Lect 24

Physics 212 Physics 212
L ctur 24: P l riz ti n L ctur 24: P l riz ti n Lecture 24: Polarization Lecture 24: Polarization
Physics 212 Lecture 24, Slide Physics 212 Lecture 24, Slide 1 1
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Hour Exam 3: 3 weeks from yesterday (Wed. Nov. 30) covers Hour Exam 3: 3 weeks from yesterday (Wed. Nov. 30) covers
L19 L19--26 inclusive (LC circuits to lenses. Sign up for conflicts, 26 inclusive (LC circuits to lenses. Sign up for conflicts,
etc NOW (no later than Fri Nov 18 at 10:00 p m ) etc NOW (no later than Fri Nov 18 at 10:00 p m )
Your Comments Your Comments
This was quite confusing There are a lot of things that happen when light is
etc. NOW (no later than Fri. Nov. 18 at 10:00 p.m.) etc. NOW (no later than Fri. Nov. 18 at 10:00 p.m.)
This was quite confusing. There are a lot of things that happen when light is
polarized. It would be nice to break those down into smaller steps one at a time.
The linearly polarized stuff made sense but the circular things were terrifying.
Could we go over those and the checkpoints more in depth? Also and I can't believe Could we go over those and the checkpoints more in depth? Also, and I can t believe
I'm asking for this, could we do a calculation with the circular birefringent or a
combo of both polarizers?
I'm not sure what the phase angle's for. I m not sure what the phase angle s for.
Aren't the x and y components always
perpendicular to each other?
I don't get quarter wave slabs. Are they
Lots of questions about circular Lots of questions about circular
polarization polarization we will dissect it! we will dissect it!
how can a firebinging material make
two different velocities. Isn't it the
When light passes through any medium it is When light passes through any medium it is
b b d d b b d d itt d f itt d f
g q y
like, magic or something?
05
same uniform material, so how are
the components velocities different.
Also what is a quarter wave plate
absorbed and re absorbed and re--emitted: for one emitted: for one
component of light, it happens more often component of light, it happens more often
Quantum Communication
I d t d th i t h l i ti i d i th l ld b t
I HAVE to get at least one question on the powerpoint in my lifetime. COME ON!
I understand there are instances where polarization is used in the real world, but
what are some special cases where circular polarization is used?
Communicate and know for sure if message has been looked
at by someone else (quantum mechanics): P. Kwiat, et al.
So far we have considered plane waves that look like this: So far we have considered plane waves that look like this:
From now on just draw E and remember that B is still there: From now on just draw E and remember that B is still there:
Linear Polarization Linear Polarization
I was a bit confused by the introduction of the "e-hat" vector
( i it / f l ) (as in its purpose/usefulness)
Polarizers Polarizers
The molecular structure of a polarizer causes the component of The molecular structure of a polarizer causes the component of
the the EE field perpendicular to the Transmission Axis to be absorbed. field perpendicular to the Transmission Axis to be absorbed.
Quick ACT Quick ACT
The molecular structure of a The molecular structure of a
polarizer causes the component of polarizer causes the component of
the the EE field perpendicular to the field perpendicular to the
Transmission Axis to be absorbed. Transmission Axis to be absorbed.
Suppose we have a beam traveling in the + z Suppose we have a beam traveling in the + z- -direction. direction.
At t = 0 and z = 0 the electric field is aligned along the At t = 0 and z = 0 the electric field is aligned along the
E
o
At t = 0 and z = 0, the electric field is aligned along the At t = 0 and z = 0, the electric field is aligned along the
positive x positive x- -axis and has a magnitude equal to E axis and has a magnitude equal to E
oo
z
y
What is the component of What is the component of EE
oo
along a direction in the x along a direction in the x- -y y
l th t k l f l th t k l f uu ith t t th ith t t th plane that makes an angle of plane that makes an angle of uu with respect to the x with respect to the x--
axis? axis?
B) E
o
cosu A) E
o
sinu C) 0 D) E
o
/sinu E) E
o
/cosu
u
E
o
y
What is the only angle for which What is the only angle for which EE
oo
has no (zero) projection? has no (zero) projection?
Linear Polarizers
This stuff is so
wicked awesome! Go wicked awesome! Go
over the Law of
Malice though.
Two Polarizers
Checkpoint 1a
An unpolarized EM wave is incident on two orthogonal polarizers.
What percentage of the intensity gets through both polarizers?
A. 50% B. 25% C. 0%
the horizontal and vertical components would go through
after the 1st one only half of it remains and then after the 2nd is half of it
Because the polarizers are at 90 degrees to each other intensity is zero
because cos(pie/2) =0.
Two Polarizers
Checkpoint 1a
What percentage of the intensity gets through both polarizers?
A. 50% B. 25% C. 0%
The second polarizer is orthogonal to the first
no light will come through. cos(90
o
) = 0
Two Polarizers
Checkpoint 1b
Is it possible to increase this percentage by inserting another
Polarizer between the original two?
A. Yes B. No
any diagonal will do
It wouldn't help any because it is all in the y direction after the first
polarizer
Two Polarizers
Checkpoint 1b
Is it possible to increase this percentage by inserting another
Polarizer between the original two?
A. Yes B. No
Any non-horizontal polarizer after the first polarizer
will produce polarized light AT THAT ANGLE
Part of that light will make it through the horizontal
polarizer
There is no reason that There is no reason that || has to be the same for has to be the same for EE
xx
and and EE
yy
::
Making Making ||
xx
different from different from ||
yy
causes circular or elliptical polarization: causes circular or elliptical polarization: gg
xx yy
p p p p
90
t
| |

