Dicult Integral

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March 2, 2010

Introduction

First, calculate below.

1 dx 1 + (cos x)x

(1)

Can you nd the answer? Maybe its dicult. Lets make Maxima calculate it1 . Type integrate(1/(1+(cos(x))^x),x,-%pi/2,%pi/2) and Shift+Enter...he couldnt tell the answer. Then, lets use numerical integration. romberg(1/(1+(cos(x))^x),x,-%pi/2,%pi/2) and push Shift+Enter to get 1.570796326794897. Most likely its a half of . But why a half of I drew a graph of the function above. With any tool, you too draw a graph. Maybe youll nd this function point symmetrical. The point is (0, 0.5). Now, lets prove its symmetricity. Subtract 0.5 from the function to get h(x) := = So h(x) = 1 (cos (x))x 2 + 2(cos (x))x 1 (cos x)x = 2 + 2(cos x)x (cos x)x 1 = 2(cos x)x + 2 = h(x). 1 1 1 + (cos x)x 2 1 (cos x)x . 2 + 2(cos x)x

(2)

(3)

h(x) is an odd function. So, the function we want to integrate is point symmetrical.

http://wxmaxima.sourceforge.net/;I used wxMaxima 0.8.4.

Using h(x), we can get the answer to the rst question. ] [ 2 2 1 1 dx = h(x) + dx x 2 1 + (cos x) 2 2 2 1 2 = h(x)dx + dx 2
2 2

1 = 0+ 2 2 2 = 2

(4)

See, we get the same answer as Maximas opinion. Why could we calculate the integral that looks very dicult? Maybe youve noticed. Yes, we used the properties of odd and even functions below. a a [f (x) + g(x)] dx = 2 f (x)dx (f (x) : even function, g(x) : odd function) (5)
a 0

In this paper, a is a positive constant. This property is obvious. But I couldnt be satised. It was so surprising that the rst integration could be calculated. I wanted to get a productive formula which can produce many integrals dicult to calculate at a glance. Why looks dicult ? I thought (cos x)x makes us feel so. So I made a general integral formula containing a function to the power of a function. a a f1 (x) dx = f1 (x)dx (6) g(x) 0 a 1 f2 (x) where f1 (x) and f2 (x) are even functions, g(x) is an odd function. The function we use should be well-dined at all points in [a, a]. On the left side, we see f2 (x) and g(x), but on the right side, we cant nd them. You can let any function into f1 (x), f2 (x) and g(x) under just one restriction, odd or even. I think this formula mysterious at rst. Ill prove it in next section.

Proof of formula(6)

Remember f1 (x) and f2 (x) are even functions, g(x) is an odd function. Ill divide the interval and use integration by substitution. Consider double signs in same order. a 0 a f1 (x) f1 (x) f1 (x) dx = dx + dx g(x) g(x) g(x) a 1 f2 (x) a 1 f2 (x) 0 1 f2 (x) 0 a f1 (t) f1 (x) = (dt) + dx g(t) g(x) a 1 f2 (t) 0 1 f2 (x) a a f1 (t) f1 (x) = dt + dx g(t) g(x) 0 1 f2 (t) 0 1 f2 (x) [ ] a f1 (t) f2 (t)g(t) a f1 (x) = dt + dx g(t) g(x) f2 (t) +1 0 0 1 f2 (x) a = f1 (x)dx (7)
0

dx = 1 f2 (x)g(x) 2

f1 (x)

f1 (x)dx

(8)

Think in your mind a sheet of paper which has a picure of no sense on, but you fold it in two to nd a image of something with the two pictures on the both sides. (Its harder to explain in a foreign language what is dicult even in my mother tongue...You get what Im trying to mean using a sheet of paper?) Now that the formula is proved, so you can let any functions. Try x as g(x) to make integral looks dicult to calculate. See, its very dicult to integrate a function to the power of x, even if the simplest case, xx . Be careful you cant get the answer in a number if you dont substitute for f1 (x) a function which you know primitive of (or can be integrated in the interval).

Examples

In this section, I show some examples. What I proved is the case the function is well-dened, but some of examples below are improper integral. You have to consider whether there is the limit or not.
a

x2 dx = 1 ex

x2 dx =

a3 3

(9)

Choosing e as f2 (x) and x as g(x), f2 (x)g(x) is just an exponential function. Where the sign of denominator is , it is 0 at x = 0. However, the function to be integrated gets to 0 where x 0 because x2 is stronger than the denominator. Notice that the function is not point symmetrical due to the numerator x2 .
1

x2 dx = 1 + (1 x2 )x

x2 dx =

1 3

(10)

Improper integral where x 1.

