33

Quadrilaterals
recognise special quadrilaterals (shapes with four straight sides) draw them learn about their properties see that some quadrilaterals are special types of other quadrilaterals

This work will help you

A Special quadrilaterals
These are special quadrilaterals. What is special about each one?
Angles?

Square

Rectangle

Rotation symmetry?

Reflection symmetry?

Lengths of sides? Parallelogram Trapezium What angle do the diagonals cross at?

How do the diagonals divide one another up? Kite Parallel sides? Rhombus Arrowhead

265

A1 These are two sides of a rectangle. Draw them on dotty paper. Now finish the rectangle.

A2 Now do the same with these quadrilaterals. (a) (b)

(c)

Square

Rhombus

Rhombus

(d)

(e)

(f)

Parallelogram

Rhombus

Parallelogram

A3 Complete these two sides to make (a) a kite (b) a parallelogram

266

A4 On dotty paper, draw two dots positioned like these. Draw a square with your dots as two of its vertices. Can you draw a square of a different size with these dots as vertices?

A5 Draw a rhombus with a line like this as a diagonal. Can you draw only one?

A6 This line is a diagonal of a rhombus. The area of the rhombus is 12 square units. Draw the rhombus. Can you only draw one?

A7 This is a diagonal of a kite. Its area is 16 square units. Draw it. Can you only draw one?

A8 These are two sides of a trapezium. Its area is 20 square units. Draw it. Can you only draw one?

267

B Quadrilaterals from triangles

Use the triangles on sheet 164. B1 Cut out the two scalene triangles with no right angle. Fit them together on your exercise book to make a quadrilateral. Draw round it carefully. Draw in a diagonal to show how it was made from the triangles. Label your quadrilateral to show what kind it is. 2 3

Make as many different quadrilaterals as you can with these two scalene triangles. Draw round each quadrilateral, and draw a diagonal to show how it was made. Label each quadrilateral with its name. B2 If your scalene triangles had been shaped like this, which of the quadrilaterals could you not make?

B3 Cut out the two isosceles triangles. Use the same method to draw as many quadrilaterals as you can. Show how each one was made and write its name. B4 If your isosceles triangle had been like this, what difference would it have made?

268

B5 Cut out the two equilateral triangles. Show what quadrilaterals you can make with them. B6 (a) Show what quadrilaterals you can make from the two right-angled triangles. (b) Show what triangles you can make from the two right-angled triangles. B7 If your right-angled triangles had been like this, what difference would it have made? 7 cm
7 cm

B8 What fraction of each quadrilateral is shaded? (a) (b) (c)

(d)

(e)

C Angles of a quadrilateral
What do the three red angles add up to? What do the three yellow angles add up to? What do the four angles of the quadrilateral add up to?

C1 Draw a quadrilateral. It can be any shape or size. Measure its angles. What do they add up to?
269

C2 Work out the size of the angles marked with letters. The drawings are not accurate, so dont try to measure. a
70 60 120 75 90 153

90

85

b c
110

C3 Work out the sizes of the angles marked with letters.

These two are the same length

38

c
23

100 115

77

so are these

48

e
110

f
105 68

104

h
135 45

g
100

120

i
48

k
65 20

120

83

70 130

102

60

m
270
120 65 70 110

C4 Calculate the angles marked with letters.

100 26

36 26 88

b
85 70 62

c
114 60 25

C5 Work out the values represented by the letters. a b a b 3b c 3e 2e 4e 2f 3e 3h 2i 6h g 5j 3j 5k 3g c 2c 2c

150

d 2d 3d 2d

4f 5g f

2g

3k

2i 5h 2h

7i i

6k 4j 4k

271

D Accurate drawing
D1 Do accurate drawings of the quadrilaterals sketched here. You may need to calculate before you draw.
F
12 cm

A
7 cm 70

B
6 cm 85 11 cm

E
100

90 13 cm 75

50

J
9 cm

H
65

L G

30 15 cm

D2 Check the accuracy of your drawings by measuring these lengths and comparing your measurements with someone elses. (a) AB (b) HG (c) LI D3 Now use these angles to check the same way. (a) angle DAB (b) angle ABC

D4 Draw accurately a square whose diagonals are 8 cm long. D5 Draw accurately a parallelogram with sides 5 cm and 8 cm and one angle of 70. D6 Draw accurately a quadrilateral with sides 5 cm, 6 cm, 7 cm and 8 cm, and with an angle of 100 between the 5 cm and 6 cm sides.