Example Example::
At t=0 At t=0
90
2
| | = =
x y
45 4 u t = =
0
cos( )
2
x
E
E kz t e =
0
i ( )
E
E k t
0
sin( )
2
y
E kz t e =
RCP
Q: Q: How do we change How do we change
the relative phase the relative phase
between between EE
xx
and and EE
yy
??
AA Bi f i Bi f i A: A: Birefringence Birefringence
By picking the right By picking the right By p ck ng the r ght By p ck ng the r ght
thickness we can change thickness we can change
the relative phase by the relative phase by
exactly 90 exactly 90
oo
. .
This changes This changes linear linear to to
circular circular polarization polarization
and is called a and is called a
and is called a and is called a
quarter wave plate quarter wave plate
Right hand Right hand
rule rule
NOTE: No NOTE: No
Does Birefringent Material
absorb intensity?
NOTE: No NOTE: No
Intensity is lost Intensity is lost
passing through passing through
h QWP ! h QWP ! the QWP ! the QWP !
BEFORE QWP:
(
+

j i
2 2 2
(
+
=
2
) sin(
j i
t kz E E
o
e
2 2 2
y x o o
E E c E c I + = = c c
2
1
) ( sin
2 2
2 2
2 2
o o
o o
o
E c t kz
E E
c c e c =
|
|
|
|
+ =
2 2 2
o o o
|
.
\
AFTER QWP:
| | ) sin(
) cos(
2
t kz j t kz i
E
E
o
e e + =
2 2 2
y x o o
E E c E c I + = = c c
2
) ( sin ) ( cos
2
2 2
2
t kz t kz
E
c
o
o
e e c + =
2 2
2
1
2
2 2
o
o
o
o
E
c
E
c c c = =
THE SAME !!
Right or Left ???
Right circularly polarized Right circularly polarized
Do right hand rule Do right hand rule Do right hand rule Do right hand rule
Fingers along slow direction Fingers along slow direction
Cross into fast direction Cross into fast direction
If th b i t i di ti f ti RCP If th b i t i di ti f ti RCP
If thumb points in direction of propagation: RCP If thumb points in direction of propagation: RCP
Circular Light on Linear Polarizer
Q: Q: What happens when circularly What happens when circularly
polarized light is put through a polarized light is put through a
polarizer along the polarizer along the xx (or (or yy) axis ? ) axis ?
A) I = 0
B) I = I
0
C) C) I = I
0
2 2
E E
2
0
c = I c E
1 1
XX
2 2
0
c = +
x y
c E E
2
2
0
0
cos ( ) c e =
E
c kz t
Half Half of before of before
2
0 0
1 1
2 2
c = cE
XX
0
( )
2
1 2
Half Half of before of before
Identical linearly polarized light at 45
o
from the y-axis and propagating along the z
axis is incident on two different objects. In Case A the light intercepts a linear polarizer
with polarization along the y-axis In Case B, the light intercepts a quarter wave plate
with vast axis along the y-axis.
Checkpoint 2a
A
B
g y
Compare the intensities of the light waves after transmission.
A. I
A
< I
B
B. I
A
= I
B
C. I
A
> I
B
In case 1, the polarizer absorbs some of the intensity while for case 2 it just
changes its phase.
The polarizer and quarter wave plate have the same effect
The polarizer and quarter wave plate have the same effect.
it looses more intensity when it passes through a birefringent material.
o
with vast axis along the y-axis.
Checkpoint 2a
A
B
g y
Compare the intensities of the light waves after transmission.
A. I
A
< I
B
B. I
A
= I
B
C. I
A
> I
B
Case A:
E
x
is absorbed
) 45 ( cos
2
0
o
A
I I =
Case B:
(E
x
,E
y)
phase changed
) 45 ( cos
0 A
I I
0
2
1
I I
A
= 0
I I
B
=
2 2
(
Intensity:
2 2
0 x y
I c E E c
(
= +

