Assignment no1 Task .

no 1
Three styles of PLCs are known as UNITARY, MODULAR, RACKMOUNTED.explain what his means and what their relative advantages and disvantages of each are. Include some picture and diagrams to show what you mean? Answer.1_ PLC stands programmable logic controller is basically mini computer or programmable electronics device which specially( controlled the output devices such as buzzer motor buffer LEDS etc through a signal which come form input sensing device for example by person hand who push the limit switch so later this analog signal convert into digital from through the input module and the command later stored into PLC memory by the user choice) designed for industrial and for other applications which are below: I. .Production process II. Refining system III. Robots system IV. Hydraulic machine V. Traffic light and signalling system and so on The basic block diagram of PLC and its function have been described below.

Input module

CPU

Output Module

Programming device Input sensing sensor Output devices

fig.1
Architecture and terminology

The plc activates its output terminals in order to switch things on or off. The decision to activate an outputs based on the status of systems feed back sensors and these are connected to input terminals of the plc. The decision are based on logic programme stored in Ram or ROM memory. And plc have an CP section data bus and address bus. A typically unitary plc have been shown below.

Run

input Terminals

RAM ROM CPU

Socket

Common

output Terminals

fig .2 So the next sketch of plc gives a little bit more information about its structure. So the CPU section can controlled all output units or drive through the command with address which are stored RAM OR ROM. In this part of PLC is showed. The everything are inter connected through the address bus and data bus. So the system must be able to communicate with external devices such as the programmers, display monitors A/D convectors.

Communicated interface

Input Module ROM RAM

Output Module

CPU Fig .3

Styles
The main style are UNITARY , MODULAR , and RACK MOUNTED. UNITARY 1The unitary PLC includes the every type feature of basic system in one box. They are attached to machine being controlled. So the unitary PLC is compact and non adaptable system and unitary PLCs are connected directly to system or equipment they controlled. They are one self contained unit in which is house power system the CPU, input and output controls and any specialised pieces of equipment needed within the system. Each unitary module will have one purpose and cannot be adapted or changed after construction. Unitary PLC's are practical if used in a small amount of PLC usage for singular specialised tasks. industry which rarely changes production techniques and requires only a However, if adoption maybe needed in the future this is not practical.Plus unitary PLC's are cheaper and more compact than others iIn final result if we do comparison of unitary PLC system with both PLCs then unitary especially is beneficial for small system. Example: A commonly used example of a unitary PLC type is the Micrologix 1000, built by Allen Bradley. The Micrologix 1000 includes on-board memory for storing programs, 32 digital input and output ports, and a communications port used to program the unit. This setup is

typical of many unitary systems.In the below diagram have shown the Unitary PLC Mircologix 1000

Fig 4& 5
I. Advantages the size of UNITAYR PLC are very small, cheap lightweight. II. And its function is easy to understand then other means the UNITARY PLC can easy handle and easy run rather then other kind of PLCs III. If we want to changing in our out controlled system then we need to replace our PLC because the system which we run in industries based on PLC capacity means how many devices could be run through PLC so the unitary PLC in this point easy to replace. Disadvantages i. UNITARY PLCs memory is every limited means if we handle a large number light system in our industries then we need a large memory (RAM or ROM) in which we can stored the programmed. So UNITARY PLC not having large size or extendable system. The interface at the output device through this kind PLC is very poor. The controlled function of UNITARY PLC also limited. We can connect the fixed amount of input sensing devices and output devices. Moreover the handling date through the UNITARY PLCs bus is also poor and limited communication.

ii. iii. iv.

Modular PLC 2Modular PLC's are multi-adaptive systems that can be changed easily and simply. They consist of a cabinet or rail upon which a system is placed as standard. This standard system contains a power supply, CPU and input and output control. However, the PLC is not specialised like unitary PLC's it can be adapted and changed to serve different purposes or you may add more than one system so the module can be multi-functional. Extra modules such as upgraded power supplies or CPU's and specialised modules maybe added to different sections.
Example

The Allen Bradley Micrologix 1200 is a commonly used example of the modular PLC type. This unit is able to handle between 23 and 40 inputs and outputs. The actual number of connections can be expanded. These systems can be rail mounted or in cabinets for safety and security.

