ELE 4430 Tutorial 1

18/Jan/2010



ELEG 4430 Tutorial 2
Example 1
Sketch the 3-D plots for the following digital image of the size 5x5
(i) x = 1.7 ) 2 , 3 ( n m o in the Cartesian co-ordinate
(ii) x = 2.3 ) 1 , 4 ( n m o in the ij co-ordinate




(i)







0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
(ii)








The ij co-ordinate is used for digital image representation.
Origin is in the upper left corner. The i-axis is vertical, with values
increasing from top to bottom. The j-axis is horizontal with values
increasing from left to right.
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5

Example 2
Given the sketch of x(m) as follows:-
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
0
1
2
3
4

Sketch
(i) x(m+m
0
); m
0
= 2 (ii) x(m
0
m); m
0
= 1
-3 -2 -1 0 1
0
1
2
3
4
m
0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2
0
1
2
3
4
m
0
(i) (ii)







Example 3
A system G transform x to y such that
y(m,n) = G{x(m,n)}=x(2m,n)
(i) Is the system linear ?
(ii) Is the system shift invariant?



(i) The system is linear:-
G{ax
1
(m,n) + bx
2
(m,n)}= aG{x
1
(m,n)}+bG{x
2
(m,n)}
(ii) To prove whether the system is shift invariant, Consider:
y(m m
0
, n n
0
) = x(2(m m
0
), n n
0
) (1)
G{x(m m
0
, n n
0
)} = x(2(m m
0
), n n
0
)
= x(2m m
0
, n n
0
) (2)
(recall example 2, this notation means shifting the signal x by m
0
, then compress)
Because (1) and (2) are not equal, G is not shift invariant
Shift before transformation:
G{x(m-m
0
, n-n
0
)}=x(2(m-m
0
), n-n
0
) (1)
Shift after transformation:
x(2m-m
0
,n-n
0
) (2)
Because (1) is not equal to (2), the system is not shift
invariant.
Example 4
x(m,n) = ) exp( n j m j
b a
e e + where
b a
e e , are constants with
values between 0 and t 2 . Show that the LSI transform of x is
equal to multiplying a constant to x




Method 1: Consider the frequency response of x (DSFT)
_ _
__

=
|
.
|

\
|
=
+ =
m n
b a
m n
b a
n j m j
n j m j X
) ) ( exp( ) ) ( exp(
) ) ( ) ( exp( ) , (
2 1
2 1 2 1
e e e e
e e e e e e

If r
a
t e e 2
1
= or s
b
t e e 2
2
= , 0 ) , (
2 1
= e e X
(r, s are integers)
( ) ( ) ( )
_
=
s r
b a
s r X
,
2 1
2
2 1
2 , 2 4 ) , ( t e e t e e o t e e
Consider
2 1
,e e from [0,0] to [2t ,2t ]
( )
b a
X e e e e o t e e =
2 1
2
2 1
, 4 ) , (

For any LSI transform of x, { } x S
{ } { }
) , ( 4 ) , (
) , ( 4 ) , (
) , ( ) , (
2 1
2
,
2 1
2 1
2
2 1
2 1 2 1
2 1
b a
b a
b a
H
H
X H x S
e e e e o t e e
e e e e o t e e
e e e e
e e e e
=
=
=
= =


Method 2: Consider in the spatial domain
{ }
b a
H n m x
l j k j l k h n m x
n j m j l j k j l k h
l n j k m j l k h
l n k m x l k h x S
l k
b a
b a
l k
b a
l k
b a
l k
e e e e
e e
e e
e e e e
e e
= =
=
=
+ =
+ =
=
_
_
_
_
2 1
,
2 1
,
,
,
,
) , ( ) , (
) exp( ) , ( ) , (
) exp( ) exp( ) , (
)) ( ) ( exp( ) , (
) , ( ) , (


Example 5
f(m) and g(m) are given as follows. Do the convolution with three
conditions
(i) f(m) and g(m) are aperiodic discrete signals
(ii) f(m) and g(m) are periodic with period = 5
(iii) f(m) and g(m) are periodic with period = 10


-2 0 2 4 6
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
m
f(m)
-2 0 2 4 6
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
m
g(m)


(i) Plots of f(m) (left) , g(m
0
m)(middle), f(m)
*
g(m)(right)
-2 0 2 4 6
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
-2 0 2 4 6
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
-2 0 2 4 6
m
0


(ii) Plots of f(m) (left) , g(m
0
m)(middle), f(m)
*
g(m)(right)
-5 0 5 10
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
-5 0 5 10
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
-5 0 5 10
m
0


(iii) Plots of f(m) (left) , g(m
0
m)(middle), f(m)
*
g(m)(right)
-10 0 10
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
-10 0 10
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
-5 0 5 10
m
0


Example 6
(

=
(
(
(

=
1 1
1 1
) , ( ,
3 4 2
2 5 1
4 2 3
) , ( n m h n m x
Calculate h x -



Method 1:
Represent x(m,n) as a linear combination of shifted impulses, by
linear, x
*
h = x(0,0)
*
h + x(0,1)
*
h + x(0,2)
*
h +
= ...
4 4
4 4
2 2
2 2
3 3
3 3
+
(
(
(
(

+
(
(
(
(

+
(
(
(
(

Method 2
_
=
l k
l k x l n k m h n m y
,
) , ( ) , ( ) , (
Flip h(m,n) laterally and upside down
(

=
1 1
1 1
flipped
h


(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
3 1 2 2
1 4 10 3
2 9 5 4
4 6 5 3
3 3 4 4 2 2
3
2
3 4
2 5
4 2
5 1
2
1
2
4
2 5
4 2
5 1
2 3
1
3
4 4 2 2 3 3
y