Honey: nutritional and medicinal value

1. F. R. Khan1, 2. Z. Ul. Abadin2, 3. N. Rauf3

Article first published online: 14 SEP 2007 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2007.01417.x

International Journal of Clinical Practice

Volume 61, Issue 10, pages 17051707, October 2007 How to Cite Khan, F. R., Abadin, Z. U. and Rauf, N. (2007), Honey: nutritional and medicinal value. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 61: 17051707. doi: 10.1111/j.17421241.2007.01417.x Author Information
1. 2. 3.
1

LLyesOnnen ysbyty gwynedd, NHS Trust UK, Bangor, North Wales, UK

2

Victoria Hospital, Blackpoll, UK

3

Gynaecology LRH, Pakistan *Correspondence: Dr Faisal Rauf Khan, Flat 107, LLyesOnnen ysbyty gwynedd, Bangor, North Wales, NHS trust LL57 2PW, UK Tel.: + 44 01248 353448 or + 44 07883021816 Fax: + 44 01248 384220 Email: drkhan1936@yahoo.com
1. Disclosures The authors stated that they had no interests which might be perceived as

posing a conflict or bias. Publication History 1. Issue published online: 14 SEP 2007 2. Article first published online: 14 SEP 2007 3. Paper received December 2006, accepted March 2007
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10.1111/j.1742-12
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Summary

Honey is not only used as nutrition but also used in wound healing and as an alternative treatment for clinical conditions ranging from gastrointestinal tract (GIT) problems to

ophthalmic conditions. We did the literature search and found interesting facts about the nutritional and medicinal value of honey. No wonder, it is a good source of nutrition, the results of the studies prove that it also helps in wound healing. On burns, it has an initial soothing and later rapid healing effects. It has been used as wound barrier against tumour implantation in laparoscopic oncological surgery. No infection has been reported from the application of honey to open wounds. It has a potential therapeutic role in the treatment of gingivitis and periodontal disease. Based on these facts, the use of honey in the surgical wards is highly recommended and patients about to undergo surgery should ask their surgeons if they could apply honey to their wounds postoperation.
Burns Volume 24, Issue 2, March 1998, Pages 157-161

doi:10.1016/S0305-4179(97)00113-7 | How to Cite or Link Using DOI

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A prospective ran

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Scientific and clinical paper

A prospective randomised clinical and histological study of superficial burn wound healing with honey and silver sulfadiazine
M. Subrahmanyam

Purchase

Department of Surgery, Dr Vaishampayan Memorial Medical College, Solapur 413 003,

Maharashtra, India
Accepted 15 September 1997. Available online 8 July 1998.

Abstract
Histological and clinical studies of wound healing have been made on comparable fresh partial thickness burns with honey dressing or silver sulfadiazine (SSD) in two groups of 25 randomly allocated patients. Of the wounds treated with honey 84 per cent showed satisfactory epithelialization by the 7th day, and in 100 per cent of the patients by the 21st day. In wounds treated with silver sulfadiazine, epithelialization occurred by the 7th day in 72 per cent of the patients and in 84 per cent of patients by 21 days. Histological evidence of reparative activity was seen in 80 per cent of wounds treated with the honey dressing by the 7th day with minimal inflammation. Fifty two per cent of the silver sulfadiazine treated wounds showed reparative activity with inflammatory changes by the 7th day. Reparative activity reached 100 per cent by 21 days with the honey dressing and 84 per cent with SSD. Thus in honey dressed wounds, early subsidence of acute inflammatory changes, better control of infection and quicker wound healing was observed while in the SSD treated wounds sustained inflammatory reaction was noted even on epithelialization.