Figure 6-

Figure 7-

Figure 8-

Advantages I. The main advantage is that the number of input and output terminals can be expanded to cope with changes to the hardware system. Modular PLC's are very practical machines in the fact they can be multi-functional and are completely adaptive and their functions can be easily changed. II. This type of plc is suitable for multifunction. III. This kind of plc used where the higher I/O count needed IV. This PLC can also be networked so that they can all be monitored from one The handling power of this type of plc at output are more then unitary plc location V. Maintenace in modular PLCs is easier because if one module goes faulty. VI. can be expanded (within certain limits) without adding additional rack space. Disadvantages 7

I. However, these systems are a lot larger and more expensive than II. III. IV. V.
unitary PLC's The cost of modular plc least expensive then unitary These type of plc needed an extra power supply. Modular plc also needed a lot of place where operate. The working operation of modular plc bit difficult for the user.

Rack Mounted PLC

The rack mounting type of PLC is similar to the modular concept, but is implemented differently. Whereas each module in a modular PLC connects to the base unit directly, a rack mounting PLC keeps each module separate. All extra modules are connected through a network, and modules are held in organized racks. This approach allows for larger systems to be built, without becoming overly cluttered and complicated. Modules are well organized on the rack and can be removed and reinserted as needed.

The commercial unit SLC 500 is an industry-standard example of the rack mounting PLC type. There are essentially no limits on the number of modules that can be added to this system, each mounted

on a standard rack chassis. This setup allows large, scalable automation solutions to be built and is common in factory settings.

Example: Allen bradely SLC- 500

Figure 9-

Figure 10-

Advantages: I. these PLCs are multi adaptive features. II. These kinds of modules can easily handle a large number of system in industrial. III. it is also expandable and powerful then other of both. IV. Rack mounted PLC provides a power and communication that increased communication rate between the processor and module. V. The number of I/O points is also much higher in rack system. VI. The running function of rack mounted is very fast and smooth. VII. A large number of control system can easily attch and control through the rack system. VIII. also rack system allows us to built a large system. IX. the programming storage capacity is mush higher. X. one rack mounted system can run entire operation in a factory. XI. this module having multi task system option.

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Disadvantages. I. The rack mount is usually more expensive.

II. A well expert person can understand and makes its program.

Task no 2What the typical switching voltages that may be applied to the inputs of a PLC? Describe at least three for sensor that could be connected to PLC to enable it to control a typical industrial process.
Answer1st

The two main control voltages 24 volt DC or 110 volt Ac.These have no connection with PLC power supply although, it some cases the 24 volts of DC is used by PLC as in input power.

Three type of sensor that could be connected to PLc to enable it to control a typical industrial process have been describe blew. I. Temperature sensor
II. Speed sensor III. Pressure sensor. Basic function sensor switches

The basic function of switches is shown in below figure that connect with plc to run its operation and then control the process in industrial.

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Supply V

PLC

Input Ch

PLC Supply V

Input Ch

Figure 10 &11 In fig 10 and 11 the switching sensor operation have shown means how they can enable the PLC. i. Temperature Sensors A simple form of temperature sensor that can be used to provide an on/off signal when a Particular temperature is reached is the bimetal element. This consists of two strips of Different metals, such as brass and iron, bonded together . The two metals have different coefficients of expansion. Thus, when the temperature of the bimetal strip increases, the strip curves in order that one of the metals can expand more than the other. The higher expansion metal is on the outside of the curve. As the strip cools, the bending effect is reversed. This movement of the strip can be used to make or break electrical contacts and hence, at some particular temperature, give an on/off current in an electrical circuit. The device is not very accurate but is commonly used in domestic central heating thermostats because it is a very simple, robust device.

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Fig 12- Bimetallic strip.

2 Pressure Sensors Pressure sensors can be designed to give outputs that are proportional to the difference in Pressure between two input ports. If one of the ports is left open to the atmosphere, the gauge measures pressure changes with respect to the atmosphere and the pressure measured is known as gauge pressure. The pressure is termed the absolute pressure if it is measured with respect to a vacuum. Commonly used pressure sensors that give responses related to the pressure are diaphragm and bellows types. The diaphragm type consists of a thin disc of metal or plastic, secured around its edges. When there is a pressure difference between the two sides of the diaphragm, its center deflects. The amount of deflection is related to the pressure difference. This deflection may be detected by strain gauges attached to the diaphragm by a change in capacitance between it and a parallel fixed plate, or by using the deflection to squeeze a piezoelectric crystal . When a piezoelectric crystal is squeezed, there is a relative displacement of positive and negative charges within the crystal and the outer surfaces of the crystal become charged. Hence a potential difference appears across it. An example of such a sensor is the Motorola MPX100AP sensor This has a built-in vacuum on one side of the diaphragm and so the deflection of the diaphragm gives a measure of the absolute pressure applied to the

