Lect 23

Physics 212
Lecture 23
Physics 212 Lecture 23, Slide 1
Music
Who is the Artist? A) B) C) D) E) Bob Wills and the Texas Playboys The Viper and His Famous Orchestra Big Sandy and the Fly-Rite Boys Pokey LaFarge and the South City Three Blind Boy Paxton
Why? They were the headliners at the CU Folk and Roots Festival this past weekend. They were wonderful !!
See who you missed at: http://www.folkandroots.org/site/2011-artists
Your Comments
This lecture was fun! super hard I don't understand what the equations mean with the (kz+-wt). Can you explain the E and B electromagnetic waves graph in more detail? I'm still confused.
It certainly can be confusing.. We will try to make it clear !!

Sometimes, you can't deny that physics is just awesome. Doppler effect seen from moving stars?? So cool! So, according to the Doppler Effect, the only thing I have to do to get XRay Vision is run away from whatever I want to see through? Also: would it work if said thing was running away from me? (Always looking for ways to minimize the work I have to do) Well do a Doppler shift example anyway (& discuss approximations) Seriously? You mispell "pointing" and then expect us to run at our iclickers so as to see the magical waves they emit? SMH
05
Your Comments
PLEASE READ MEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. <----- Don't post this annoying part =D I set the equations of (energy density )*(Volume) = planck's constant *(c/lambda) . Solving for lambda I see that the wavelength decreases as Volume increases. Does that mean that EM waves loose their wavelength as the Universe expands? YES! Photons left over from the Big Bang (starting out with the energy that binds electrons to protons = hydrogen atom) have lost a lot of energy as the universe expands (from t = 400,000 years to now) initial 100 nm = 10-7 m, today 1 mm: the cosmic microwave background
05
Plane Waves from Last Time
E and B are perpendicular and in phase Oscillate in time and space Direction of propagation given by E X B E0 = cB0 Argument of sin/cos gives direction of propagation
Understanding the speed and direction of the wave

Ex = Eosin(kz-t)
Ex z
t=0
Ex
sin( kz ) = cos( kz)

2
t = /2
What has happened to the waveform in this time interval? It has MOVED TO THE RIGHT by /4
/4 speed = c = = = f / 2 2
Checkpoint 1a
The value at t=0 is 0 for this function and it is positive in the x direction right after Since the sine wave is going up, its - the omega t The terms within the sin function show that the wave is moving in the +z direction and B is in the y plane so it's By.
Checkpoint 1a
No moving in the minus z direction No has Ey rather than Ex
Checkpoint 2a
c=3.0 x 108 m/s
Wavelength is equal to the speed of light divided by the frequency.
c 300, 000, 000 1 = = = f 900, 000, 000 3

Check: Look at size of antenna on base unit
Doppler Shift
The Big Idea As source approaches: Wavelength decreases Frequency Increases
Doppler Shift for e-m Waves

Whats Different from Sound or Water Waves ?
Sound /Water Waves : You can calculate (no relativity needed) BUT Result is somewhat complicated: is source or observer moving wrt medium?
Electromagnetic Waves : You need relativity (time dilation) to calculate BUT Result is simple: only depends on relative motion of source & observer
1 2
1+ f= f 1
= v/c > 0 if source & observer are approaching < 0 if source & observer are separating
Doppler Shift for e-m Waves f f
v
or
v
The Doppler Shift is the SAME for both cases ! f/f ONLY DEPENDS ON THE RELATIVE VELOCITY
1+ f= f 1
1 2

A Note on Approximations
1+ f= f 1
1 2
<< 1
f f (1 + )
Remember > 0 for approach < 0 for separation around = 0
WHY ??
Taylor Series: Expand
1 + F ( ) = 1
1/ 2
F ( ) = F (0) +
Evaluate:
F (0) F (0) 2 + + ... 1! 2!
F ( 0) = 1
F (0) = 1
F ( ) 1 +
NOTE: F ( ) = (1 ) n
F ( ) 1 n
Red Shift
Wavelengths shifted higher
wavelength
Frequencies shifted lower
Star separating from us (Expanding Universe)
Our Sun
Star in a distant galaxy

