CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Chetan Chauhan, student of Class XII A, Kendriya Vidyalaya No. 02 Ambala Cantt. has completed the project titled 'DYES' during the academic year 2011-2012 towards partial fulfillment of credit for the Chemistry practical evaluation of AISSCE 2012, under my supervision.

Mr Rakesh Kumar PGT(Chemistry) Kendriya Vidyalaya No. 02, Ambala Cantt.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my greatest gratitude to the people who have helped & supported me throughout my project. I am grateful to my teacher for his continuous support for the project, from initial advice & contacts in the early stages of conceptual inception & through ongoing advice & encouragement to this day. I wish to thank my parents for their undivided support and interest who inspired me and encouraged me to go my own way, without whom I would be unable to complete my project. At last but not the least I want to thank my friends who appreciated me for my work and motivated me and finally to God who made all the things possible...

Dye
A dye can generally be described as a coloured substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied. The dye is generally applied in an aqueous solution, and may require a mordant to improve the fastness of the dye on the fibre.

Both dyes and pigments appear to be coloured because they absorb some wavelengths of light preferentially. In contrast with a dye, a pigment generally is insoluble, and has no affinity for the substrate. Some dyes can

beprecipitated with an inert salt to produce a lake pigment, and based on the salt used they could be aluminium lake, calcium lake or barium lake pigments. Synthetic dyes quickly replaced the traditional natural dyes. They cost less, they offered a vast range of new colours, and they imparted better properties upon the dyed materials. Dyes are now classified according to how they are used in the dyeing process. Dyes are generally defined along the lines of being coloured, aromatic compounds that can ionise. Although this definition infers that ionic interaction with oppositely charged tissue constituents is the norm, there are exceptions. Some dyes require the presence of a metal to properly develop their colour or staining selectivity. These are termed mordant dyes. The Colour Index uses this as a classification and naming system. Each dye is named according to the pattern: mordant + base colour + number. CHARACTERISTICS OF A DYE 1) It must have a suitable colour. 2) It must be capable of being fixed to the material. 3) When fixed it must be fast to detergents, soaps, water, dry cleaning solvents, light and dilute acids.

Classification of dyes
Dyes are basically classified into seven broad categories, namely acid dyes, basic dyes, direct dyes, disperse dyes, reactive dyes, sulphur dyes and vat dyes.

ACID DYES
Acid dyes are water-soluble anionic dyes that are applied to fibres such as silk, wool, nylon and modified acrylicfibres using neutral to acid dyebaths. Acid dyes are not substantive

to cellulosic fibres. Most synthetic food colours fall in this category. Acid dyes are thought to fix to fibres by hydrogen bonding, Van der Waals forces and ionic bonding. They are normally sold as the Sodium salt therefore they are in solution anionic. Animal protein fibres and synthetic Nylonfibres contain many cationic sites therefore there is an attraction of anionic dye molecule to a cationic site on thefibre. The strength (fastness) of this bond is related to the desire/ chemistry of the dye to remain dissolved in water over fixation to the fibre. In textiles, acid dyes are effective on protein fibres, i.e. animal hair fibres like wool, alpaca and mohair. They are also effective on silk. They are effective in dyeing the synthetic fibre nylon but of minimal interest in dyeing any othersynthetic fibres. Structures Acid dyes usually have a sulfo or carboxy group on the molecule making them soluble in water. Water is the medium in which dyeing takes place. Most acid dyes are related in basic structure to the following: Anthraquinone

Triphenylmethane

. These dyes are very economical. They produce, however, duller shades.

BASIC DYES
Basic dyes are water-soluble cationic dyes that are mainly applied to acrylic fibres, but find some use

for wool and silk. Usually acetic acid is added to the dyebath to help the uptake of the dye onto the fibre. Basic dyes are also used in the colouration of paper. They are usually applied in weakly acidic dye-baths. They are very bright dyes. These contain organic compounds such as NH or NR They are used for dyeing wool, silk and nylon.
2 2.

DIRECT DYES Direct or substantive dyeing is normally carried out in a neutral or slightly alkaline dyebath, at or near boiling point, with the addition of either sodium chloride (NaCl) or sodium sulphate (Na SO ). Direct dyes are used on cotton, paper, leather, wool, silk and nylon. They are also used as pH indicators and as biological stains. Direct dyes are a class of hot water dyes for use on cellulose fibres, such as cotton. The colours of most direct dyes tend to be duller than those provided by fibre reactive dyes, especially after fading in the laundry. The washfastness of direct dyes
2 4

is poor. The main reason why direct dyes are used is because of cost. Direct dyes are applied in hot water, typically between 175F and 200F. They can be applied in the same boiling-water dyebath with acid dyes Direct dyes are only loosely associated with the fibre molecule through the property called substantivity, which is the tendency of the dye to associate with the dye without strong bonds. This substantivity is increased by increasing the size of the dye molecule, so direct dyes tend to be large. Small dye molecules tend to be bright, while large dye molecules tend to be duller , so direct dyes are generally much less bright in colour than fibre reactive dyes. Substantivity is said to result from a combination of the relatively weak Van der Waals forces and some hydrogen bonding.