E Quadrilaterals from diagonals

Here is a sketch of a quadrilateral with its diagonals. E1 What kind of quadrilateral do you get if this is the information about the diagonals? (Try to decide each one first without drawing.)
AX XC BX XD angle AXD 90 90 70 90 80 85 10 110 D C A X B

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h)

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4 cm 4 cm 4 cm 4 cm 3 cm 6 cm 4 cm 4 cm 5 cm 5 cm 5 cm 5 cm 3 cm 3 cm 7 cm 7 cm 4 cm 4 cm 6 cm 6 cm 5 cm 7 cm 5 cm 7 cm 6 cm 6 cm 6 cm 6 cm 2 cm 2 cm 7 cm 7 cm

F Stand up if your drawing

1

What did the teacher ask for?

G Always, sometimes, never

I am a type of quadrilateral that you have met in this work. What am I?

I always have four sides equal. I sometimes have no right angles.

I always have four right angles. I sometimes have just two lines of reflection symmetry. I always have my diagonals crossing at right angles. I sometimes have rotational symmetry of order 2. I sometimes have just one line of reflection symmetry. I never have just one right angle. I sometimes have rotation symmetry of order 2. I sometimes have no reflection symmetry.
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I always have four right angles. I always have four sides equal.

I always have four sides equal. I sometimes have four lines of reflection symmetry. I sometimes have just one acute angle. I sometimes have just three angles the same size.

What progress have you made?

Statement Evidence

I know the names of special quadrilaterals and their properties.

1 Draw (a) a trapezium (b) a rhombus 2 What special quadrilaterals have just one line of reflection symmetry? 3 What quadrilateral has four lines of reflection symmetry?

I can work out angles in quadrilaterals. 4 Work out the angles marked with letters.
35

c b

100 120 90

78

30

I can draw quadrilaterals accurately.

5 Draw quadrilaterals from these sketches.

7 cm 101 8 cm 7.5 cm 80 75

105 92 9 cm 6 cm

I know that some quadrilaterals are special types of other quadrilaterals.

6 Which of these are always parallelograms?

square rhombus trapezium rectangle

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33
T T

Quadrilaterals
The names and properties of the square, rectangle, parallelogram, rhombus, trapezium, kite and arrowhead are revised or introduced. Pupils see how special types of quadrilateral can be made up from certain types of triangle. The sum of the interior angles of a quadrilateral is established and used to find missing angles and as part of an exercise on accurate drawing. The fact that some types of quadrilateral are special cases of others is briefly explored.

p 265 A Special quadrilaterals p 268 B Quadrilaterals from triangles p 269 C Angles of a quadrilateral p 272 D Accurate drawing p 272 E Quadrilaterals from diagonals Drawing a quadrilateral given information about its diagonals Quadrilaterals which are special cases of other types Identifying types of quadrilateral

T T

p 273 F Stand up if your drawing p 273 G Always, sometimes, never

Essential Square dotty paper, sheet 164 Scissors, angle measurers, compasses Practice booklet pages 88 and 89

A Special quadrilaterals

(p 265)

Square dotty paper

Page 265 provides an opportunity to lead a discussion to find out how many of the quadrilaterals names and properties pupils know and to fill in any gaps in their knowledge. One teacher reported I organised pupils into groups of four or five and gave them 30 minutes to prepare a presentation for the class on their particular shape. Each contained an accurate drawing of the shape and responses to the seven questions on the page. This worked well!

186 33 Quadrilaterals

A68 These questions bring in area and are appreciably harder than the rest.

B Quadrilaterals from triangles

Sheet 164, scissors

(p 268)

Although this section takes time it provides consolidation: pupils have to recognise triangle types and the special quadrilaterals they produce. It also offers practice in exploring all possibilities and can help pupils visualise quadrilaterals as built up from triangles. Most parts of B8 (and of section E) depend on this last idea. You may need to revise the different types of triangles before starting this section. Remember that some types of quadrilaterals are special cases of others (a point dealt with more fully later). So, for example, if a pupil creates a rhombus in B3 and labels it parallelogram that is not wrong, but you could ask What special kind of parallelogram?

C Angles of a quadrilateral
Angle measurers

(p 269)

You could remind pupils of the proof that the angles of a triangle add up to 180, in either of these versions b a c b
b

By splitting up a quadrilateral into two triangles, we prove that its angles add up to 360. Make sure that pupils appreciate the difference between proving and merely verifying by measurement.

D Accurate drawing

(p 272)

Angle measurers, compasses

E Quadrilaterals from diagonals

(p 272)

Some pupils may need reassurance that the sketch is not trying to indicate the shape of any of the quadrilaterals: it merely shows how the vertices are lettered.

