Frequency response model

We can view the solution of a vibration problem as an input/output relation where the force is the input and the output is the vibration. If we represent the force and vibration in the frequency domain (magnitude and phase) we can write the following relation:

H() is called the frequency response function (also referred to as the transfer function, but not technically as accurate) and
has both a magnitude and phase component (if represented as a complex number, a real and imaginary component). The magnitude of the frequency response function (FRF) was presented earlier for the massspringdamper system.

where The phase of the FRF was also presented earlier as:

For example, let us calculate the FRF for a massspringdamper system with a mass of 1 kg, spring stiffness of 1.93 N/mm and a damping ratio of 0.1. The values of the spring and mass give a natural frequency of 7 Hz for this specific system. If we apply the 1 Hz square wave from earlier we can calculate the predicted vibration of the mass. The figure illustrates the resulting vibration. It happens in this example that the fourth harmonic of the square wave falls at 7 Hz. The frequency response of the massspringdamper therefore outputs a high 7 Hz vibration even though the input force had a relatively low 7 Hz harmonic. This example highlights that the resulting vibration is dependent on both the forcing function and the system that the force is applied to.

Frequency response model

The figure also shows the time domain representation of the resulting vibration. This is done by performing an inverse Fourier Transform that converts frequency domain data to time domain. In practice, this is rarely done because the frequency spectrum provides all the necessary information.

The frequency response function (FRF) does not necessarily have to be calculated from the knowledge of the mass, damping, and stiffness of the system, but can be measured experimentally. For example, if you apply a known force and sweep the frequency and then measure the resulting vibration you can calculate the frequency response function and then characterize the system. This technique is used in the field of experimental modal analysis to determine the vibration characteristics of a structure.

Noise Source Identification Techniques

Following are the few technique developed over a period of time for noise source identification. Partial Exposure Technique W.G.halverson [1] describe procedure of partial exposure technique which is first to make the desired measurement with the engine completely exposed , then to apply the sound barrier treatment, like lead cladding, to the entire engine and measurement . This will indicate the insertion loss of the treatment. The ideal insertion loss would be more than 10dB. The treatment is redone if the insertion loss is not sufficient. Then the sound measurements are made with each noise source exposed individually. The measurements are then repeated with entire engine wrapped to ensure that the insertion loss of the treatment has not suffered in the individual source exposure procedure. Finally, the measurements are repeated with the wrapping treatment completely removed to ensure that the sound emission characteristics of the engine have not changed and that the measurements are repeatable. The sound level contribution of the each source then computed for each measurement position. If the sum of the individual contribution at each position does not agree well with measurement made. Sound Intensity Mapping J.Y.Chung [12] concerned with application cross spectral method measuring sound intensity to rngine noise analysis developed by General Motors Research Laboratories. A rapid space time averaging technique for determining the source power radiated by different section of engine components was described as well as detailed mapping of noise emission of engine surfaces, and total sound power radiated, is determined by summing this individual contribution. The sound power determined by engine surface in this way is compared with estimates of engine sound power based on acoustic intensity measurements made both over spherical surface and a set of planner surface enclosing the engine. Agreement was within 0.1 dB and 0.5 dB. This close agreement was good indication of overall accuracy and effectiveness of acoustic intensity method. F.J Fahy[13] has suggested selective intensity technique which is measurement process where the sound intensity is referenced to another transducer and coherent part is measured. A simple analogy would be to say that sound intensity

measured is multiplied by coherence of the intensity probe to the reference transducer can be any type of transducer (accelerometer, voltage signal, laser velocity probe) that is attached to a potential root cause. Acoustic Holography The basic principle of acoustic holography devised by J.D. Maynard et aI. [14] is to measure cross spectra between a set of reference transducers and the hologram microphone over a plane close to the radiating surface. From these measured a cross spectra, a complete three dimensional description of the sound field can be obtained i.e. sound intensity. Particle velocity, sound pressure, radiation pateern etc. and the location of the sound source. Once the acoustic has been located, it is straight foreword exercise to predict what the sound field would be at any other location, assuming free field condition. Additionally it is possible to simulate changes to the original sound source and predict the resulting effect on total noise. Acoustic

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