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SANS 634
Reference
7114/633/DL
Date of circulation
2009-03-24
Closing date
2009-05-25
Remarks:
PLEASE NOTE: The technical committee, SABS TC 59 responsible for the preparation of this standard has reached consensus that the attached document should become a South African standard. It is now made available by way of public enquiry to all interested and affected parties for public comment, and to the technical committee members for record purposes. Any comments should be sent by the indicated closing date, either by mail, or by fax, or by e-mail to SABS Standards Division Attention: Compliance and Development department Private Bag X191 Pretoria 0001 Fax No.: (012) 344-1568 (for attention: dsscomments) E-mail: dsscomments@sabs.co.za Any comment on the draft must contain in its heading the number of the clause/subclause to which it refers. A comment shall be well motivated and, where applicable, contain the proposed amended text. The public enquiry stage will be repeated if the technical committee agrees to significant technical changes to the document as a result of public comment. Less urgent technical comments will be considered at the time of the next amendment.
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED FOR PUBLIC COMMENT. IT MAY NOT BE REFERRED TO AS A SOUTH AFRICAN STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES, DRAFT SOUTH AFRICAN STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN LAW.
ISBN 978-0-626-
SANS 634:2009
Edition 1
Published by SABS Standards Division 1 Dr Lategan Road Groenkloof Private Bag X191 Pretoria 0001 Tel: +27 12 428 7911 Fax: +27 12 344 1568 www.sabs.co.za SABS
Acknowledgement
The SABS Standards Division wishes to acknowledge the work of the National Department of Housing, the National Department of Public Works and the National Dolomite Risk Management Working Committee established by the Cabinet Committee on Governance and Administration in developing this document.
Foreword
This South African standard was approved by National Committee SABS TC 59, Construction standards, in accordance with procedures of the SABS Standards Division, in compliance with annex 3 of the WTO/TBT agreement. This document was published in xxxx 2009.
Introduction
This standard makes provision for the conducting of a geotechnical investigation in three phases in any township development including townships that are on dolomite land: a) the preliminary investigation is commissioned by the client to establish whether or not a parcel of land is acceptable for township development. b) the phase 1 detailed investigation comprises a stability investigation, if underlain by dolomite, limestone or undermined ground, or in undulating terrain where there is a potential for slope instability, and an investigation into the foundation characteristics of the near surface horizons. c) the phase 2 detailed investigation is commissioned by the client during the installation of township services to confirm the findings of the phase 1 investigations after the township has been pegged. Critical outcome of the phase 1 and phase 2 investigations are the site class designations for single-storey and double-storey type 1 masonry buildings and, where applicable, dolomite area designations in respect of the site and individual erven, respectively. Sites on former mine land shall comply with the relevant requirements of regulations issued in terms of national Nuclear Regulator Act, 1999 (Act No. 47 of 1999) and the Mine Health and Safety Act, 1996, Act No. 29 of 1996.
Contents
Page Acknowledgement Foreword Introduction 1 Scope ...................................................................................................................................... 2 Normative reference ............................................................................................................... 3 Definitions ............................................................................................................................... 4 Requirements.......................................................................................................................... Bibliography .............................................................................................................................. 3 3 3 4
1 Scope
This standard establishes requirements applicable to a preliminary and two-phase detailed geotechnical site investigation on land including areas that are on dolomite land, where unoccupied land or undeveloped parcels of land are to be utilized for township development purposes.
NOTE 1 The geotechnical site investigations described in this standard are acceptable for housing schemes or developments involving a number of housing units. This standard might require some adaptation to make it appropriate for geotechnical site investigations relating to a single house or very small parcels of land or other types of development. NOTE 2 This standard may be used to form the basis of the scope of work for services rendered by an investigator to a client for all or any of the phases that are provided for.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. Information on currently valid national and international standards can be obtained from the SABS Standards Division. SANS 633, Profiling and percussion and core borehole logging in Southern Africa for engineering purpose. SANS 1921-5, Construction and management requirements for works contracts Part 5: Earthworks activities which are to be performed by hand. SANS 1936-1, Development of dolomite land Part 1: General principles and requirements. SANS 1936-2, Development of dolomite land Part 2: Geotechnical investigations and determinations. SANS 10400-H, The application of the National Building Regulations: Part H Foundations.
