One or more per cell Spherical shape Denser than surrounding cytoplasm

Chromosomes
- Usually in the form of chromatin - Contains genetic information - Composed of DNA - Thicken for cellular division - Set number per species (i.e. 23 pairs for human)

Nuclear membrane
- Surrounds nucleus - Composed of two layers - Numerous openings for nuclear traffic

Nucleolus
- Spherical shape
- Visible when cell is not dividing - Contains RNA for protein manufacture

Cell wall
- Most commonly found in plant cells - Controls turgity - Extracellular structure surrounding plasma membrane - Primary cell wall: extremely elastic - Secondary cell wall: forms around primary cell wall after growth is complete

Plasma membrane
- Outer membrane of cell that controls cellular traffic - Contains proteins (left, gray) that span through the membrane and allow passage of materials - Proteins are surrounded by a phospholipid bi-layer.

Golgi apparatus
- Protein 'packaging plant' - A membrane structure found near nucleus - Composed of numerous layers forming a sac

Collective term for cytosol and organelles contained within Colloidal suspension Cytosol mainly composed of water with free-floating molecules Viscosity constantly changes

Lysosome
- Digestive 'plant' for proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates - Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal - Vary in shape depending on process being carried out - Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes

Centrioles
- Paired cylindrical organelles near nucleus - Composed of nine tubes, each with three tubules - Involved in cellular division - Lie at right angles to each other

Mitochondria
- Second largest organelle with unique genetic structure - Double-layered outer membrane with inner folds called cristae - Energy-producing chemical reactions take place on cristae - Controls level of water and other materials in cell - Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates, and forms urea

Chloroplasts
- A plastid usually found in plant cells - Contain green chlorophyll where photosynthesis takes place

Cytoskeleton
- Composed of microtubules - Supports cell and provides shape - Aids movement of materials in and out of cells

Ribosomes
- Each cell contains thousands - Miniature 'protein factories' - Composes 25% of cell's mass - Stationary type: embedded in rough endoplasmic reticulum - Mobile type: injects proteins directly into cytoplasm

Endoplasmic reticulum
- Tubular network fused to nuclear membrane - Goes through cytoplasm onto cell membrane - Stores, separates, and serves as cell's transport system - Smooth type: lacks ribosomes - Rough type (pictured): ribosomes embedded in surface

Vacuoles
- Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal - Contains water solution - Contractile vacuoles for water removal

Kinds of cells
There are two basic kinds of cells: prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotes, bacteria and archaea, are simple cells with no organelles, but with bacterial microcompartmentsinstead. Eukaryotes are complex cells with many organelles and other structures in the cell. Eukaryotes store their genetic information (DNA) in the cell nucleus. In a prokaryotic cell the DNA is not separated from the rest of the cell. In general, all living things (organisms) that are made up of multiple cells are eukaryotes. Kinds of prokaryotic organisms The only kinds of prokaryotic organisms that survived to the present are bacteria and archaea. [3] Prokaryotic organisms evolved before eukaryotic organisms, so at one point the world consisted of nothing but prokaryotic organisms. Kinds of eukaryotic organisms Unicellular Unicellular organisms are made up of one cell. Examples of unicellular organisms are:

Amoeba Paramecium

Unicellular organisms live without other cells to help them. Many of these organisms need to:

eat move respire (use oxygen to make sugar into energy) sense its environment

All organisms must:

get rid of waste reproduce (make more of itself) grow

Some may:

get their energy from the sun (e.g., cyanobacteria) ferment (e.g., yeasts) use anaerobic respiration (e.g. C. botulinum)

]Multicellular Multicellular organisms are made from many cells. They are complex organisms. This can be a small number of cells, or millions of cells. All plants and animals are multicellular organisms. The cells of a multicellular organism are not all the same. They have different shapes and sizes, and do different work in the organism. The cells are specialized. This means they do only some kinds of work. By themselves, they cannot do everything that the organism needs to live. They need other cells to do other work. They live together, but cannot live alone

The early discoveries of Cells

1. Robert Hooke (1635 1703) an Englishman, he coined the term cell when he examined a thin sliced of cork under the microscope. He observed the tiny compartment which resembles little room with surrounding walls. Cells was first observed by Robert Hooke in the year 1665. He examined a thin of slice of cork under the microscope. As Hooke examined the cork, he noticed that it was composed of many tiny compartments as it resembled little rooms with surrounding walls. He named the compartment as cells. 2. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1632 1723) discovered bacteria and other microscopic organisms in rainwater and studied the structure of plant and animal cells. In the year 1674, a Dutch inventor, Anton van Leeuwenhoek was able to observed red blood cells, sperms, and myriad of single-celled organisms in pond water. He also discovered free cells and observe the nucleus within some of the red blood cells 3. Francesco Redi (1627 1997) and Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729 1799) Italian physician and biologist, disproved the Theory of Spontaneous Generation. 4. Robert Brown (1773 1858) a Scottish botanist, discovered the presence of nuclei within cells in 1831. In 1831, a Scottish botanist/scientist Robert Brown made a general conclusion. He was able to discover nucleus and he theorized that the nucleus that he discovered is the fundamental and constant component of a cell. 5. Felix Dujardin, a Frenchman, noted that all living things contain a thick jelly fluid which he called sarcode at that time. A French biologist Felix Dujardin made a contribution in 1835 when he found out that the living cells contain an internal substance. He did not exactly know what this substance was. he named this as sarcode. 6. Matthias Schleiden (1804 1881) and Theodor Schwann (1810 1882) a German botanist and zoologist, introduced the concept that all plants and animals are made up of cells. 7. Johannes Purkinje (1787 1869) a Czechoslovakian, coined the term protoplasm to refer to the living matter of the cell. Finally, Jan Evangelista Purkinje made a thorough investigation with this substance (sarcode) and he gave it the name protoplasm, the name called for the colloidal substance in the cell. 8. Rudolf Virchow (1821 1902) a German physician, found that cells divide to form new cells. He concluded that omnis cellula e cellula or cells come from pre-existing cells. 9. Luis Pasteur (1822 1895) a French chemist, supplied the proof for Virchows Theory of Biogenesis.