ingle
Rolling and Thylstrup reported a clinical 3-year followup study of pulpotomized primary molars using formocresol.189 Their results showed a progressively decreasing survival rate of 91% at 3 months, 83% at 12 months, 78% at 24 months, and 70% at 36 months after treatment. These investigators concluded that although their rate of success was less than previous studies had shown, the formocresol method must be considered an acceptable clinical procedure compared with other methods. Possibly, bacterial microleakage over the longer time span accounted for their decreasing success rate. Rolling and coworkers, in later studies, investigated the morphologic and enzyme histochemical reactions of pulpotomies done with formocresol in human primary molars for periods ranging from 3 to 24 months and 3 to 5 years.190,191 In these studies, a wide range of pulpal reactions occurred, from normal pulps to total chronic inflammation. In most instances, however, the pulp tissue in the apical region was vital with minimal inflammation, which was in agreement with many other studies. It was concluded from both studies that the formocresol method should be regarded as only a means to keep primary teeth with pulp exposures functioning

for a relatively short period of time. Magnusson investigated therapeutic (ie, formocresol) pulpotomies and stated that his histologic examinations revealed early capricious diffusion of the medicament through the pulp tissue, producing chronic inflammation and no healing in the apical areas along with a small percentage of internal resorption.192 From a biologic standpoint, Magnusson felt that formocresol was biologically inferior to calcium hydroxide in the pulpotomy technique as the latter manifested true signs of healing but in a low percentage in primary teeth.192 Ranley and Lazzari concluded, however, that variations in the interpretation of histologic studies with formocresol, on either vital or nonvital tissue, are attributable to the length of exposure of the radicular tissue to the drug, but there is no true healing.193

Pulp condition of successfully formocresoltreated primary molars

1. INGE RLLING, 2. HARRY LAMBJERG-HANSEN Article first published online: 1 OCT 2007 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.1978.tb00627.x Issue

European Journal of Oral Sciences

Volume 86, Issue 4, pages 267272, August 1978 RLLING, I. and LAMBJERG-HANSEN, H. (1978), Pulp condition of successfully formocresol-treated primary molars. European Journal of Oral Sciences, 86: 267272. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.1978.tb00627.x Author Information 1. Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Royal Dental College, Aarhus, and Department of General Clinic, Royal Dental College, Copenhagen, Denmark *Correspondence: INGE RLLING, *Correspondence: Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry The Royal Dental College Vennelyst oulevard DK-8000 Aarhus C Denmark Publication History 1. Issue published online: 1 OCT 2007 2. Article first published online: 1 OCT 2007

3. (Accepted for publication 6 April 1978)

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ABSTRACT

The aim of the study was to assess the state of the pulp of primary teeth successfully treated by formocresol pulpotomy. Nineteen teeth, all of them with clinically and radiographically successful treatments, were extracted 324 months after treatment. The pulpal condition had changed in all the teeth. Inflammatory reaction or necrosis was observed in all teeth. Dentinal resorption followed by apposition of hard tissue were common findings. In the teeth with vital tissue only in the apical area, the tissue had minor or no signs of inflammation. Microorganisms could be demonstrated in the necrotic tissue in one tooth. The wide range of pulpal conditions observed indicated that there was no typical tissue reaction to formocresol even though treatment was clinically successful. The present study confirms that the formocresol method should be regarded only as a means to keep primary teeth with pulp exposures functioning for a limited period of time.
Journal of Endodontics Volume 13, Issue 10, October 1987, Pages 500-505

doi:10.1016/S0099-2399(87)80017-1 | How to Cite or Link Using DOI

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Electrosurgical pu

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Electrosurgical pulpotomyA 6-month study in primates

Daniel W. Shaw DMD, MSD1, Barbara Sheller DDS1, Barry D. Barrus DDS1, Thomas H. Morton Jr DDS, MSD1

Available online 22 October 2007.