3 Definitions
3.1 acceptable acceptable to the authority administering this standard, or to the parties concluding the purchase contract, as relevant
4 Requirements
4.1 General
4.1.1 Geotechnical site investigations shall, as necessary, be conducted in the following sequence:
a) preliminary investigation;
4.1.2 Geotechnical site investigations shall be undertaken under the direction of one or more
competent persons. Such persons shall be intimately involved in the design of the investigation, the gathering of data, the evaluation of factual data, the determination of interpretative data, the drafting of reports, and any interaction with the statutory councils and authorities that may be required.
4.1.3 Competent persons shall document and formulate all opinions and do so in such a manner
that a peer review, if conducted on the same data, will arrive at substantially similar opinions.
4.1.4 All test holes, soil profiling and soil sampling shall be undertaken in accordance with the
requirements of SANS 633.
4.1.5 Sites on dolomite land, which are recommended for township development, shall comply with
the requirements of SANS 1936-1 in all respects.
4.1.6 A competent person shall, in the case of contaminated land, demonstrate that the risk to the
health and safety of occupants of all building types is acceptable and, where relevant, provide the Chief Inspector of Mines with the distance and accompanying restrictions and conditions for comment relating to developments in close proximity of the workings of a mine and Mine Health and Safety Act, 1996, No. 29 of 1996.
4.2.2 The investigator shall, where necessary, as a minimum, in order to make the initial determination required in 4.2.1:
a) approach the following organizations, as necessary, in order to gather data: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) mining houses; the Council for Geoscience; the Department of Land Affairs; the Department of Water Affairs; the District Councils; the Chief Inspector of Mines or the Department of Mineral and Energy Affairs; the Local Authority or regional databank of geotechnical data; the National Home Builders Registration Council; the Surveyor General; and
9)
10) seismological data. c) review published geotechnical literature for the region; d) make appropriate enquiry, as necessary, to the office of the Chief Inspector of Mines or the Department of Mineral and Energy Affairs with regard to any and all land rezoning applications where the release of land is provided in areas of acknowledged mining work; e) analyse data and identify and categorise terrain types in accordance with the descriptions for designation and constraint given in table 1; f) verify terrain types in the field and examine all visible data, including ground profile exposures, and the results of large scale ground excavation or alteration by means of borrow pits (or both), quarrying, mining, construction and related remedial works and rehabilitation that can be viewed and reasonably annotated on orthophotographs or aerial photographs; g) indicate appropriate land uses; h) comment on potential sources of construction materials; and i) establish, in principle, where necessary and in consultation with town planners and conveyancers, whether the site is, or in future will be, influenced by underground or surface mining operations by making tentative enquiries with the Chief Inspector of Mines or the Department of Mineral and Energy Affairs.
4.2.3 The competent person shall, where the land ownership history includes a mining operator,
provide a properly documented record or site plan in which the surface footprint of the mining or quarrying or material borrow area (opencast pit) or the (underground) mining plan is indicated. The data shall be presented on fully coordinated drawings, on aerial photographs or ortho-mapping, as appropriate, based on the records of the Government Mining Engineer, other databases or mining sources.
