1.

2. Nursing education and the profession have an unparalleled opportunity and capability to address the critical issues that face the nations current health care system. The American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN), representing baccalaureate and graduate schools of nursing, in collaboration with other health care organizations and disciplines, proposes a new Clinical Nurse Leader (CNL) role to address the ardent call for change being heard in todays health care system. It is evident that leadership in nursing . . . is of supreme importance at this time. Nursing has faced many critical situations in its long history, but probably none more critical than the situation it is now in, and none in which the possibilities, both of serious loss and of substantial advance, are greater. What the outcome will be depends in large measure on the kind of leadership the nursing profession can give in planning for the future and in solving stubborn and perplexing problems. . . if past experience is any criterion, little constructive action will be taken without intelligent and courageous leadership.
The good news is that nursing has the answers to the predominant health care dilemmas of the future, including the problems associated with normal human development, particularly aging; chronic illness management in all ages; health disparities associated with socioeconomic dislocations such as global migration, sexism, the strategies for health promotion and disease prevention.

CASE STUDY 1.

The word computer refers to an object that can accept some input and produce some output. In fact, the human brain itself is a sophisticated computer, and scientists are learning more about how it works with each passing year. Our most common use of the word computer, though, is to describe an electronic device containing a microprocessor.

microprocessor is a small electronic device that can carry out complex calculations in the blink of an eye. You can find microprocessors in many devices you use each day, such as cars, refrigerators and televisions. The most recognized device with a microprocessor is the personal computer, or PC. In fact, the concept of a computer has become nearly synonymous with the term PC.When you hear PC, you probably envision an enclosed device with an attached video screen, keyboard and some type of a pointing device, like a mouse or touchpad. You might also envision different forms of PCs, such as desktop computers, towers and laptops. The term PC has been associated with certain brands, such as Intel processors or Microsoft operating systems. In this article, though, we define a PC as a more general computing device with these characteristics:

designed for use by one person at a time runs an operating system to interface between the user and the microprocessor has certain common internal components described in this article, like a CPU and RAM runs software applications designed for specific work or play activities allows for adding and removing hardware or software as needed

PCs trace their history back to the 1970s when a man named Ed Roberts began to sell computer kits based on a microprocessor chip designed by Intel. a.) A spreadsheet is a program which organizes "cells" of numerical data into tables of rows and columns much as one would find in an accounting ledger. Spreadsheets are excellent tools for students to collect and analyze data and thus work well in curriculum units that call for students to deal with both interdisciplinary content and process/information analysis tasks. Students can design spreadsheet layouts, collect the data to fill in the various rows an columns, and then write equations to analyze the data they have collected. In this way, a spreadsheet becomes a vehicle for learning about and representing both simple and more complex relationships between numbers and pieces of information. Databases work much like spreadsheets, although they are often used where textual information is more important than numerical data. A database management program is used to create, organize, and manipulate information in databases. Databases are primarily used for creating "records" of collected information. Most database management programs allow for some degree of numerical analysis of the collected information (e.g., counting, grouping, sorting by rank order, etc.). Databases are often used in interdisciplinary curriculum units. They become a vehicle for information collection and organization. The manipulation of information within a database calls for mathematics and critical thinking skills. These skills are further enhanced when a student designs a database using a database management program. Word processors are not just used within Language Arts curricula. Students may word process work related to any subject area. Also, word processed work often becomes the basis for importing data into databases, spreadsheets, and presentation programs. In this way, the word processor is often the cornerstone application within integrated application suites such as Microsoft Office, Microsoft Works, or ClarisWorks. b.)