The primary teeth of five Macaca nemestrina monkeyswere treated using either a conventional formocresol or electrosurgical technique following pulpotomy. One animal was killed at each of the following posttreatment intervals: 1 h, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, and 6 months. Pulps of the treated teeth were evaluated histologically for the presence of inflammation, fibrosis, necrosis, resorption, and reparative dentin formation. Results indicated that the

electrosurgery pulpotomy technique produced a tissue response comparable to that induced with the conventional formocresol pulpotomy technique. . Dr. Shaw, at the time of this study, was the dental director of the Odessa Brown Children's Clinic, Seattle, WA. He is currently in private practice in Eden Prairie, MN, and a clinical associate professor, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN. Dr. Sheller completed the Pediatric Dental Residency at the Children's Orthopedic Hospital and Medical Center, Seattle, WA. She is currently a graduate student, Department of Orthodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. Major Barrus completed his Pediatric Dental Residency at the Children's Orthopedic Hospital and Medical Center, Seattle, WA. He is now stationed at Elelson AFB, AK. Dr. Morton is acting director, Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Washington.
1

Diagnosis Dilemmas in Vital Pulp Therapy: Treatment for the Toothache Is Changing, Especially in Young, Immature Teeth
Joe H. Camp, DDS, MSD
JOEVolume 34, Number 7S, July 2008

This article is not included in your organization's subscription. However, you may be able to access this article under your organization's agreement with Elsevier.

The root canals of primary teeth differ greatly from those of permanent teeth, and treatment is complicated by apical resorption to allow for eruption of the succeeding teeth. At the time of root length completion, the root canals roughly correspond to the external anatomys form and shape. At this time, resorption of the roots begins and, combined with additional dentin deposition internally, might significantly change the number, size, and shape of the canals within the primary roots. Continued physiologic, apical resorption of the roots makes the teeth progressively shorter. In addition, resorption on the roots internal surfaces adjacent to the forming permanent tooth

might open other communications with the periapical tissues. These factors complicate establishment of working lengths if root canal therapy is necessary. In the primary anterior teeth (incisors and canines), the permanent tooth buds lie apically and lingually near the primary roots. Resorption is initiated on the primary roots lingual surface. This causes the apical foramen to move coronally, resulting in a difference in the apical foramen and the anatomic apex and complicating determination of root canal length. One study demonstrated that half of the primary incisors root might be resorbed lingually before it becomes obvious on a radiograph (6). Primary anterior teeth have one simple root canal and rarely have lateral or accessory canals.

Primary molar pulp therapy histological evaluation of failure

1. P.J. Waterhouse1, 2. J.H. Nunn1, 3. J.M. Whitworth2, 4. J.V. Soames3

Article first published online: 7 JUL 2008 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-263x.2000.00211.

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry

Volume 10, Issue 4, pages 313321, December 2000 *Correspondence: Paula Jane Waterhouse Department of Child Dental Health, The School of Dentistry, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4BW, UK. E-mail: p.j.waterhouse@ncl.ac.uk
View Full Article (HTML) Get PDF (508K) Objectives. Qualitative comparison of the clinical, radiographic and histological outcomes in a small sample of cariously exposed primary molars, extracted after unsucessful pulp treatment by two vital pulpotomy methods. Subjects and methods. The primary molars were extracted, because of treatment failure, during a longitudinal clinical investigation of the relative efficacy of 20% Buckleys Formocresol versus calcium hydroxide powder as pulp dressings in vital pulp therapy (in press). Fifty-two child patients were sequentially enrolled in the longitudinal clinical investigation, 26 boys and 26 girls. Primary molar teeth requiring vital pulp therapy were randomly allocated to either the formocresol group (F) or the calcium hydroxide group (C). Coronal pulp amputation was prescribed only in teeth with vital, cariously-exposed pulp tissue. All cases were reviewed using