4.2.6 The report and all drawings shall be presented to the client in an electronic format.
C D E F
Any collapsible horizon or consecutive horizons totalling a depth of less than 750mm in thicknessa Seepage Permanent or perched water table more than 1,5 m below ground surface Active Soil Low soilheave potential anticipated* Highly Low soil compressibility a compressible soil anticipated Erodability of soil Low Difficulty of Scattered or occasional excavation to boulders less than 10% of a 1,5 m depth the total volume Undermined Undermining at a depth ground greater than 100 m below surface (except where total extraction mining has not occurred) Stability: (dolomite Possibly stable. Areas of land) dolomite overlain by Karoo rocks or intruded by sills. Areas of Black Reef rocks. Anticipated Inherent Risk Class I (see SANS 1936-2) Steep slopes Between 2 and 6 (all regions)
High soil-heave potential anticipated High soil compressibility anticipated High Rock or hardpan pedocretes more than 40 % of the total volume Mining within less than 100 m of surface or where total extraction mining has taken place Known sinkholes and dolines. Anticipated Inherent Risk Classes 6 to 8. (See SANS 1936-2)
J K
Areas adjacent to a known Areas within a known drainage channel or drainage channel or floodplain with slope less floodplain than 1 % NOTE 1 Areas should be designated by the numeral associated with the most appropriate descriptor in columns 2 to 4 followed by the letter associated with the constraint. For example, an area designated as Zone 2BF would be an intermediate class with anticipated seepage and excavation problems while an area designated as Zone 3B would be least favourable and not recommended for development due to surface water inundation. NOTE 2 More detailed inform including townships that are no dolomite land ation on un including townships that are no dolomite land dermined land can be obtained from Stacey, T.R. and B including townships that are no dolomite land akker, D. The erection or construction of buildings and other structures on undermined ground. These areas are designated as 1A, 1C, 1D, or 1F where localised occurrences of the constraint may arise.
Areas of unstable Low risk natural slopes Areas subject to 10 % probability of an event seismic activity less than 100 cm/s within 50 years Areas subject to A most favourable flooding situation for this constraint does not occur
Slopes between 6 and 18 and less than 2 (Natal and Western Cape) Slopes between 6 and 12 degrees and less than 2 degrees (all other regions) Intermediate risk Mining-induced seismic activity more than 100 cm/s
More than 18 degrees (Natal and Western Cape) More than 12 degrees (all other regions)
High risk (especially in areas subject to seismic activity) Natural seismic activity more than 100 cm/s
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3.1 Description and list of the information assimilated and used in the study 3.2 General location and description of site 3.3 Evaluation procedures used in the investigations 3.4 Geology and geohydrology of the site 3.5 Geotechnical conditions and constraints 3.6 Terrain mapping units 4 Impact of the geotechnical character of the site on township development 4.1 Land usage 4.2 Installation of services 4.3 Building construction 4.4 (Other)* 5 6 Conclusions Recommendations
2) 3) 4) 5)
b) judge, in mine-related land, the long-term prognosis for excessive settlement and particularly differential settlement, which has the potential to compromise development due to factors such as
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c) prepare a comprehensive geotechnical report which: 1) provides a description of the township and defines the extent and boundaries of the township; describes the local geology; presents the soil profiles encountered; provides geotechnical interpretation of each soil profile type that is encountered; provides provisional site class designation for single-storey and double-storey type 1 masonry buildings; contains foundation recommendations in respect of each site class designation; contains earthworks (materials) and excavation classifications in accordance with those contained in table 5 (machine excavation) or SANS 1921-5 (hand excavation) (or both), if so required by the client; assesses the stability and related (geotechnical) parameters; identifies conditions and constraints, such as mining-related problems, areas of outcrop, slope instability, contaminated land, unconsolidated fill etc.; and
2) 3) 4) 5)
6) 7)
8) 9)
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Table 4 Minimum quantities of laboratory testing for different sizes of study areas
1 Study area ha <5 > 5 < 10 > 11 < 20 > 21 < 50 > 51 < 100 > 101 < 200 > 201 to 500 2 Foundation indicator / MC 3 4 6 10 15 20 50 3 Consolidometer/ swell 2 3 4 5 6 10 20 4 Chemistry (see 4.3.2.2) 2 2 3 5 10 10 10
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Hard rock
4.3.2.2 The investigator shall arrange where necessary, for the following laboratory test procedures to be undertaken by an accredited testing laboratory on representative bulk, disturbed or undisturbed samples (or both) of all significant ground profile variants, in order to provide interpretative data for judging ground response to foundations, earthworks construction, excavation stability, chemical aggressiveness towards buried services and the like: a) particle size distribution or grading; b) Atterberg limits; c) moisture content; d) compressibility or potential collapse; e) swell under load; f) pH and conductivity; g) compaction (moisture: density relationship); and h) CBR.