Red Shift
the dopper effect in relation to magnetic fields. Is this used in any practical applications? Is anything moving fast enough on earth that relative to the speed of light that there would be any significant shift? I understand that this makes sense in looking at the universe and motion of planets and stars and such but there is no way you can "run" fast enough to ever see an iclicker signal.
Star Clusters and Distant, Red Galaxies Near Edge of Galaxy NGC 3370 (Hubble Space Telescope)
Example
Police radars get twice the effect since the EM waves make a round trip:
f f (1 + 2 )
If f = 24,000,000,000 Hz (k-band radar gun) c = 300,000,000 m/s v 30 m/s (67 mph) 31 m/s (69 mph) 1.000 x 10-7 1.033 x 10-7 f 24,000,004,800 24,000,004,959 f-f 4800 Hz 4959 Hz
Checkpoint 2b
A) B) C)
ficlicker = 900 MHz
Running away decreases the frequency that your eyes would see.
Running toward the iclicker will cause the frequency we observe to be greater than the source frequency.
Moving relative to the iclicker would only change its velocity in relation to you, but not its frequency.
Checkpoint 2b
A) B) C)
ficlicker = 900 MHz
Need to shift frequency UP
Need to approach i>clicker
( > 0)
How fast would you need to run to see the i>clicker radiation?
f 1014 1 + = 9 = 105 = f 10 1
1/ 2
1 + 10 = 1
10
1010 1 1 10 10 = 10 = 10 + 1 1 + 10 10
Approximation Exercise:
1 (2 1010 )
Waves Carry Energy
Intensity
Intensity = Average energy delivered per unit time, per unit area
1 dU I A dt
Length = c dt
Area = A
dU = u volume = u Acdt
I =c u
Sunlight on Earth:
I ~ 1000J/s/m2 ~ 1 kW/m2
Waves Carry Energy
Comment on Poynting Vector

Just another way to keep track of all this - Its magnitude is equal to I Its direction is the direction of propagation of the wave
Light has Momentum!

Momentum of light is p = U/c light can exert pressure!!
Recall force from mechanics:
p F F= ; P= t A
Approximate p by p:
p U P= = At cAt
But intensity of light is:
U I= At
I P= c
Therefore:
Light has Momentum!

Optical Tweezers
Checkpoint 1b
Which of the following actions will increase the energy carried by an electromagnetic wave? A. Increase E keeping constant C. Both of the above will increase the energy B. Increase keeping E constant D. Neither of the above will increase the energy
Only the electric field changing can increase energy. Energy doesn't depend on the amplitude, just the frequency. Increasing both will add energy since it has a greater base energy if you increase E and more waves per a period of time if you incease w. only velocity of the wave influences energy
Checkpoint 1b
But then again, what are we keeping constant here? WHAT ABOUT PHOTONS? The energy of one photon is Ephoton = hf = h/2 Uwave = Nphotons Ephoton = 1/2 0E02
PHOTONS
We believe the energy in an e-m wave is carried by photons Question: What are Photons? Answer: Photons are Photons. Photons possess both wave and particle properties Particle: Energy and Momentum localized Wave: They have definite frequency & wavelength (f = c) Connections seen in equations: E = hf p = h/ Plancks constant h = 6.63e-34 J-s
Question: How can something be both a particle and a wave? Answer: ~It cant (when we observe it) What we see depends on how we choose to measure it ! The mystery of quantum mechanics: More on this in PHYS 214
Calculation 1
An electromagnetic wave is described by: E = 0 cos(kz t ) jE where is the unit vector in the +y direction. j
y x z
Which of the following graphs represents the z-dependence of Bx at t = 0?
X
(A) (B) (C)
X
(D)
E and B are in phase (or 180o out of phase) Wave moves in +z direction y E E B points in direction of propagation x
E = 0 cos(kz t ) jE
B = iB0 cos(kz t )
B z Physics 212
Lecture 23, Slide 28
Calculation 2
An electromagnetic wave is described by: What is the form of B for this wave?
j i+ E= E0 cos(kz + t ) 2
y x z
(A) (B)
j i+ B= ( E0 / c)cos(kz + t ) 2
j i B= ( E0 / c) cos(kz + t ) 2
(C)
j i + B= ( E0 / c) cos(kz + t ) 2
(D) B = i j ( E0 / c) cos(kz + t )
2
E=
j i+ E0 cos(kz + t ) 2
Wave moves in z direction +z points out of screen -z points into screen
y E x B
E B points in negative z-direction
Calculation 3
An electromagnetic wave is described by:
E = 0 sin(kz + t ) jE
Which of the following plots represents Bx(z) at time t = /2 ?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Wave moves in negative z-direction y E B x