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other side of the diaphragm. The output is a voltage that is proportional to the applied pressure, with a sensitivity of 0.6 mV/kPa. Other versions are available that have one side of the diaphragm open to the atmosphere and so can be used to measure gauge pressure; others allow pressure to be applied to both sides of the diaphragm and so can be used to measure differential pressures.

Fig 13- A piezoelectric pressure sensor 3 Position/Displacement Sensors The term position sensor is used for a sensor that gives a measure of the distance between a reference point and the current location of the target, while a displacement sensor gives a measure of the distance between the present position of the target and the previously Recorded position. Resistive linear and angular position sensors are widely used and relatively inexpensive. These are also called linear and rotary potentiometers. A DC voltage is provided across the full length of the track and the voltage signal between a contact that slides over the resistance track and one end of the track is related to the position of the sliding contact between the ends of the potentiometer resistance track figure a The potentiometer thus provides an analog linear or angular position sensor.

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Fig 14 &15-

A and B

Potentiometer

Task No 3The following is a list of term to do with how digital information is communicated between part of a PLC and with external items such as programming panels and computer. Write a brief description of each and outline the advantages and disadvantages of each.
Communicating with PLC

A PLC must communicated with other device. This is needed to link them to programming device and to other equipment. Many modern equipment and instrument send and receive the information digitally so they are connoted with PLC by some form of network. The Plc is mini system which can operate by person computer which controlled the PLc processor. The Plc must be link to each other and to a computer by a network. So the below diagram show that how a personal computer controlled mainframe PLC and then how PLC communicated other devices.

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Main Computer

PLC

PLC

PLC

PLC

PLC

PLC

PLC

PLC

Store B

Store A

Make B

Make A

Asse mbly

Inspec tion

Pack

Where house

Parallel data may be send through a ribbon cable or screened multi core ca Links may be made through using serial data or parallel data. So the ble. So in above figure the diagram shows that the eigh PLCs have use in industrial system which can controlled by a Main computor and and digital information is communicated between parts of PLC with external item with help of blew items

I. Twisted Pair
When information is sent along with two wires often twisted wire is used. An example of this a twisted ordinary copper wire that connects with your telephone line with network. To reduce the chance of packing up stray electro magnetic signal from outer line running along side it the two insulated wire are twisted Around each other. More than one twisted pair may be placed inside an outer insulated layer and some time the cable is screamed by a grounded outer layer twisted pair come with each pair uniquely colour coded. When its packed in multiple pairs its often associated with home use A high grade of twisted pair is often used for horizontal wiring LAN installaion because its less expensive.

Advantages:

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II. The twisting of wires reduce crosstalk because when electrical current flows through a wire, it creates a small, circular magnetic field around the wire. When two wires in an electrical circuit are placed close together, their magnetic fields are the exact opposite of each other. Thus, the two magnetic fields cancel each other out. They also cancel out any outside magnetic fields. Twisting the wires can enhance this cancellation effect. III. The twisted pair cable is cheap and having small size. IV. The cost of installation twisted pair on premises is very low. V. We can easily replace the twisted pair cable where if used in system. VI. Easily available in market. Disadvantes: I. the usable frequency spectrum of this copper cable is about 1MHZ II. we can sent information in limited rates. III. for long distance usage we need to require a more compnets to produce more signal power through it which increase the cost. IV. The twisted pair cable the signal often generate a noise means high error rate such as EMI and RFI. 2 Coaxial Cable This is kind of cable which used to connect TV set to the arial .and its also used the telephone exchange to telephone polesb near to user. And its also used to connect the computor and PLC with system LAN. The cable has an inner conductor surrounded by a concentric conducter made from copper mesh and separated by a layer a installation. The outer layer is usually grounded which they can carry information for a great distanc. Advantages: Coaxial cable is still the most common means of data transmission over short distances. ii. They are cheap to make Cheap to install Easy to modify Good bandwidth Great channel capacity Noise immunity due to low error rate

iii.