predefined clinical and radiological criteria. Seventy-nine cariously-exposed primary molars required vital pulp therapy. Forty-four teeth were included in group F and 35 in group C. Five per cent (n = 2) of teeth in group F and 11 per cent of teeth (n = 4) in group C were terminated from the trial due to clinical and/or radiographic failure. Of the six teeth extracted, five were sufficiently intact to be retained for histological evaluation. Results. Post-extraction radiographs taken before specimen preparation showed reactionary dentine barrier (bridge) formation in teeth treated with calcium hydroxide. However, the narrowing of root canals, indicative of appositional reactionary dentine deposition, was seen in both groups (F and C). Histological examination confirmed these findings and revealed that pus cells were evident in all specimens examined. There was also histological evidence of resorption of reactionary dentine within the root canal and that forming the calcified barrier (dentine bridge). Conclusion. The clinical and radiographic outcomes for the five teeth correlate well with the reported findings from decalcified histological section. Although numbers are small, the histological findings may indicate possible reasons for treatment failure. There are few reports of this sort in the literature of this under-researched treatment modality.

Evaluation of Formocresol Versus Mineral Trioxide Aggregate in Primary Molar Pulpotomy: Meta-Analysis
Nural Bekiroglu (1), Ahu Durhan (2), Betul Kargul (2) 1 - Biostatistics Department, Medical School, Marmara University,34662 Altunizade/ Istanbul, Turkey 2 - Pediatric Dentistry, Dentistry School, Marmara University , 34365 Nianta/ Istanbul, Turkey Address for correspondence: Nural Bekiroglu Kanlica Cubuklu cad. Su apt. No:8/9, Kanlica 34805. Istanbul Turkey Tel: 216 326 77 71 Fax: 216 326 77 71 nural@marmara.edu.tr

Received: October 10, 2010 Accepted: November 12, 2010

Available online: December 15, 2010 Acta Stomatol Croat. 2010;44(4):262-268. Original scientific article

Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study is to present a systematic review of the effects of formocresol (FC) and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) when used as medicaments in pulpotomized primary teeth. Methods: Methodology of the study list was obtained by using MEDLINE, PubMed, SCI and Marmara University Library. Totally 165 studies were performed. Studies of interest were randomized controlled trials of primary molar teeth where there was exposure of vital pulp caused by caries or trauma, treated by using MTA or FC pulpotomy, with at least 6 months follow-up, and radiographic evidence. Meta - analysis was performed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis, Version 2.0 (2005). Fixed effect model was applied to aggregate data. Results: Six studies that include criteria were used. Totally 195 teeth treated by MTA and 203 teeth treated by FC. The radiographic success for treatment with MTA or FC in the 6 studies ranged from 72% to 100%. Data were extracted from each study independently and entered into a database. Differences were resolved by discussion. The general odds-ratio was found 1.146. There was a homogeneity among the studies (Qvalue= 9.865, df=5, p=0.079). Conclusions: Evidence based dentistry is being used increasingly as a tool to synthesize, evaluate, and interpret research to produce clinical guidelines and conclusions. The results demonstrate that in primary molar teeth with vital pulp exposure caused by caries or trauma, a pulpotomy performed with MTA results is not better than FC radiographically observed outcomes. Key Words: Formocresol, Mineral Trioxide Aggregate, Meta-Analysis, Primary Molar Pulpotomy

Vancouver system

References should be numbered sequentially in the text, with a number being inserted above the line on each occasion a reference is cited, e.g. 'as confirmed by other studies.23'. 2 Ganapati R, Naik SS, Acharekar MY, Pade SS. Leprosy endemicity in Bombay: an assessment through surveys of municipal schools. Lepr Rev. 1976; 43: 127-31. 4 Abrams C. Housing in the modern world: man's struggle for shelter. London: Faber Editions, 1969: 165. For more details of the Vancouver style see Br Med J 1982; 284: 1766-76.

Harvard system

In the text the author's name and the date of publication are quoted, e.g. 'as confirmed by Abrams (1969)' or 'as confirmed in another study (Abrams 1969)'. Ganapati R, Naik SS, Acharekar MY, Pade SS 1976 Leprosy endemicity in Bombay: an assessment through surveys of municipal schools. Lepr Rev 47: 127-31. Abrams C 1969 Housing in the modern world: man's struggle for shelter. London: Faber Editions, p. 165.

