Thomas Coskeran: Waste mapping 4.4.

2006

Waste mapping and

waste minimisation

Waste minimization and resources use optimization, University of Oulu, 3-7 April 2006

Overview

• Nature of waste mapping

• Reasons for waste mapping
• Methodology of waste mapping
– Envirowise guide ET219: Waste
Mapping
• Examples
• Exercise

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What is waste mapping?

• A recognised way to identify where
waste is occurring
• Often the first step towards tackling
waste problems
• Helps to build up picture of where actual
resource use is taking place
• Can identify the savings in wastes
arising that can be made

Waste minimization and resources use optimization, University of Oulu, 3-7 April 2006

What is waste mapping?

• Not just mapping the production process
– Should go right across all activities in the
organisation
• Used in more than just industrial and
commercial organisations
• Being applied in the public sector in the UK:
National Health Service and Higher
Education

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Waste mapping in UK
Higher Education

Waste minimization and resources use optimization, University of Oulu, 3-7 April 2006

Waste Mapping and Waste

Minimisation
• Will start the waste minimisation effort of the
business
– Part of the assessment phase
• Mapping is key to finding opportunities to
prevent or cut waste arising
• Will also highlight where re-use, recycling and
recovery can be conducted within the
organisation
• Focus on waste creation points
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Steps In Waste Minimisation

COMMITMENT

ASSESSMENT
PHASE
RANKING OF
FEEDBACK OPTIONS

REVIEW AND FEASIBILITY

AUDIT ASSESSMENT

IMPLEMENTATION
AND MANAGEMENT

Waste minimization and resources use optimization, University of Oulu, 3-7 April 2006

Why use waste mapping?

• Simple process that easily understood
by non-specialists
• Can be implemented in an organisation
without high levels of technical
competence in waste management
• Easy to apply in the first instance

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Why use waste mapping?

• Gives clear overview of where waste is
being generated
• Can reveal waste disposal being
handled by different contracts
– Scope for cost savings
• Can work out why waste is occurring
• Assists in calculating costs of waste to
the organisation

Waste minimization and resources use optimization, University of Oulu, 3-7 April 2006

Direct economic benefits of

mapping waste
• Reduces overheads and increase
competitiveness and profitability
– All companies produce waste, even the
efficient ones
– Companies of all sizes underestimate the
costs of waste
• Improves environmental performance and
so enhance image with customers
– increased sales
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Direct economic benefits of

mapping waste
• Helps organisation to comply with legislation
and avoid potential lawsuits
• Reduces insurance premiums
• Improves workplace environment and worker
productivity
• Reduces UK Landfill Tax liability (currently
£21 per tonne for active waste; £2 per tonne
for inert waste)
– But set to rise to £35 per tonne for active waste

Waste minimization and resources use optimization, University of Oulu, 3-7 April 2006

Waste mapping in the

organisation
Purchase

Process

Package

Store

Use

Disposal
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Waste mapping in the

organisation: potential problems
Purchase

Process

Package

Store

Use

Disposal
Waste minimization and resources use optimization, University of Oulu, 3-7 April 2006

Identifiable Waste Sources

• Raw materials and other consumables
• Packaging
• Solid: off-cuts and defective products
• Water/other liquids
• Gaseous including VOCs (volatile organic
compounds) and combustion emissions
• Materials covered by Special Waste
Regulations
• Solvents
• Energy
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How to map waste

• Vital to get senior management commitment
• Set up company team to tackle the project
• Appoint project “champion” and publicise
• Draw up map of company site
– Can be simple or complex depending on scale of
problems faced
– Complexity can increase with each iteration of the
map
• Combine with symbols to identify waste
points
Waste minimization and resources use optimization, University of Oulu, 3-7 April 2006

Symbols for Waste Map

Source: ET219
Waste Mapping

• Not an exhaustive list nor is it compulsory

• Can be modified to reflect situation within the
organisation
• Note Labour as source of potential waste
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How to map waste

• Begin with walk around site to identify
sources of waste
• ET219 Guide provides examples of
types of waste to consider
• Focus at outset should be on potentially
important sources of waste

Waste minimization and resources use optimization, University of Oulu, 3-7 April 2006

How to map waste

• Look for wastes produced at each stage of
production
– from delivery to despatch
• Talk to employees involved in the production
process
• Use representatives from other departments
within the organisation when considering
waste sources
– they may see things differently

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Investigating inputs and

outputs
• Need to know all inputs, outputs and
associated levels of waste for different
operations within the organisation
– NB again: not just production processes
• Consider areas where raw materials
and finished products are stored
• Also examine storage areas for waste
generated during production process

Waste minimization and resources use optimization, University of Oulu, 3-7 April 2006

Waste Mapping Activities

Inputs Processes Outputs
• Materials • Production • Packaging
• Energy • Storage and • Special
• Water materials wastes
• Packaging handling • Effluent
• Product design • Emissions
• Transport and • Spills/leaks
distribution • Energy
• Office-based
activities
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Stage 1 - Site Level