+z points out of screen -z points into screen
B = i ( E0 / c)sin(kz + t )
at t = /2:
Bx = ( E0 / c)sin(kz + / 2) Bx = ( E0 / c){sin kz cos( / 2) + cos kz sin( / 2)}
Bx = ( E0 / c) cos(kz )
Calculation 4
A certain unnamed physics professor was arrested for running a stoplight. He said the light was green. A pedestian said it was red. The professor then said: We are both being truthful; you just need to account for the Doppler effect ! Is it possible that the professors argument is correct? (green = 500 nm, red = 600 nm)
(A) YES
(B) NO
As professor approaches stoplight, the frequency of its emitted light will be shifted UP The speed of light does not change Therefore, the wavelength (c/f) would be shifted to a smaller value If he goes fast enough, he could observe a green light !
Follow-Up
A certain unnamed physics professor was arrested for running a stoplight. He said the light was green. A pedestian said it was red. The professor then said: We are both being truthful; you just need to account for the Doppler effect ! How fast would the professor have to go to see the light as green? (green = 500 nm, red = 600 nm)
(A) 540 m/s
(B) 5.4 X104 m/s
(C) 5.4 X 107 m/s

1+ 1
(D) 5.4 X 108 m/s
Relativistic Doppler effect: f = f
f 600 1+ = = f 500 1
36(1 ) = 25(1 + )
f = f (1 + )
Note approximation for small is not bad: c = 3 X 108 m/s v = 5.4 X 107 m/s
11 = 0.18 61 1 = = 0.2 5
Change the charge to SPEEDING!

Physics 212
Lecture 23
Music
Your Comments

05
Your Comments
05

Ex = Eosin(kz-t)
Ex z
t=0
Ex

2
t = /2
/4 speed = c = = = f / 2 2
Checkpoint 1a
Checkpoint 1a
Checkpoint 2a
c=3.0 x 108 m/s
c 300, 000, 000 1 = = = f 900, 000, 000 3

Doppler Shift

1 2
1+ f= f 1
v
or
v
1+ f= f 1
1 2

1+ f= f 1
1 2
<< 1
f f (1 + )
WHY ??
1 + F ( ) = 1
1/ 2
F ( ) = F (0) +
Evaluate:
F (0) F (0) 2 + + ... 1! 2!
F ( 0) = 1
F (0) = 1
F ( ) 1 +
NOTE: F ( ) = (1 ) n
F ( ) 1 n
Red Shift
wavelength
Our Sun

Red Shift
Example
f f (1 + 2 )
Checkpoint 2b
A) B) C)
ficlicker = 900 MHz
Checkpoint 2b
A) B) C)
ficlicker = 900 MHz
( > 0)
f 1014 1 + = 9 = 105 = f 10 1
1/ 2
1 + 10 = 1
10
1010 1 1 10 10 = 10 = 10 + 1 1 + 10 10
1 (2 1010 )
Waves Carry Energy
Intensity
1 dU I A dt
Length = c dt
Area = A
I =c u
Sunlight on Earth:
I ~ 1000J/s/m2 ~ 1 kW/m2
Waves Carry Energy

Light has Momentum!

p F F= ; P= t A
Approximate p by p:
p U P= = At cAt
U I= At
I P= c
Therefore:
Light has Momentum!

Optical Tweezers
Checkpoint 1b
Checkpoint 1b
PHOTONS
Calculation 1
y x z
X
(A) (B) (C)
X
(D)
E = 0 cos(kz t ) jE
B = iB0 cos(kz t )
B z Physics 212
Calculation 2
y x z
(A) (B)
j i+ B= ( E0 / c)cos(kz + t ) 2
j i B= ( E0 / c) cos(kz + t ) 2
(C)
j i + B= ( E0 / c) cos(kz + t ) 2
(D) B = i j ( E0 / c) cos(kz + t )
2
E=
y E x B
Calculation 3
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

B = i ( E0 / c)sin(kz + t )
at t = /2:
Bx = ( E0 / c) cos(kz )
Calculation 4
(A) YES
(B) NO
Follow-Up
(A) 540 m/s
(B) 5.4 X104 m/s
(C) 5.4 X 107 m/s

1+ 1
(D) 5.4 X 108 m/s
f 600 1+ = = f 500 1
36(1 ) = 25(1 + )
f = f (1 + )
11 = 0.18 61 1 = = 0.2 5

Physics 212
Lecture 23
Music
Your Comments

05
Your Comments
05

Ex = Eosin(kz-t)
Ex z
t=0
Ex

2
t = /2
/4 speed = c = = = f / 2 2
Checkpoint 1a
Checkpoint 1a
Checkpoint 2a
c=3.0 x 108 m/s
c 300, 000, 000 1 = = = f 900, 000, 000 3

Doppler Shift

1 2
1+ f= f 1
v
or
v
1+ f= f 1
1 2

1+ f= f 1
1 2
<< 1
f f (1 + )
WHY ??
1 + F ( ) = 1
1/ 2
F ( ) = F (0) +
Evaluate:
F (0) F (0) 2 + + ... 1! 2!
F ( 0) = 1
F (0) = 1
F ( ) 1 +
NOTE: F ( ) = (1 ) n
F ( ) 1 n
Red Shift
wavelength
Our Sun