Am J Dent. 2008 Aug;21(4):255-61.

Cytotoxic effects and pulpal response caused by a mineral trioxide aggregate formulation and calcium hydroxide.
de Souza Costa CA, Duarte PT, de Souza PP, Giro EM, Hebling J.

Source
Department of Physiology and Pathology, University of So Paulo State/UNESP, Rua Humait, 1680, CEP: 14.801903, CP: 331 - Centro, Araraquara, SP, Brazil. casouzac@foar.unesp.br

Abstract
PURPOSE:

Properties and applications of calcium hydroxide in endodontics and dental traumatology.

Authors:
Mohammadi Z Dummer PM

Author Address: Department of Endodontics, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran. mohammadi_zahed@yahoo.com Source: Int Endod J. 2011, Aug; 44(8):697-730. [International endodontic journal] Abstract:
Calcium hydroxide has been included within several materials and antimicrobial formulations that are used in a number of treatment modalities in endodontics. These include, inter-appointment intracanal medicaments, pulp-capping agents and root canal sealers. Calcium hydroxide formulations are also used during treatment of root perforations, root fractures and root resorption and have a role in dental traumatology, for example, following tooth avulsion and luxation injuries. The purpose of this paper is to review the properties and clinical applications of calcium hydroxide in endodontics and dental traumatology including its antibacterial activity, antifungal activity, effect on bacterial

biofilms, the synergism between calcium hydroxide and other agents, its effects on the properties of dentine, the diffusion of hydroxyl ions through dentine and its toxicity. Pure calcium hydroxide paste has a high pH (approximately 12.5-12.8) and is classified chemically as a strong base. Its main actions are achieved through the ionic dissociation of Ca(2+) and OH(-) ions and their effect on vital tissues, the induction of hard-tissue deposition and the antibacterial properties. The lethal effects of calcium hydroxide on bacterial cells are probably due to protein denaturation and damage to DNA and cytoplasmic membranes. It has a wide range of antimicrobial activity against common endodontic pathogens but is less effective against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. Calcium hydroxide is also an effective anti-endotoxin agent. However, its effect on microbial biofilms is controversial.

Medical Subject Headings (MeSH):

Animals Anti-Infective Agents, Local/*chemistry/pharmacology Antifungal Agents/chemistry/pharmacology Apexification Biofilms/drug effects Calcium Hydroxide/*chemistry/*pharmacology Chlorhexidine/pharmacology Dental Leakage/prevention & control Dentin/drug effects/metabolism Drug Synergism Endotoxins/antagonists & inhibitors Humans Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Hydroxyl Radical/metabolism Pharmaceutical Vehicles/chemistry/pharmacology Pulp Capping and Pulpectomy Agents/*chemistry/pharmacology Reactive Oxygen Species

Root Canal Filling Materials/*chemistry/pharmacology Root Canal Irrigants/pharmacology Root Resorption/drug therapy Sodium Hypochlorite/pharmacology Tooth Injuries/drug therapy

CAS Registry Numbers:

Anti-Infective Agents, Local (0) Antifungal Agents (0) Endotoxins (0) Pharmaceutical Vehicles (0) Pulp Capping and Pulpectomy Agents (0) Reactive Oxygen Species (0) Root Canal Filling Materials (0) Root Canal Irrigants (0) Calcium Hydroxide (1305-62-0) Hydroxyl Radical (3352-57-6) Chlorhexidine (55-56-1) Sodium Hypochlorite (7681-52-9)

Language: English International Standard Serial Number: 1365-2591 (Electronic) Publication Types:
Journal Article Review

Entry Month: July, 2011 Title Abbreviation: Int Endod J Year of Publication: 2011 Copyright Information: 2011 International Endodontic Journal. Medline Citation: NLM

Country: England Citation Subset: D Medline Title Abbreviation: International endodontic journal Article Date: 20110502 Stat: MEDLINE Document Number: medline/21535021

To evaluate the in vivo pulpal response after pulpotomy with different capping agents. In addition, the in vitro cytotoxic effects of both materials were assessed by applying them on culture of pulp cells.