Most direct dyes are safe to use. The specific dyes to avoid are direct black 1, BEZIDINEdirect red 28,

direct black 38, direct blue 6, direct green 6, direct brown 95, direct brown 2, direct blue 2, and direct black 4.

MORDANT DYES A mordant is a substance used to set dyes on fabrics or tissue sections by forming a coordination complex with the dye which then attaches to the fabric or tissue. It may be used for dyeing fabrics, or for intensifying stains in cell or tissue preparations. A mordant is always a polyvalent metal ion. The resulting coordination complex of dye and ion is colloidal and can be either acidic or alkaline. The three methods used for mordanting are: Pre-mordanting (onchrome): The substrate is treated with the mordant and then dyed. Meta-mordanting (metachrome): The mordant is added in the dye bath itself. Post-mordanting (afterchrome): The dyed material is treated with a mordant.

The type of mordant used changes the shade obtained after dyeing and also affects the fastness property of the dye. The dye lake is formed when the complex of dye and mordant are combined, which then attaches to the substrate.

Mordants are substances of organic or inorganic origin which co with the colouring matter and are used to fix the same in the production of the colou most commonly used mordant dyes have hydroxyl and carboxyl groups and are neg charged, i.e. anionic. It is convenient to view these as a specialised subgroup of acid Some other mordant dyes may possess amino groups, and are cationic overall. Despite thi must still have hydroxyl or carboxyl groups, since lake formation requires it. Mordant dy usually stain by ionic interaction in the same way as other ionisable dyes. The colour i pale, sometimes so pale that the results have no value. VAT DYES

Vat dyes are essentially insoluble in water and incapable of dyeing fibres directly. However, reduction in alkaline liquor produces the water soluble alkali metal salt of the dye, which, in this leuco form, has an affinity for the textile fibre. Subsequent oxidation reforms the original insoluble dye. The colour of denim is due to indigo, the original vat dye. Most vat dyes are less suitable than fibre reactive dyes for the home dyers, as they are difficult to work with; they require a reducing agent to solubilize them. The dye is soluble only in its reduced (oxygen-free) form. Ink-o-dye is a type of vat dye which uses light rather than oxygen to 'fix' the dye, with a wide variety of possible effects. These dyes, which are chemically similar to vat dyes, are developed by light instead of being applied in an oxygen-free bath and being developed in the fabric by exposure to oxygen. Not all vat dyeing is done with vat dyes! "Vat dyeing" means dyeing in a bucket or vat. It can be done whenever a solid even shade, the same colour over the entire garment, is wanted, using almost any dye, including fibre reactive dye, direct dye, acid dye, etc. The opposite of vat dyeing is direct dye application, such as, for example, tie dyeing. "Vat

dyes" are a special class of dyes that work with a special chemistry. It's inconvenient to have to reduce your vat dyes in order to dissolve them. However, it is impractical to sell the reduced form of the dye, because it will oxidize in the air, back to the insoluble form. The solution to this problem is for the manufacturer to convert the soluble leuco acid form of the dye to the leuco ester, such as by reacting the leuco acid with sulfuric acid. The leuco form of this solubilized dye can be regenerated by removing the ester group chemically (with sodium nitrite in dilute sulfuric acid) or by the action of light. The drawbacks of solubilized leuco esters are their greater expense and their poorer uptake into the fibre, which results in paler shades. (This is explained in Wilfred Ingamells' book, Colour for Textiles: A User's Handbook , which is available from the Society of Dyers and Colourists for 9.) Vat dyes are, as a class, the most light-fast of all dyes. However, not all individual vat dyes are equally resistant to light. The following are lightfastness ratings for the unmixed vat dyes sold by one popular supplier: lightfastne Colour Colour ss Index Name rating (out name of 8) VD01 vat 5 Yellow yellow 2

VD02 Orange VD03 Red

vat 5 orange 2 vat red 7 13 REACTIVE DYES

Reactive dyes utilize a chromophore attached to a substituent that is capable of directly reacting with the fibre substrate. The covalent bonds that attach reactive dye to natural fibres make them among the most permanent of dyes. "Cold" reactive dyes, such as Procion MX, Cibacron F, and Drimarene K, are very easy to use because the dye can be applied at room temperature. Reactive dyes are by far the best choice for dyeing cotton and other cellulose fibres at home or in the art studio.