QW Plate QW Plate
Both E Both E and E and E
Both E Both E
xx
and E and E
yy
are still there, so are still there, so
intensity is the same intensity is the same
2 2
0 x y
I c E E c
(
= +

Polarizer Polarizer
EE is missing so is missing so
EE
xx
is missing, so is missing, so
intensity is lower intensity is lower
Checkpoint 2b
A
o
with vast axis along the y-axis. heckpo nt b
A
B
Checkpoint 2b
A
B
g y
What is the polarization of the light wave in Case B after it passes through the
quarter wave plate?.
A. linearly polarized B. left circularly polarized
C. right circularly polarized D. undefined g y p
the fast side will make the light polarize linearly
the vertical component will be ahead of the horizontal component. Since the horizontal
component is in the positive x direction it is left CP
Right hand rule from slow to fast means that it travels in the positive z which in this
case means right circularly polarized.
It is at 45 degrees from the y-axis thus it is undefined.
Checkpoint 2b
A
o
with vast axis along the y-axis. heckpo nt b
A
B
Checkpoint 2b
A
B
g y
What is the polarization of the light wave in Case B after it passes through the
quarter wave plate?.
A. linearly polarized B. left circularly polarized
C. right circularly polarized D. undefined
RCP
g y p
Z
RCP
1/4
Checkpoint 2c
A
o
with vast axis along the y-axis. heckpo nt c
A
B
Checkpoint 2c
A
B
g y
If the thickness of the quarter-wave plate in Case B is doubled, what is the
polarization of the wave after passing through the wave plate?
A. linearly polarized B. circularly polarized C. undefined
If it's a half wave plate the waves will be 180 degrees out of phase rather then 90 If it s a half wave plate, the waves will be 180 degrees out of phase rather then 90
degrees and be linearly polarized
I think it would still be the same it would just increase the difference between the
component phases.
p p
The x component would lag the y component by half a period, so for half the period the
wave would be linearly polarized in the y direction and then for the other half would be
linearly polarized in the x direction.
Checkpoint 2c
A
o
with vast axis along the y-axis. heckpo nt c
A
B
Checkpoint 2c
A
B
g y
If the thickness of the quarter-wave plate in Case B is doubled, what is the
polarization of the wave after passing through the wave plate?
A. linearly polarized B. circularly polarized C. undefined

Z
Z
Executive Summary: Executive Summary:
Circularly or Un-polarized Light
Polarized Light
Polarizers & QW Plates: Polarizers & QW Plates:
Birefringence Birefringence
E
RCP
0
cos( )
2
=
x
E
E kx
0
sin( )
2
y
E
E kx =
2
y
Demos:
What else can we put in there to change the polarization? What else can we put in there to change the polarization?
What else can we put in there to change the polarization? What else can we put in there to change the polarization?
Calculation Calculation
Light is incident on two linear polarizers and a quarter wave plate (QWP) as shown.
y
45
o
fast
What is the intensity I
3
in terms of I
1
?
x
y
II
11
60
o
z
II
11
II
22
II
33
Conceptual Analysis
Linear Polarizers: absorbs E field component perpendicular to TA
Quarter Wave Plates: Shifts phase of E field components in fast-slow
d directions
Strategic Analysis
Determine state of polarization and intensity reduction after each object
Multiply individual intensity reductions to get final reduction
Multiply individual intensity reductions to get final reduction.
y
45
o
fast
x
y
II
11
60
o
E
1
E
x
E
y
RCP
z
II
11
II
22
II
33
/4
What is the polarization of the light after the QWP?
(A) LCP (B) RCP (C) (D) (E) unpolarized
x
y
x
y
Light will be circularly
polarized after QWP
Light incident on QWP is linearly
polarized at 45
o
to fast axis
C l fi f RH b k t f t
LCP or RCP? Easiest way:
Right Hand Rule:
Curl fingers of RH back to front
(slow crossed into fast). Thumb
points in dir of propagation
if right hand polarized.
RCP
y
45
o
fast
x
y
II
11
60
o
E
x
E
y
RCP
E
1
z
II
11
II
22
II
33
/4
2
of the light after the QWP?
(A) I
2
= I
1
(B) I
2
= I
1
(C) I
2
= I
1
No absorption: Just a phase change !
BEFORE:
1
sin( )
2
x
E
E kz t e =
AFTER:
1
cos( )
2
x
E
E kz t e = 2 2
0 x y
I c E E c
(
= +

