FAULT STUDY

Instructed by: Miss. ChenukaPerera

NAME INDEX NO GROUP DATE OF PER DATE OF SUB

: J.A.T Jayaweera : 090231N : 06 : 06 / 01 / 2011 : 20 / 01 / 2012

CALCULATIONS The actual power system we modelled using the DC Network Analyzer,

X1 = 0.3

X = 0.1
POLPITIYA

X = 0.44j

X = 0.09
ANURADHAPURA

X = 0.005 X = 0.102j
LAXAPANA

X = 0.04j X = 0.341j X = 0.8j

BOLAWATTA KOLONNAWA

X = 0.13j X = 0.048 X = 0.055 X = 0.08

X = 0.02

X = 0.06

X = 0.051 Figure1. Positive sequence diagram

All data is in pu according to the bases of 132kV, 40MVA

From above we can eliminate some components that have no effect to the system and derived simplified sequence diagrams as follows

FAULT

POLPITIYA ANURADHAPURA

LAXAPANA

BOLAWATTA

KOLONNAWA

Positive Sequence (simplified)

FAULT

POLPITIYA ANURADHAPURA

LAXAPANA

BOLAWATTA

KOLONNAWA

Negative Sequence (simplified)

FAULT 400
POLPITIYA ANURADHAPURA

8000 10000 1600 1500

BOLAWATTA LAXAPANA

120

KOLONNAWA

412

Zero Sequence (simplified)

Practical Values
LG Fault

a
Ia

Ef

Z1

Supply Side

Va

Ia1

Z2

Ia2

Z0

Ia0

b
Ib Ic Vb Va1 Va2 Va0

c
Vc

Va Vb Vc

1 1 1

1
2

1
2

- 28.19V 38.83V - 10.63V

Actual values,

L-L Fault

a
Ia Va

Ef Z1 Ia1 Z0 Va1 Ia0

Supply Side
Ib Ic

b
Vb

c
Vc

Z2

Ia2 Va2

Va0

Fault current calculation,

Ia Ib Ic

1 1 1

1
2

1
2

0 8.8 mA - 8.8 mA

Fault current calculation,

I a = 0 8.8 - 8.8 10 Ia
Ib Ib Ib

0A
(0 2 8.8 8.8) 10 0 8.8 240 15 .242 90 8.8 120 10 3 A
3

10

Ic Ic Ic

(0 8.8 2 8.8) 10 0 8.8 120 15 .242 90 8.8 240 10 3 A

10

Actual Values

15.242

90 10

90

15.242 90 10 3 A

90

Va Vb Vc

1 1 1

1
2

1
2

0 24.2 V 24.2 V

Fault voltages calculation

Va

2 24.2

48.4V

Vb Vb Vb

(0 2 24.2 24.2 ) (0 24.2 240 0 24 .2 180 V 24.2 120 0 )

Vc Vc Vc

(0 2 24.2 24.2 ) (0 24.2 240 0 24 .2 180 V 24.2 120 0 )

Actual values

L-L-G Fault

Ef Z1 Ia1

a
Ia Va Va1

Supply Side
Ib Ic

b
Vb = 0

Z2

Ia2 Va2

c
Vc = 0 Z0

Ia0 Va0

Practical calculations for currents

Ia Ib Ic

1 1 1

1
2

1
2

- 2.6 mA 10 mA - 7.5 mA

fault current calculation,

I a = - 2.6 10 - 7.5 10 Ia 0.1 10 3 A

Ib Ib Ib

( 2.6 2 10 2.6 10 240 15 .637

7.5) 10 7.5 120 10 3 A

10

104 .254

Ic Ic Ic

( 2.6 10 2 7.5) 10 2.6 10 120 15 .637 104 .254 7.5 240 10

3

10

Actual currents Ia = 0.1 10 3 180 x 24242.424 A Ia = 2.424 180 A Ib = 15.637 A Ib = 379 .079
104.254 10 3 x 24242.424

104 .254 A

Ib = 15.637 104.254 10 3 x 24242.424 A Ib = 379 .079 104 .254 A

Fault voltages calculation,

Va Vb Vc

1 1 1

1
2

1
2

20.15 V 20.15 V 20.15 V

Va
Vb Vb Vb

3 20.15 60.45V
(20.15 2 20.15 20.15 ) (20.15 0V 20.15 240 0 20.15 120 0 )