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Advantages

The advantages of using coax include the following: Broadband system Coax has a sufficient frequency range to support multiple channels, which allows for much greater throughput. 1.Greater channel capacity Each of the multiple channels offers substantial capacity. The capacity depends on where you are in the world. In the North American system, each channel in the cable TV system is 6MHz wide, according to the National Television Systems Committee (NTSC) standard. In Europe, with the Phase Alternate Line (PAL) standard, the channels are 8MHz wide. Within one of these channels, you can provision high-speed Internet access-that's how cable modems operate. But that one channel is now being shared by everyone using that coax from that neighborhood node, which can range from 200 to 2,000 homes. 2.Greater bandwidth Compared to twisted-pair, coax provides greater bandwidth systemwide, and it also offers greater bandwidth for each channel. Because it has greater bandwidth per channel, it supports a mixed range of services. Voice, data, and even video and multimedia can benefit from the enhanced capacity. 3.Lower error rates Because the inner conductor is in a Faraday shield, noise immunity is improved, and coax has lower error rates and therefore slightly better performance than twisted-pair. The error rate is generally 10-9 (i.e., 1 in 1 billion) bps. 4.Greater spacing between amplifiers Coax's cable shielding reduces noise and crosstalk, which means amplifiers can be spaced farther apart than with twisted-pair. Disadvantes: 1.Problems with the deployment architecture The bus topology in which coax is deployed is susceptible to congestion, noise, and security risks 2.Bidirectional upgrade required In countries that have a history of cable TV, the cable systems were designed for broadcasting, not for interactive communications. Before they can offer to the subscriber any form of two-way services, those networks have to be upgraded to bidirectional systems.

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3.Great noise The return path has some noise problems, and the end equipment requires added intelligence to take care of error control. 4.High installation costs Installation costs in the local environment are high. 4.Susceptible to damage from lightning strikes Coax may be damaged by lightning strikes. People who live in an area with a lot of lightning strikes must be wary because if that lightning is conducted by a coax, it could very well fry the equipment at the end of it. 5.Fiber optic This is glass strands when light shone into one end of a strand by laser .Its carried inside fiber over enamours distance With out loosing its strength. The light can be pulsed to carry the digital information at enormous speed and rate. Its carry much more information than copper wire. Many strands can be bundled together to five many more chanel. Computer needing the high speed data transmission usually have optic links to server. Advantages: 1. Extremely high bandwidth No other cable-based data transmission medium offers the bandwidth that fiber does. 2. Easy to accomodate increasing bandwidth Using many of the recent generations of fiber optic cabling, new equipment can be added to the inert fiber cable that can provide vastly expanded capacity over the originally laid fiber. DWDM, or Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing, lends fiber optic cabling the ability to turn various wavelengths of light traveling down the fiber on and off at will. These two characteristics of fiber cable enable dynamic network bandwidth provisioning to provide for data traffic spikes and lulls. 3. Resistance to electromagnetic interference Fiber has a very low rate of bit error (10 EXP-13), as a result of fiber being so resistant to electromagnetic interference. Fiber-optic transmission are virtually noise free. 4. Early detection of cable damage and secure transmissions Fiber provides an extremely secure transmission medium, as there is no way to detect the data being transmitted by listening in to the electromagnetic energy leaking through the cable, as is

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possible with traditional, electron-based transmissions. By constantly monitoring an optical network and by carefully measuring the time it takes light to reflect down the fiber, splices in the cable can be easily detected.

Disadvantages:1. Installation costs, while dropping, are still high Despite the fact that fiber installation costs are dropping by as much as 60% a year, installing fiber optic cabling is still relatively costly. As installation costs decrease, fiber is expanding beyond its original realm and major application in the carrier backbone and is moving into the local loop, and through technologies such as FTTx (Fiber To The Home, Premises, etc,) and PONs (Passive Optical networks), enabling subscriber and end user broadband access. 2. Special test equipment is often required The test equipment typically and traditionally used for conventional electron-based networking is of no use in a fiber optic network. Equipment such as an OTDR (Optical Time Domain Reflectometer) is required, and expensive, specialized optical test equipment such as optical probes are needed at most fiber endpoints and connection nexuses in order to properly provide testing of optical fiber. 3. Susceptibility to physical damage Fiber is a small and compact cable, and it is highly susceptible to becoming cut or damaged during installation or construction activities. Because railroads often provide rights-of-way for fiber optic installation, railroad car derailments pose a significant cable damage threat, and these events can disrupt service to large groups of people, as fiber optic cables can provide tremendous data transmission capabilities. Because of this, when fiber optic cabling is chosen as the transmission medium, it is necessary to address restoration, backup and survivability. 4. Wildlife damage to fiber optic cables 20