Red Shift
Example
f f (1 + 2 )
Checkpoint 2b
A) B) C)
ficlicker = 900 MHz
Checkpoint 2b
A) B) C)
ficlicker = 900 MHz
( > 0)
f 1014 1 + = 9 = 105 = f 10 1
1/ 2
1 + 10 = 1
10
1010 1 1 10 10 = 10 = 10 + 1 1 + 10 10
1 (2 1010 )
Waves Carry Energy
Intensity
1 dU I A dt
Length = c dt
Area = A
I =c u
Sunlight on Earth:
I ~ 1000J/s/m2 ~ 1 kW/m2
Waves Carry Energy

Light has Momentum!

p F F= ; P= t A
Approximate p by p:
p U P= = At cAt
U I= At
I P= c
Therefore:
Light has Momentum!

Optical Tweezers
Checkpoint 1b
Checkpoint 1b
PHOTONS
Calculation 1
y x z
X
(A) (B) (C)
X
(D)
E = 0 cos(kz t ) jE
B = iB0 cos(kz t )
B z Physics 212
Calculation 2
y x z
(A) (B)
j i+ B= ( E0 / c)cos(kz + t ) 2
j i B= ( E0 / c) cos(kz + t ) 2
(C)
j i + B= ( E0 / c) cos(kz + t ) 2
(D) B = i j ( E0 / c) cos(kz + t )
2
E=
y E x B
Calculation 3
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

B = i ( E0 / c)sin(kz + t )
at t = /2:
Bx = ( E0 / c) cos(kz )
Calculation 4
(A) YES
(B) NO
Follow-Up
(A) 540 m/s
(B) 5.4 X104 m/s
(C) 5.4 X 107 m/s

1+ 1
(D) 5.4 X 108 m/s
f 600 1+ = = f 500 1
36(1 ) = 25(1 + )
f = f (1 + )
11 = 0.18 61 1 = = 0.2 5


Lect 23

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Physics 212

Physics 212 Lecture 23, Slide 1

See who you missed at: http://www.folkandroots.org/site/2011-artists

It certainly can be confusing.. We will try to make it clear !!

Physics 212 Lecture 23, Slide 4

Plane Waves from Last Time

Understanding the speed and direction of the wave

sin( kz ) = cos( kz)

Physics 212 Lecture 23, Slide 7

No moving in the minus z direction No has Ey rather than Ex

Physics 212 Lecture 23, Slide 8

c=3.0 x 108 m/s

Wavelength is equal to the speed of light divided by the frequency.

c 300, 000, 000 1 = = = f 900, 000, 000 3

Physics 212 Lecture 23, Slide 9

The Big Idea As source approaches: Wavelength decreases Frequency Increases

Physics 212 Lecture 23, Slide 10

Doppler Shift for e-m Waves

Doppler Shift for e-m Waves f f

Physics 212 Lecture 23, Slide 12

Doppler Shift for e-m Waves

F (0) F (0) 2 + + ... 1! 2!

Physics 212 Lecture 23, Slide 13

Wavelengths shifted higher

Frequencies shifted lower

Star separating from us (Expanding Universe)

Star in a distant galaxy

Physics 212 Lecture 23, Slide 15

ficlicker = 900 MHz

Physics 212 Lecture 23, Slide 17

ficlicker = 900 MHz

Need to shift frequency UP

Need to approach i>clicker

Waves Carry Energy

Physics 212 Lecture 23, Slide 19

Waves Carry Energy

Physics 212 Lecture 23, Slide 21

Comment on Poynting Vector

Physics 212 Lecture 23, Slide 22

Light has Momentum!

But intensity of light is:

Light has Momentum!

Physics 212 Lecture 23, Slide 24

Physics 212 Lecture 23, Slide 25

Which of the following graphs represents the z-dependence of Bx at t = 0?

Wave moves in z direction +z points out of screen -z points into screen

Which of the following plots represents Bx(z) at time t = /2 ?

Wave moves in negative z-direction y E B x

Bx = ( E0 / c)sin(kz + / 2) Bx = ( E0 / c){sin kz cos( / 2) + cos kz sin( / 2)}

E B points in negative z-direction

Physics 212 Lecture 23, Slide 31

(A) 540 m/s

(B) 5.4 X104 m/s

(C) 5.4 X 107 m/s

(D) 5.4 X 108 m/s

Relativistic Doppler effect: f = f

Change the charge to SPEEDING!

Physics 212 Lecture 23, Slide 1

See who you missed at: http://www.folkandroots.org/site/2011-artists

It certainly can be confusing.. We will try to make it clear !!

Physics 212 Lecture 23, Slide 4

Plane Waves from Last Time

Understanding the speed and direction of the wave