LABOUR DEGREASER

CHEMICALS OILS ENERGY PLATING SOLUTION

CAST
CASTIRON
IRON PISTON RING PISTON
PISTON
POT
POT COMPANY RINGS
RINGS

PACKAGING HEAT DUST SCRAP SWARF

REJECT EFFLUENT

Waste minimization and resources use optimization, University of Oulu, 3-7 April 2006

Stage 2 – Detailed Level

CAST
CASTIRON
IRONRINGS
RINGS
INPUTS OUTPUTS
GOODS INWARDS
WASTE OIL
LABOUR WATER/OIL MIX
COOLANTS COOLANT
ENERGY CUTTING PROCESS
SWARF
OILS SCRAP
TOOLING REJECTS
HEAT TREATMENT

GRINDING & TURNING WATER

GASES
SOLVENTS
DUST
DRY BLASTING
REJECT RINGS
LABOUR
COATING ANODES
TOOLING
SCRAP
CHEMICALS
FILTER CAKE

INSPECTION & PACKAGING

DISPATCH

PACKAGED RINGS
PACKAGED RINGS
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Example Waste Map

Source:
Envirowise ET219

Waste minimization and resources use optimization, University of Oulu, 3-7 April 2006

Calculating cost of waste

• Once map drawn with types of waste
indicated, can identify costs of wastes
on map for each waste point
• Necessary to convert to a common unit
• Aim to measure first the total mass input
to the production process
• Then assess mass output of product
and known wastes

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Calculating cost of waste

• Apply relevant weights to conversion
factors
– 40 kg per cubic metre is industry standard
in the UK for waste produced
• Try to account for all losses from each
process
• Does not have to be highly accurate
• Can refine estimates over time

Waste minimization and resources use optimization, University of Oulu, 3-7 April 2006

Sources of information
• Site and process maps
• Company records and reports
• Meter readings and energy bills
• Water readings and water energy bills
• Waste disposal contractor bills
• Permits drawing up inventories of
inputs, processes and outputs

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Recording Information
• Raw materials - tonnes/year
• Water use and effluent – m3/year
• Gas and electricity – kWh/year
• Fuel use – litres/year
• Solid waste – tonnes/year
• Solvent use and emissions –
tonnes/year
• Rejects – number/year, percentage
Waste minimization and resources use optimization, University of Oulu, 3-7 April 2006

Identifying Processes

Source: Envirowise publication GG280: Reducing water and waste costs in fruit and
vegetable processing

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Identifying Inputs

Source: Envirowise publication GG280: Reducing water and waste costs in fruit and
vegetable processing

Waste minimization and resources use optimization, University of Oulu, 3-7 April 2006

Identifying Outputs

Source: Envirowise publication GG280: Reducing water and waste costs in fruit and
vegetable processing
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Inventories of Inputs and

Outputs: examples

Waste minimization and resources use optimization, University of Oulu, 3-7 April 2006

Waste minimisation
• Once map defined with costings can
focus on how to minimise waste
• Envirowise has large number of
suggestions and publications
– industry-based
– case studies
– particular types of waste

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Reducing Solid Waste

Waste minimization and resources use optimization, University of Oulu, 3-7 April 2006

Envirowise guides

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Prioritising Strategy
• Draw up plan to tackle obvious sources of
waste
• Address easiest and lowest cost actions first
• Set waste and energy reduction targets for
tackling waste
• Costings obtained in waste mapping will be
important in determining which areas to
address
• Identify monitoring requirements

Waste minimization and resources use optimization, University of Oulu, 3-7 April 2006

Prioritising Strategy
• As problems are dealt with other waste
sources will become apparent
• Review progress against targets and
publicise results
• As problems are dealt with other waste
sources will become apparent
• After initial map drawn, produce detailed site
map to help indicate problem areas more
clearly

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Conclusion: a continuous
process
• As waste is tackled and reduced, the waste
map (like all maps) will change
• Regular review of the map will be needed to
keep it relevant to the organisation
• Changes to the map will record achievements
in cutting waste and prioritise areas for further
action
• The map should not become a theoretical
exercise but should help to direct waste
strategy within the organisation

Waste minimization and resources use optimization, University of Oulu, 3-7 April 2006

Sources of Assistance
• Envirowise web-site
http://www.envirowise.gov.uk
• Envirowise publications
• Good Practice Guide (GG174) Profiting from
Practical Waste Minimisation: Running a workshop
to maintain the momentum
• Good Practice Guide (GG38C) Cutting Costs by
Reducing Waste: A self-help guide for growing
businesses
• Case Study (GC16) Sites Set on Cost Savings

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Sources of Assistance
• Case Study (GC20) Environmental Review
Helps Raise Profits
• Case Study (GC22) Simple Measures
Restrict Water Costs
• Finding Hidden Profit: 200 Tips for Reducing
Waste (ET30)

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