5

x4 dx = 1 + (x2 )(x3 )

x4 dx = 625
3)

(11)
3

I used 1 to 5. Its just a playing. But be careful (x2 )(x

1

= |x|(2x ) =x(2x ) .

1 dx = 1 + |x|x

dx = 1

(12)

Absolute value function is an even function. I think this formula very simple, just using x, 1. Graph of the function is point symmetrical because f1 (x) = 1. 00 is not dened, so its an improper integration.
1

|x| dx = 1 + |x|x

|x|dx =

1 2

(13)

The answer is a half of the answer above. Its not point symmetrical.

( ) 1 ( ) log x2 + 1 dx = log x2 + 1 dx = + log 2 2 (14) 2 + 1)x 2 1 1 + (x 0 ( ) The function is not point symmetrical. You can express the primitive of log x2 + 1 using the inverse function of tangent.
1

sin x dx = 1 + (sin x)cos x

cos xdx = 1

(15)

Its a curve ball! You shift the interval to get the same form as the formula(6) 2 . You too try various functions. Ensure the answer is true using graphing soft. I recommend GRAPES3 because it allows us to know the answer of numerical integration very easily.

Expansion1

From this section, Ill introduce three expansions. But nothing is changing essentially, just making formula look more dicult. We substitute an odd function g2 (x) g1 (x) for g(x) of formula(6) to get a a f1 (x)f2 (x)g1 (x) dx = f1 (x)dx g1 (x) f2 (x)g2 (x) a f2 (x) 0 (f1 (x), f2 (x) : even function, g1 (x), g2 (x) : odd function) . (16) (Example)
2

(cos x)sin x (cos x)

sin x

dx = tan x
0

+ (cos x)

dx =

(17)

It looks very complicated, but youll notice it point symmetrical if you plot it. The graph is similar to the rst question.

Expansion2
f3 (x) f2 (x)

We substitute an even function

a

for f2 (x) of formula(6) to get

a

dx = f1 (x)dx g(x) f3 (x)g(x) a f2 (x) 0 (f1 (x), f2 (x), f3 (x) : even function, g(x) : odd function) . (Example)
2

f1 (x)f2 (x)g(x)

(18)

| cos x|x+1 dx = | cos x|x + | sin x|x

| cos x|dx = 1

(19)

Why | cos x| instead of cos x? I did so to make the function well-dened at any points in R. I think the graph is interesting because it looks like semicircles where 0 < x and the shape of M where x < 0 (although I dont think it proper expression).
First I let some function to the formula(6) and shifted the interval, thats how I actually made. On the questions maker side, I dont want you to notice dividing the interval. So I want to shift the center of the interval from 0. Its easy to shift if you choose periodic functions like sine or cosine. 3 http://www.criced.tsukuba.ac.jp/grapes/
2

Expansion3
g3 (x) g2 (x)

We substitute an even function

a a

for f2 (x) of formula(6) to get

0 a

f1 (x) ( )g1 (x) dx =

g3 (x) g2 (x)

f1 (x)dx (20)

(f1 (x) : even function, g1 (x), g2 (x), g3 (x) : odd function) . Do not multiply numerator and denominator by g2 (x)g1 (x) 4 . (Example) x sin x ( sin x )x dx = x sin xdx = 1 + 0 x

(21)

Two odd functions gives even function. This formula consists of only two funciton;x and sin x but of course we cant calculate the primitive.

Comments

How was it? The eld of integrals is very vast and I have lots of thing to learn. Maybe I should prove formula in the case of improper integral, but I didnt write it in order to make this paper easy to read for high school students (and because Im poor at strict proof). Id grad if you nd it interesting that you can calculate the integrals, with a simple tool integration by substitution, of functions which look very complicated and you cant calculate primitive of. In the end, try a mean quiz below. (Question) Calculate the integral. exp (sin x + cos x) cos (sin x) dx (22) exp (sin x) + exp x Do your best!

4 g3 (x) g2 (x)

cannot be dened at x = 0 so its an improper integral. I prove nothing about improper integrals.