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Objectives
Describe the background and history of Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP). Examine the basic EIGRP configuration commands and identify their purposes. Calculate the composite metric used by EIGRP. Describe the concepts and operation of DUAL. Describe the uses of additional configuration commands in EIGRP.
Introduction to EIGRP
EIGRP
The main purpose in Cisco's development of EIGRP was to create a classless version of IGRP. EIGRP includes several features that are not commonly found in other distance vector routing protocols like RIP (RIPv1 and RIPv2) and IGRP. These features include: 1. Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP) 2. Bounded Updates 3. Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL) 4. Establishing Adjacencies 5. Neighbor and Topology Tables Although EIGRP may act like a link-state routing protocol, it is still a distance vector routing protocol.
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EIGRP
Roots of EIGRP: IGRP
Developed in 1985 to overcome RIPv1s limited hop count Distance vector routing protocol Metrics used by IGRP bandwidth (used by default) delay (used by default) reliability load Discontinued support starting with IOS 12.2(13)T & 12.2(R1s4)S
IGRP to EIGRP
Traditional Distance Vector Routing Protocols Use the Bellman-Ford or Ford-Fulkerson algorithm. Age out routing entries and uses periodic updates. Keep track of only the best routes; the best path to a destination network. When a route becomes unavailable, the router must wait for a new routing update. Slower convergence due to holddown timers. Enhanced Distance Vector Routing Protocol: EIGRP Uses the Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL) Does not age out routing entries nor uses periodic updates. Maintains a topology table separate from the routing table, which includes the best path and any loopfree backup paths. When a route becomes unavailable, DUAL will use a backup path if one exists in the topology table. Faster convergence due to the absence of holddown timers and a system of coordinated route calculations.
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The Autonomous System (AS) Number specifies the EIGRP routing process. Unlike RIP, Cisco routers can run multiple instances of EIGRP. The AS number is used to track multiple instances of EIGRP. EIGRP Parameters contains Weights Hold time
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Purpose of RTP: to transmit and receive EIGRP packets Characteristics of RTP Involves both reliable & unreliable delivery of EIGRP packet Reliable delivery requires acknowledgment from destination Unreliable delivery does not require an acknowledgement from destination Packets can be sent Unicast Multicast : Using address 224.0.0.10
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Hello Protocol
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Update packets
Used to propagate routing information Update packets are sent as a multicast when required by multiple routers, or as a unicast when required by only a single router. Acknowledgement packets Used to acknowledge receipt of update, query & reply packets EIGRP acknowledgement packets are always sent as an unreliable unicast.
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Query & Reply packets Used by DUAL for searching for networks Query packets: can use: Unicast Multicast Reply packet: use only unicast
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DUAL: An Introduction
Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL) Purpose: EIGRPs primary method for preventing routing loops Advantage: Provides for fast convergence time by keeping a list of loopfree backup routes
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Administrative Distance
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Authentication
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Network Topology Topology used is the same as previous chapters with the addition of an ISP router
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EIGRP autonomous system number actually functions as a process ID Process ID represents an instance of the routing protocol running on a router
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Functions of the network command Enables interfaces to transmit & receive EIGRP updates Includes network or subnet in EIGRP updates
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This option is used when you want to configure EIGRP to advertise specific subnets
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Verifying EIGRP
EIGRP routers must establish adjacencies with their neighbors before
any updates can be sent or received Command used to view neighbor table and verify that EIGRP has established adjacencies with neighbors is show ip eigrp neighbors
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RTO
Seq Num 6 4
Verifying EIGRP
The show ip protocols command is used to verify that EIGRP is enabled
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By default ,
EIGRP automatically summarizes routes at major network boundary
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Null0 is not a physical interface In the routing table summary routes are
sourced from Null0 Reason: routes are used for advertisement purposes EIGRP will automatically include a null0 summary route as child route when 2 conditions are met: 1. At least one subnet is learned via EIGRP 2. Automatic summarization is enabled
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auto-summary
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Reliability (not a default EIGRP metric) A measure of the likelihood that a link will fail Measure dynamically & expressed as a fraction of 255 the higher the fraction the better the reliability Load (not a default EIGRP metric) A number that reflects how much traffic is using a link Number is determined dynamically and is expressed as a fraction of 255 The lower the fraction the less the load on the link
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Note bandwidth
command does not change the links physical bandwidth
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(reference BW = 107 ) Delay EIGRP uses the cumulative sum of all outgoing interfaces:
Calculated Delay = (the sum of outgoing interface delays/10)*256
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Delay = 2,560
Fa0/0 192.168.72.1/24
Bandwidth = 25,600
S0/1 192.168.64.6/30 S0/0 192.168.64.2/30
Delay = 512,000
S0/0 192.168.64.5/30
Bandwidth = 1,657,856
Fa0/0 192.168.1.1/24
EIGRP AS 100
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Delay = 2,560
Fa0/0 192.168.72.1/24
Bandwidth = 25,600
S0/1 192.168.64.6/30 S0/0 192.168.64.2/30
Delay = 512,000
S0/0 192.168.64.5/30
Bandwidth = 1,657,856
Fa0/0 192.168.1.1/24
EIGRP AS 100
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Administrative Distance / Metric SanJose2#show ip route D 192.168.72.0/24 [90/2172416] via 192.168.64.6, 00:28:26, Serial0
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DUAL Concepts
Successor The best least cost route to a destination found in the routing table Feasible distance(FD) The lowest calculated metric along a path to a destination network H c vi n m ng Bach Khoa - Website: www.bkacad.com
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Feasible Successor
Feasible Successor is a loop free backup route to same destination as successor route
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172.30.1.0
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RTZ is NOT Feasible Successor, FC: RD220 not< FD31 Neighbor X In Topology Table Y In Routing Table Z Not in Topology Table (show ip eigrp topology )
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Advertised or Destination Feasible Dist. Reported. Dist. 172.30.1.0 40 30 172.30.1.0 31 21 172.30.1.0 230 220
RTY is successor with a computed cost of 31. 31 is the Feasible Distance (FD). RTX is a feasible successor because its RD is less than or equal to the FD. - RTXs RD (30) is less than the FD (31).
