infinitely long charged rod has uniform charge density l and passes through a cylinder WHAT IS WRONG WITH THIS REASONING?? (gray). The cylinder in Case 2 has twice the radius and half the length compared with the because the flux is the electric TAKE s TO BE RADIUS ! cylinder in Case 1. field times the surface area which is 2 pi r times the length. So if the radius is doubled and the length is halved it cancels out to the same .

Checkpoint 1

THE E FIELD AT THE BARREL SURFACE IS NOT THE SAME IN THE TWO CASES !!

Definition of Flux:

L/2

E dA
surface

E constant on barrel of cylinder E perpendicular to barrel surface (E parallel to dA)

= E dA = EAbarrel
barrel

1=22

(A)
Case 2

1RESULT: 1=1/22 =2 GAUSS LAW none (D) (B) proportional to charge enclosed ! (C)

E1 = 2 0 s
A1 = (2s ) L
26

Case 1

1 =

L 0

E2 =

2 =

2 0 (2 s )

A2 = (2 (2s)) L / 2 = 2sL

( L / 2) 0

Physics 212 Lecture 3, Slide 14

Direction Matters:
E E dA dA E dA E E E dA dA E E E For a closed surface, A points outward

S = E dA > 0
S
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Physics 212 Lecture 3, Slide 15

Direction Matters:
E E dA dA E dA E E E dA dA E E E For a closed surface, A points outward

S = E dA < 0
S
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Physics 212 Lecture 3, Slide 16

Trapezoid in Constant Field

y Label faces: 1: x = 0 2: z = +a 3: x = +a 4: slanted Define n = Flux through Face n z

E0 E = E0 x
3

2 x dA

E dA < 0
E

A B C

1 < 0 1 = 0 1 > 0

A B C

2 < 0 2 = 0 2 > 0

A B C

3 < 0 3 = 0 3 > 0

A B C

4 < 0 4 = 0 4 > 0

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Physics 212 Lecture 3, Slide 17

Trapezoid in Constant Field + Q

y Label faces: 1: x = 0 2: z = +a 3: x = +a Define n = Flux through Face n = Flux through Trapezoid z

E = E0 x E0
3

+Q

2 x Add a charge +Q at (-a,a/2,a/2)

How does Flux change?

A B C

1 increases 1 decreases 1 remains same

A B C

3 increases 3 decreases

A B

increases decreases remains same

3 remains same C

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Physics 212 Lecture 3, Slide 18

Gauss Law
E E dA Q E dA E E dA dA E E dA E E

E dA =
closed surface

Qenclosed

o
Physics 212 Lecture 3, Slide 19

41

Checkpoint 2.3

(A) increases

(B) decreases

(C) stays same

The charge is still located

inside of the surface, so the flux does not change.

100 80 60 40 20 0

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Physics 212 Lecture 3, Slide 20

Checkpoint 3.1

The

e field is stronger when you get closer to it therefore the flux at A increases as the point charge gets closer to dA and the flux at B decreases as the point charge gets further from dB (A) dA increases dB decreases
60 50 40 30 20 10 0

(B) dA decreases dB increases

(C) dA stays same dB stays same

Flux

only depends on the total

charge enclosed, not its position.

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Physics 212 Lecture 3, Slide 21

Think of it this way:

The total flux is the same in both cases (just the total number of lines) The flux through the right (left) hemisphere is smaller (bigger) for case 2.
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Physics 212 Lecture 3, Slide 22

Things to notice about Gausss Law

o closed surface If Qenclosed is the same, the flux has to be the same, which means that the integral must yield the same result for any surface.
S E dA = Qenclosed

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Physics 212 Lecture 3, Slide 23

Things to notice about Gausss Law

Gausses law and what concepts are most important that we know .

E dA =
closed surface

Qenclosed

In cases of high symmetry it may be possible to bring E outside the integral. In these cases we can solve Gauss Law for E

E dA = EA =
closed surface

Qenclosed

Qenclosed E= A 0

So - if we can figure out Qenclosed and the area of the surface A, then we know E !
This is the topic of the next lecture
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Physics 212 Lecture 3, Slide 24

Final Thoughts.
Keep plugging away
Prelecture 4 and Checkpoint 4 due Thursday Homework 2 due next Tuesday.. More about this next time Remember NO OFFICE HOURS ON LABOR DAY.. Plan ahead!

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Physics 212 Lecture 3, Slide 25