Many birds, for example, find the Kevlar reinforcing material of fiber cable jackets particularly appealing as nesting material, so they peck at the fiber cable jackets to utilize bits of that material. Beavers and other rodents use exposed fiber cable to sharpen their teeth and insects such as ants desire the plastic shielding in their diet, so they can often be found nibbling at the fiber optic cabling. Sharks have also been known to damage fiber optic cabling by chomping on it when laid underwater, especially at the repeating points. There is a plant called the Christmas tree plant that treats fiber optic cable as a tree root and wraps itself around the cable so tightly that the light impulses traveling down the fiber are choked off. 4.Network -: The increasing use of automation in industry has led to the need for communications and control on a plant-wide basis, with programmable controllers, computers, robots, and CNC machines interconnected. The term local area network (LAN) is used to describe a communications network designed to link computers and their peripherals within the same building or site.

Networks can take three basic forms. With the star form figure (a) the terminals are each directly linked to a central computer, termed the host or master, with the terminals being called slaves. The host contains the memory, processing, and switching equipment to enable the terminals to communicate. Access to the terminals is by the host asking each terminal in turn whether it wants to talk or listen. With the bus or single highway type of network figure (b) each of the terminals is linked into a single cable and so each transmitter/ receiver has a direct path to each other transmitter/receiver in the network. Methods, that is,

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protocols, have to be adopted to ensure that no more than one terminal talks at once; otherwise confusion can occur. A terminal has to be able to detect whether another terminal is talking before it starts to talk. With the ring network figure (c), a continuous cable, in the form of a ring, links all the terminals. Again, methods have to be employed to enable communications from different terminals without messages becoming mixed up. The single highway and the ring methods are often called peer to peer in that each terminal has equal status. Such a system allows many stations to use the same network. With ring-based networks, two commonly used methods that are employed to avoid two stations talking at once and so giving rise to confusion are token passing and slot passing. With token passing, a special bit pattern called a token is circulated round the network. When a station wants to transmit into the network, it waits until it receives the token, then transmits the data with the token attached. Another station that wants to transmit cannot do so until the token has been freed by removal from the data by a receiver. With slot passing, empty slots are circulated into which stations can deposit data for transmission.

Figure (a)

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Figure (b)

Figure(c) PLC manufacturers adopt different forms of network systems and methods of communication for use with their PLCs. For example, Mitsubishi uses a network termed MelsecNET, AllenBradley has Data Highway Plus, General Electric uses GENET, Texas Instruments uses TIWAY, and Siemens has PROFIBUS DP. Most, like Allen-Bradley, employ peer-to-peer forms. With Siemens, PROFIBUS DP is a star, that is, a master/slave form.

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Reference: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_advantages_and_disadvantages_of_coaxial _cable#ixzz1dAML9T3h http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_advantages_and_disadvantages_of_coaxial _cable#ixzz1dALyyfXk http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Advantage_and_disadvantage_of_twisted_pair_cable_coxial_ca ble_and_fiber_optic_cable#ixzz1dAGuNm5X

http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_4/chpt_14/6.html
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Describe_the_design_characteristics_of_unitar y_modular_and_rack_mounted_plc#ixzz1cK6NygHK Programmable logic controller 5th edition w. Bolten

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Describe_the_design_characteristics_of_unitary_modular_ and_rack_mounted_plc
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Describe_the_design_characteristics_of_unitary_modular_and_rack_moun ted_plc#ixzz1byM9LSBv

http://www.ehow.com/list_6372341_types-plcs.html http://aaronmuse91.blogspot.com/2010/09/plcs-programmable-logic-computers.html http://www.plctalk.net/qanda/archive/index.php/t-11208.html http://uk.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20081228085552AAUgK2x http://in.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20071125163459AA5uVNG

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PLCTutor.com: PLC Overview FreeStudy.co.uk: Types of PLC AB.com: PLC Type Examples

2 of Edexcel standard Module:

The Types of PLCs | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/list_6372341_typesplcs.html#ixzz1cKAYEUAJ

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