1
sin( )
2
y
E
E kz t e =
1
sin( )
2
y
E
E kz t e =

Same before & after !
y
45
o
fast
x
y
II
11
60
o
E
1
E
x
E
y
E
3
RCP
z
II
11
II
33
/4
II
2 2
= I = I
11
What is the polarization of the light after the 60
o
polarizer?
x
y
x
y
60
o
60
o
Absorption: only passes components of E parallel to TA (u = 60
o
)
3
E
y
( )
1
3
sin( )
2
E
E kz t e u = +
3
sin cos
x y
E E E u u = +
E
3
60
o
E
x
( )
1
3
cos( ) sin sin( ) cos
2
E
E kz t kz t e u e u = +
( )
2
3
y
45
o
fast
x
y
II
11
60
o
E
x
E
y
E
3
RCP
E
1
II
33
z
II
11
/4
II
33
= I = I
11
II
2 2
= I = I
11
3
of the light after the 60
o
polarizer?
(A) I
3
= I
1
(B) I
3
= I
1
(C) I
3
= I
1
3
E
y
1
3
2
E
E =
E
3
3 1
1
2
I I =
2
I E
NOTE: This does not depend on u !!
60
o
E
x
3
Follow Up 1 Follow Up 1
Replace the 60
o
polarizer with another QWP as shown.
x
y
45
o
fast
E
E
RCP
slow
II
11
/4
E
x
E
y
II = I = I
fast
E
y
E
x
E
3
II
z
II
2 2
= I = I
11
What is the polarization of the light after the last QWP?
y y
II
33
x
y
x
y
E
Brings E
x
and E
y
back in phase !!
Easiest way:
E
fast
is /4 ahead of E
slow
Replace the 60
o
polarizer with another QWP as shown.
x
y
45
o
fast
E
E
RCP
slow
II
11
/4
E
x
E
y
II = I = I
fast
E
y
E
x
E
3
z
II
2 2
= I = I
11
3
of the light after the last QWP?
II
3 3
= I = I
11
(A) I
1
(B) I
1
(C) I
1
No absorption: Just a phase change !
E
AFTER:
BEFORE:
Intensity = < E
2
>
1
cos( )
2
y
E
E kz t e =
1
cos( )
2
x
E
E kz t e =
1
cos( )
2
x
E
E kz t e =
1
sin( )
2
y
E
E kz t e =
2
1
2
after
E
I =
2
1
2
before
E
I =
2
2
2
2
Consider light incident on two linear polarizers as shown. Suppose I
2
= 1/8 I
0
x
y
60
o
E
1
II = 1/8 I = 1/8 I
II
00
60
o
II
11
E
2
II
11
= I = I
00
z
What is the possible polarization of the INPUT light?
II
22
= 1/8 I = 1/8 I
00
11
00
(A) LCP
x
y
(B)
After first polarizer: LP along y-axis with intensity I
1
After second polarizer: LP at 60
o
wrt y-axis
Intensity: I
2
= I
1
cos
2
(60
o
) = I
1
(C) unpolarized
(D) all of above
Question is: What kind of light loses of its
intensity after passing through vertical polarizer?
45
o
y
2 1 1
I
2
= 1/8 I
0
I
1
= I
0
(D) all of above
(E) none of above
intensity after passing through vertical polarizer?
Answer: Everything except LP at u other than 45
o

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