Vc Vc Vc

(20.15 20.15 2 20.15 ) (20.15 20.15 1200 20.15 2400 ) 0V

Actual voltage Va = 60.45 x 2640 V Va = 159.588 kV Vb = Vc = 0

Theoretical Calculations Single line to earth fault (L-G fault) a Ia SupplySide Ib Ef Z1 Va b Vb c Ic Vc Since the fault impedance is 0, Va=0, Ib =0, Ic =0 1 1 1 Ia I a0 1 I a1 1 2 Ib 0 3 I a2 1 2 Ic 0
I a0 I a1 I a2 Ia 3

Ia1

Z2

Ia2

Z0

Ia0

Va1

Va2

Va0

I f ( pu)

Ia

Z1

3E f Z2 Z0

Since Z1 = 0.185 pu, Z2 = 0.169 pu, Z0 = 0.61 pu, Ef = 1 pu

I f (actual)
I base

I f (pu ) I base
40MVA 0.3030kA 132kV 3 1 0.3030kA (0.185 0.169 0.61)

VA base Vbase

I f (actual)

= 942.95A

I a0 I a1 I a2 I a0 If

1 1 1 3 1 I a1 Ia I a2 Z1

1 2

1
2

Ia Ib 0 0

Ic

Ia 3 3E f Z2 Z0

Since Z1 = 0.239 pu Z2 = 0.237 pu Z0 = 0.611 pu Ef = 1 pu Fault Current

I f (pu )

Z1

3E f Z2 Z0

I f (actual)

I f (pu ) I base VA base 40 MVA I base 0.3030 kA Vbase 132 kV 3 1 I f (actual) 0.3030kA (0.239 0.237 0.611)

Ia

I f (actual)

0.83625 kA 836.25 3

836.25A

I a0

I a1

I a2

278 .75 A

Va 0 Va1 Va 2

0 Ef 0

Z0 0 0

0 Z1 0

0 0 Z2

I a0 I a1 Ia2

Ia 3 Ia 3 Ia 3

Fault Voltages from the diagram

Z base Va0 Va0 Va1 Va2 Va2

(132kV) 2 435.6 40MVA Z 0 I a0 0.611 435.6 278.75 74.19 kV Ef Z1 I a1 132 10 3 0.239 435.6 278.75

Va1 102.98kV Z 2 I a2 28.78kV 0.237 435.6 278.75

Va Vb Vc

1 1 1

1
2

1
2

Va 0 Va1 Va 2

Va

Va0

Va1

Va2

0V

Vb Vb Vb Vb

Va0 2 Va1 Va2 74.19 2 102.98 28.78 74.19 102.98 2400 28.78 1200 159.393 - 134.2840 kV

Vc Vc Vc

Va0 Va1 2 Va2 74.19 102.98 2 28.78 74.19 102.98 1200 28.78 2400

Vc 159.393 134.2840 kV

Double line to earth fault (L-L-G fault)

Ef

Z1

Ia1 Va1

a
Ia Va

Supply Side

Ib Ic

Vb = 0

b c

Z2

Ia2 Va2

Vc = 0

Z0

Ia0 Va0

Z1 = 0.239 pu , Z2 = 0.237 pu, Z3 = 0.611 pu , Ef = 1 pu Fault current from the diagram

I a1 I a1

Ef Z1 Z 2 // Z 0 1 132 kV 0.237 // 0.61 1) 435 .6 Z 1 I a1 ) Z2 (1 132 10 3 0.239 435 .6 740 ) 0.237 435 .6 (E f Z 1 I a1 ) Z0 (1 132 10 3 0.239 435 .6 740 ) 0.611 435 .6 0.207 kA 0.533 kA 0.74 kA

(0.239 (E f

I a2 I a2

I a0

Ib Ib Ib Ib

I a0 207 207

2 I a1

I a2 533 A 533 120 0 A

2 740 740 240 0

1145 .341 - 105.73 0 A

Ic Ic Ic Ic

Ia0

Ia1 2 Ia2 740 2 533 A 740 120 0 533 240 0 A

207 207

1145 .341 105 .73 0 A

Va Va Va Va

3 Va1 3 (E f 164 .88 kV Z1 I a1 ) 0.239 435 .6 740 ) 3 (1 132 10 3

Line to line fault (L-L fault)