33 Quadrilaterals 187

F Stand up if your drawing

(p 273)

Its probably best to start this section with the pupils books shut. We define a parallelogram as any quadrilateral that has two pairs of parallel sides. So a rectangle is a special kind of parallelogram. Similarly, a parallelogram is a special kind of a trapezium, a rhombus is a special kind of a parallelogram, a square is both a special rhombus and a special rectangle. Hence, a square is a special parallelogram, a rhombus is a special trapezium, and so on. Introduce these ideas through discussion before going on to the following activity. Six pupils sit on chairs facing the front of the class each holding one of these drawings.

(isosceles trapezium, trapezium with two right angles, and non-special cases of these: rectangle, parallelogram, rhombus, square). Say to the group Stand up if your drawing is a rectangle. If the square person doesnt stand up, ask the class if there is anyone not standing up who should be and, by inviting explanations, check that the special case idea has been understood. Repeat the process with Stand up if your drawing is a rhombus is a square and so on. You can also extend the idea to properties of their drawings: Stand up if your drawing has reflection symmetry has at least one right angle and so on. After you have done these activities, pupils can decide what the teacher asked for in the photographs shown on the page.

G Always, sometimes, never

(p 273)

T
188 33 Quadrilaterals

Each numbered box describes a type of quadrilateral. Through teacherled discussion, the class has to decide which. The discussion should not be hurried: pupils should have time to suggest quadrilaterals and comment on others suggestions.

A Special quadrilaterals (p 265) A1

A4

A2 (a)
Square

(b)
Rhombus

A5 The pupils drawing of a rhombus (There are infinitely many possible.) A6 (c)
Rhombus

(d)

Parallelogram

A7 Here are two possibilities. There are others.

(e)

(f)
Parallelogram Rhombus

A8 A3

(a)

(b)

33 Quadrilaterals 189

B Quadrilaterals from triangles (p 268) B1 These quadrilaterals are possible.

B6 (a) These quadrilaterals are possible.

Kite

Parallelogram

Kite

Rectangle Parallelogram

Parallelogram Arrowhead Parallelogram

(b) These triangles are possible.

Arrowhead Isosceles triangles

Parallelogram

B7 The rectangle and kite would have become a square. Only one isosceles triangle would have been possible, a right-angled one. B8 (a) 3 (d) r (b) 4 (e) 7 (c) 2

B2 You could not make an arrowhead. B3 These quadrilaterals are possible.

C Angles of a quadrilateral (p 269) C1 360 C2 a = 140

Kite Parallelogram

b = 72 b = 100 e = 65 h = 140 k = 95 n = 100

c = 65 c = 112 f = 30 i = 105 l = 80

Rhombus

B4 A kite would not have been possible but an arrowhead would. B5 Only this rhombus is possible.

C3 a = 222 d = 115 g = 92 j = 67 m = 55

C4 a = 87 b = 101 c = 152 d = 84 C5 a = 135 b = 45 c = 60 d = 45 e = 30 f = 30 g = 20 h = 15 i = 30 j = 24 k = 18

190 33 Quadrilaterals

D Accurate drawing (p 272) D1 The pupils drawings D2 (a) 5.1 cm D3 (a) 58 (b) 14.6 cm (c) 11.1 cm (b) 206

What progress have you made? (p 274) 1 The pupils drawings 2 A kite, an arrowhead 3 A square 4 a = 92 b = 240 c = 55

D4 The pupils drawing D5 The pupils drawing D6 The pupils drawing

5 The pupils drawings 6 Square, rhombus, rectangle

E Quadrilaterals from diagonals (p 272) Practice booklet E1 (a) (c) (e) (f) (g) (h) A square (b) A kite A rectangle (d) A rhombus A parallelogram An (isosceles) trapezium A (long thin) rectangle A parallelogram Section B (p 88) 1 The pupils drawings, for example (a) (b)

(c)

(d)

F Stand up if your drawing ... (p 273) The teacher said: 1 Stand up if your drawing is a parallelogram. 2 Stand up if your drawing has just two lines of reflection symmetry. 3 Stand up if your drawing is a trapezium (or, possibly, ... if your shape is a quadrilateral). G Always, sometimes, never ... (p 273) 1 A rhombus 2 A rectangle 3 A square 4 A kite 5 A rhombus 6 A trapezium 7 A kite 8 A parallelogram

(e)

Section C (p 88) 1 a = 98 d = 48 g = 244 j = 81 2 a = 36 d = 18 Section D (p 89) 1 The pupils accurate drawings b = 117 e = 95 h = 16 b = 20 e = 25 c = 102 f = 68 i = 144 c = 28 f = 20

33 Quadrilaterals 191