NOTE Where aggressive environments are suspected or encountered, such soils should be evaluated in terms of acceptable test methods described in BS 1337-3 and BRE279.
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6.1 General 6.2 Soil profile 6.3 Groundwater table 7 Geotechnical evaluation 7.1 Engineering and material characteristics 7.2 Slope stability and erosion 7.3 Excavation classification with respect to services 7.4 (Other) 8 9
a
a) The report shall describe and list the information assimilated and used in the study in section 3 (see table 6); b) provide particulars of site boundaries and a description of the property in section 4 (see table 6); c) describe the field investigation procedures used and laboratory tests undertaken in section 5 (see table 6); d) state engineering and material characteristics which will affect the development and construction including the identification of conditions and constraints such a mining related problems, areas of outcrop, slope instability, contaminated land, unconsolidated fill, etc in subsection 7.1 (see table 6); e) evaluate and establish the potential for lateral soil movement arising from surface erosion, soil creep, talus movement and slope instability in subsection 7.2 (see table 6); f) establish the presence and extent of: 1) permanent or perched groundwaters;
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g) assess in accordance with SANS 1921-5, the suitability of the material, in the upper 1,5 m of the site for excavation by hand in subsection 7.3 (see table 6), (if so required by the client); h) broadly classify the land which is to be developed accordance with the site class designations for single-storey and double-storey type 1 masonry buildings given in SANS 10400-H ; i) discuss foundation recommendations in relation to, and provide geotechnical engineering data associated with, the design of such foundations (see SANS 10400-H); j) discuss the effect of both surface water (flooding and ponding) and groundwater (marshy conditions, underground erosion, hydrostatic pressure and fluctuating water levels) on the development, and comment on whether or not the groundwater will be potentially harmful with respect to buried concrete and steel (see SANS 10400-H); k) contain all soil profiles and the results of laboratory and in-situ field tests, including penetrometer test results in an orderly manner in the appendices (see table 6); l) include the following drawings: 1) 2) 3) a locality plan of the site; a site plan showing positions of exploratory holes; and a soil map defining approximate boundaries of areas with common site class designations.
4.3.2.5 The competent person shall, where the land ownership history includes a mining operator, provide in the report details of depths of shallowest mining, backfill method and materials, the Government Mining Engineers requirements or conditions of future land use and development (or both) and any investigation studies required to proceed with the development of such township. 4.3.2.6 Drawings shall be to a common scale, legible and easily reviewed. All drawings shall be correctly referenced with a clear indication of coordinates. 4.3.2.7 The report and all drawings shall be presented to the client in an electronic format.
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Bibliography
Bowley. M.J. Special digest:2005 Sulphate and acid attack on concrete in the ground. ISBN: 1860810039 BRE 279,1995. BS 1377-3, Methods of test for soils for civil engineering purposes Chemical and electro-chemical tests. Joint Structural Division of the South African Institution of Civil Engineering and the Institution of Structural Engineers. Foundations and superstructures for single storey residential buildings of masonry construction. 1995. Partridge, T.C., Wood C.K. and Brink A.B.A. Priorities for urban expansion within the PWV metropolitan region. The primary of geotechnical constraints. South African Geographical Journal: Vol. 75, 1973. Stacey, T.R. and Bakker, D. The erection or construction of buildings and other structures on undermined ground. Proceedings, COMA: Symposium on Construction Over Mined Areas, Pretoria, South Africa, May 1992, pp 282 to 288. Watermeyer R.B. and Tromp B.E. A systematic approach to the design and construction of single storey residential masonry structures on problem soils. The Civil Engineer in South Africa. March 1992.
SABS
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