DISPERSE DYES

Disperse dyes were originally developed for the dyeing of cellulose acetate, and are substantially water insoluble. The dyes are finely ground in the presence of a dispersing agent and then sold as a paste, or spray-dried and sold as a powder. Their main use is to dye polyester but they can also be used to dye nylon, cellulose triacetate, and acrylic fibres. In some cases, a dyeing temperature of 130 C is required, and a pressurised dyebath is used. The very fine particle size gives a large surface area that aids dissolution to allow uptake by the fibre. The dyeing rate can be significantly influenced by the choice of dispersing agent used during the grinding. Disperse dyes are not watersoluble. AZO DYES Azo dyeing is a technique in which an insoluble azoic dye is produced directly onto or within the fibre. This is achieved by treating a fibre with both diazoic and coupling components. With suitable adjustment of dyebath conditions the two components react to produce the required insoluble azo dye. This technique of dyeing is unique, in that the final colour is controlled by the choice of the diazoic and coupling components. The structure of azo dyes is based on azobenzene, Ph-N=N-Ph (see right showing cis/ trans isomers) Although Azo dyes are a separate class of dyesuff

mainly used in the dyeing of cotton (cellulose) fibres, many acid dyes have a similar structure, and most are red in colour.

Methyl orange

SULFUR DYES Sulfur dyes are two part "developed" dyes used to dye cotton with dark colours. The initial bath imparts a yellow or pale chartreuse colour, This is aftertreated with a sulfur compound in place to produce the dark black we are familiar with in socks for instance. Sulfur Black 1 is the largest selling dye by volume.

Food dyes One other class which describes the role of dyes, rather than their mode of use, is the food dye. Because food dyes are classed as food additives, they are manufactured to a higher

standard than some industrial dyes. Food dyes can be direct, mordant and vat dyes, and their use is strictly controlled by legislation. Many are azoic dyes, althoughanthraquinone and triphenylmethane com pounds are used for colours such as green and blue. Some naturally-occurring dyes are also used.

Other important dyes A number of other classes have also been established, including: Oxidation bases, for mainly hair and fur Laser dyes Leather dyes, for leather Fluorescent brighteners, for textile fibres and paper Solvent dyes, for wood staining and producing coloured lacquers, solvent inks, colouring oils, waxes. Carbene dyes, a recently developed method for colouring multiple substrates.

Health and safety Any dyes including acid dyes have the ability to induce senstisation in humans due to their complex molecular structure and the way in which they are metabolised in the body. This is extremely rare nowadays as we have a much greater understanding through experience and knowledge of dyestuffs themselves. Some acid dyes are used to colour food. We wear fabrics every day exposing our skin to dyes. The greatest risk of disease or injury due to dyes is by ingestion or exposure to dye dust. These scenarios are normally confined to textile workers. Whereby the dye itself is normally non toxic, the molecules are metabolised (usually in the liver) where they may be broken back down to the original intermediates used in manufacture. Thus many intermediate chemicals used in dye manufacture have been identified as toxic and their use retricted. For example: the dye CI Acid red 128 was found to metabolise in the body back to ortho-toluidine, one of its chemical intermediates. Many intermediates used in dye manufacture such as otoluidine, benzidine etc. were found to be carcinogenic.

EXPERIMENT
AIM: To dye wool and cotton clothes with malachite green REQUIREMENTS: 500ml beakers, tripod stand, wire gauze, glass rod, spatula, wool cloth and cotton cloth. Sodium carbonate, tannic acid, tartaremetic and malachite green dye. PROCEDURE: 1) Preparation of sodium carbonate solution. Take about 0.5g of solid sodium carbonate and dissolve it in 250ml of water 2) Preparation of tartaremetic solution. Take about 0.2g of tartaremetic and dissolve it in 100ml of water by stirring with the help of glass rod. 3) Preparation of tannic acid solution. Take 100ml of water in a beaker and add about 1.0g of

4)

5)

6)

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tannic acid to it. Heat the solution. On heating a clear solution of tannic acid is obtained. Preparation of dye solution.Take about 0.1g of malachite green dye and add to it 400ml of water. On warming a clear solution of the dye results. Dyeing of wool. Take about 200ml of dye solution and dip in it the woollen cloth to be dyed. Boil the solution for about 2 minutes. After that remove the cloth and wash it with hot water 3-4 times, squeeze and keep it for drying. Dyeing of cotton. Cotton does not absorb malachite green readily, therefore it requires the use of a mordant.For dyeing a cotton cloth dip it in sodium carbonate solution for about 10 minutes and then rinse with water. Then put the cloth in hot tannic acid solution for about 5 minutes. Now take out the cloth from tannic acid solution and keep it in tartaremetic solution for about 5 minutes. Remove the cloth and squeeze it with spatula to remove most of the solution. Now place the cloth in boiling solution of the dye for about 2 minutes. Remove and wash the dyed cloth thoroughly with water, squeeze and keep it for drying. Dyeing of cotton directly: Take another piece of cotton cloth and put it directly into boiling solution of the dye. Keep it dipped for about 2

minutes. Remove the cloth, wash with water, squeeze and keep it for drying. Compare the colour of this cloth with that of dyed by using mordant.

OBSERVATIONS: 1. The colour of wool cloth dyed directly by dipping in hot solution of malachite green dye is fast. 2. The colour of cotton cloth dyed directly by dipping in hot solution of malachite green is not fast to washing and is of low intensity. 3. The colour of cotton cloth dyed indirectly by using mordant and then by dipping in hot solution of malachite green is fast to washing and is of high intensity.