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Example of a Loop
Cost=19
Cost=70
RTZ has a Reported Distance to RTA of 220. Since its Reported Distance is greater than RTAs own Feasibile Distance of 31, RTA cant trust that the route RTZ takes is somehow back through itself.
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DUAL Concepts
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DUAL Concepts
TheTopology table include: 1. all successor routes 2. all feasible successor routes 3. other routes updated by neighbors
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DUAL Concepts
Active state ?
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DUAL Concepts
No Feasible Successor
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X
Queries Replies
172.30.1.0
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RTZ was previously NOT a Feasible Successor, FC: RD220 not< FD31 or FD40, but now there is no Sucessor
RTZ replies that it still has a route to 172.30.1.0, while RTX and RTY reply that they do not. Current Successor is now RTZ, with a FD of 230 and a RD of RTZ= 220.
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DUAL FSM Selects a best loop-free path to a destination Selects alternate routes by using information in EIGRP tables
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Automatic Summarization
The auto-summary command permits EIGRP to automatically summarize at major network boundaries The no auto-summary command is used to disable automatic summarization This causes all EIGRP neighbors to send updates that will not be automatically summarized This will cause changes to appear in both routing tables topology tables
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Manual Summarization
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Manual Summarization
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Manual Summarization
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Gateway Router router igrp 24 <text omitted> network 207.21.20.0 ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 207.21.20.1 ip default-network 207.21.20.0
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router eigrp 100 network 10.0.0.0 ! interface serial 0 ip address 10.1.1.1 ip summary-address eigrp 100 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0
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Fine-Tuning EIGRP
EIGRP bandwidth utilization
By default, EIGRP uses only up to 50% of interface bandwidth for EIGRP information The command to change the percentage of bandwidth used by EIGRP is Router(config-if)#ip bandwidth-percent eigrp as-number percent
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Extra:Authentication
Step 6: Identify the key string (password) for this key using the key-string {key-string} command.
(key-string must be the same on both side of EIGRP routers)
Example of Authentication
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EIGRP redistribution
Planning Redistribution
Locate the boundary router between two routing processes. Determine which routing process is the core or backbone process Determine which routing process is the edge or migration process Select a method for injecting the required edge protocol routes into the core.
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Redistribution of OSPF routes Metric for redistributed routes Route map reference
Bandwidth in kilobytes = 10000kbps. Delay in tens of microseconds = 100ms. Reliability = 255 (maximum). Load = 1 (minimum). MTU = 1,500 bytes.
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Let's look at an example, there are three ways to get to Network X, from Router E: (Note: metrics incorrectly not including outgoing interface to Net X.)
E-B-A with a metric of 30 E-C-A with a metric of 20 <<<-- Minimum Metric E-D-A with a metric of 45
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variance 2
This increases the minimum metric to 40 (2 * 20 = 40). EIGRP includes all the routes that have a metric less than or equal
to 40, and are feasible successors.
E-B-A with a metric of 30 <<<-- Also below 2*20 E-C-A with a metric of 20 <<<-- Minimum Metric E-D-A with a metric of 45
EIGRP doesn't use path E-D-A because it has a metric of 45, and it's not a feasible successor. Can have up to 6 unequal cost paths.
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Summary
Describe the background and history of EIGRP Describe the features and operation of EIGRP Examine the basic EIGRP configuration commands and identity their purposes Calculate the composite metric used by EIGRP Describe the concepts and operation of DUAL Describe the uses of additional configuration commands in EIGRP
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