a
Ia Va

Ef Z1 Ia1 Z0 Ia0

Supply Side

b
Ib Ic Vb Z2

Va1 Ia2 Va2 Va0

c
Vc

I a1 I a2 I a0
Ia = 0

Ef Z1 I a1 0A Z2

1 132 kV (0.239 0.237 ) 435 .6 0.277 kA

0.277 kA

Ib Ib Ib Ib
Ic Ic Ic

I a0

2 I a1

I a2 277 1200 A

0 2 277 277 A 277 2400 479.778 - 90 0 A

Ib 479.778 - 90 0 kA 479.778 90 0 A

Va1 Va1 Va 0

Va 2 Va 2 0V

I a2

Z2

277 0.237 435 .6

28 .597 kV

Va Va Va Vb Vb Vb Vb Vc

Va0

Va1

Va2

0 28.597 28.597 57.194kV 2 Va1 Va2 28.597 1200 kV

Va0

0 2 28.597 28.597kV 28.597 2400 28.597 180 0 kV 28.597 180 0 kV

Results Current ( A) Practical Theoretical 276.364 836.25 0 0 0 0 0 2.424 180 379 .079 104 .254 1145.341 -105.730 379 .079 104 .254 1145.341 105.730 0 0 369 .503 90 479.778 - 900 369 .503 90 479.778 900 Voltage (kV) Practical theoretical 0 0 0 158.91 - 134.634 159.393 134.2840 158.91 134.6340 159.393 134.2840 159.59 0 0 127.776 63.888 180 63.888 180 164.88 0 0 57.194 28.597 1800 28.597 1800

Fault Line to ground Double line to ground

phase a b c a b c a b c phase a b c a b c a b c

Line to line

Fault Line to ground

Double line to ground

Line to line

Discussion
1. What are the assumptions made in your fault study and how valid are they? When we conduct this practical, we assumed the followings to be true. All the electrical generators in the system are in the same phase with each other and they are operating at their nominal voltage (i.e. They are in balances condition) Resistances and inductances of the different lines are not change with the time due to heat generate in the system Reactance will play the dominant part when compared to the resistance in the lines. So we can neglect the resistance Sources represented by the Thevenins voltage prior to fault at the fault point When the fault happens, Load currents are very small compared to the fault current. Therefore we can consider load currents to be zero Line charging currents can be assumed to be negligible because the fault current is very large Power system is behaves like a linear system Harmonics are not present in the system

The above assumption we made during the practical in order to simplify the process. Some of them are fairly true but some of are not. Assumptions like generators and loads are balanced in the system are not very reasonable because generator capacities are vary with the time. And also when fault happen some loads like large motors they supply the power to the system instead of getting power from the system. Also when we compared the distance between two bas bars, (e.g. Anuradhapura to Kolonnawa), it is very large. So it is unfair to neglect the resistance and leakage current due to the capacitance in the grid system. Furthermore there will be harmonics in the system and the system is most likely behaved like a non linear system. So using of the thermos such as superposition will be not very correct (when separate in three symmetrical components). On the other hand assumptions made such as load current can be neglected considering fault current etc will befaire assumptions because the fault current may be thousands times of normal current.

2. Reasons for deviation of practical results and theoretical results When we compared the practical results and theoretical results, there are some different between two. The main reason for this deviation is the validity of our previous assumptions. Due to the reasons given above those assumptions may not 100 percent accurate and the following reasons may cause the deviation besides of assumptions we have made. We use DC current to represent the system. But actual system carries an A/C current. It will not be a problem to the short distance lines but surely be a problem when we going to represent large distance power cables carrying high currents. ( for e.g Anuradhapura to Kolonnawa) The resistances of wires that we connected to the D/C analyser are not taken in to accounts. There are lot of wires and because of that it most probably introduces considerable error in to the calculations. Also there be a reading errors, errors due to changing of the resistances of the D/C analysers set values, resistances of the instruments etc.

3. Practical problems encountered during the experiment and steps taken to solve them When we conduct the practical we have to experience lot of difficulties mainly in preparing the D/C analyser. In this experiment there are lot of simultaneous works is to be done in short time There are lot of wires to be connect to the D/C analyser and those are complex The resistance set in D/C analyser is not correct

Steps taken to overcome the problems In order to do the different works we divide the works among the members and do those in the same time (for e.g. Draw the symmetric components, calculate resistances, check the continuously of the wires etc.) In order to connect the wires correctly we use numbering system in different bus bars. To ensure the correctness in the resistance values we set in the D/C analyser we had to checked those using the multi -meter. Check the wires using multi meter to ensure there is proper connectivity When we need to bus bars which has more than four connectivity, we had to connect two bas bars