METHODS:
For the in vivo test, the coronal pulp of 28 teeth of dogs was mechanically removed and the root pulps were capped with the following dental materials: Group 1: Pro-Root MTA (PRMTA); and Group 2 (control): calcium hydroxide saline paste (CH). After 60 days, the animals were sacrificed and the teeth processed for histological analysis. In the in vitro test, experimental extracts obtained from both capping agents were applied on the cultured MDPC-23 odontoblast-like cells.

RESULTS:
In the root pulps capped with PRMTA or CH, coagulation necrosis partially replaced by dystrophic calcification as well as tubular dentin matrix laid down by elongated pulp cells was observed. None or mild inflammatory response occurred beneath the capped pulpal wound. Regarding the pulpal response, PRMTA and CH presented no statistical difference. However, the teeth capped CH presented greater healthy pulp loss which resulted in convex shape of the hard barrier than PRMTA. When applied on the cultured cells, it was demonstrated that PRMTA and CH solutions decreased the cell metabolic activity by 9.9% and 29.4%, respectively. CH caused higher cytotoxic effects to the MDPC-23 cells as well as deeper healthy pulp tissue loss than PRMTA. However, similar sequence of healing occurred after pulpotomy with both dental materials. Dent Today. 2010 May;29(5):10, 12, 14.

Formocresol should be abandoned.

Lewis B.

Source
St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, USA.

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Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2008 Aug;106(2):e94-8. Epub 2008 Jun 13.

Ca(OH)2 pulpotomy in primary teeth. Part I: internal resorption as a complication following pulpotomy.
Snmez D, Durutrk L.

Source
Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Pedodontics, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.

Abstract
OBJECTIVES:
The aim of this study was to analyze the outcomes of Ca(OH)(2) pulpotomies, to investigate the incidence of internal resorption following pulpotomy, and to investigate the relationship between internal resorption and physiological root resorption.

STUDY DESIGN:
Pulpotomies were performed in 84 primary molars. Teeth were grouped according to type of exposure (mechanical or carious) and according to whether or not physiological root resorption has started. All teeth were followed for 12 months.

RESULTS:
Teeth with larger-than-pinpoint carious exposure had the lowest success rate (65.5%). Internal resorption accounted for 15 out of 17 failures (88.2%). There was no significant difference in the rate of internal resorption between teeth with and without physiological root resorption (19.6% and 15.8%, respectively; P > .05).

CONCLUSION:
The greater the area of carious exposure, the lower the success rate in pulpotomies. Internal resorption was the main reason for failure; however, internal resorption was not affected by physiological root resorption. PMID: 18554946 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Calcium hydroxide

Authors:

BIBRA working group

Source: Toxicity profile. The British Industrial Biological Research Association (1988) 5 p Abstract:
In man, calcium hydroxide caused eye burns and irritation of the respiratory tract, and was probably the cause of skin burns following contact with wet cement. It was severely irritating to the rabbit eye and had a low acute oral toxicity in rats. Lung effects have been seen in workers in the cement industry and in laboratory animals following repeated inhalation of calcium hydroxide dust. No clear evidence of carcinogenicity was seen in a number of limited animal studies involving repeated ingestion or application to the mouth tissues, but it has been suggested that the local changes seen may increase the animals' susceptibility to the carcinogenic activity of other chemicals.

CAS Registry Numbers:

1305-62-0

Language: English Entry Month: April, 1990 Year of Publication: 1988 Secondary Source ID: RISKLINE/1990030060 Document Number: RISKLINE/1990030060