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HSDPA Background & Basics Principles: Adaptive Modulation, Coding, HARQ Channels/ UTRAN Architecture Principles: Fast scheduling, Mobility Performance Results
GSM/GPRS
UMTS Rel. 99
As the UMTS networks are rolled out, the demand for high bandwidth b d d h services is expected to grow rapidly. d dl By 2010, 66% of the revenues will come from data services (source: UMTS forum). Release 99/4 systems alone will not be capable to meet these demands. (Realistic outdoor data rates will be limited to 384kbps). 384kbps) A more spectral efficient way of using DL resources is required. Competition with CDMA 2000 1x EV-DO/DV p /
UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2009 2
HSDPA Background
Initial goals Establish a more spectral efficient way of using DL resources providing data rates beyond 2 Mbit/s, (up to a maximum theoretical limit of 14.4 Mbps) Optimize interactive & background packet data traffic, support streaming service Design for low mobility environment, but not restricted Techniques compatible with advanced multi-antenna and receivers Standardization started in June 2000 Broad forum of companies Major f t M j feature of R l f Release 5 Enhancements in R7 HSPA+ Advanced transmission to increase data throughput Signaling enhancements to save resources
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HSDPA Basics
Evolution from R99/ R4 5MHz BW Same spreading by OVSF and scrambling codes Turbo coding New concepts in R5 Adaptive modulation (QPSK vs. 16QAM), coding and multicodes (fixed SF = 16) Fast scheduling in NodeB (TTI = 2ms) Hybrid ARQ Enhancements in R7 HSPA+ Signaling enhancements 64QAM MIMO techniques, increase of the bandwidth
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Key Principles
Adaptive Modulation and Coding (Mother Turbo code rate = 1/3) For wireless data, link adaptation through Rate Control is more effective then Power Control. Users in favorable channel conditions (based on Channel Quality indication) are assigned higher code rates and higher order modulation(16QAM). This means higher data rates = Reduced latency
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Hybrid ARQ No. In fast fading conditions, AMC alone is not enough.
H-ARQ t H ARQ automatically adapts to instantaneous channel conditions by: ti ll d t t i t t h l diti b fast retransmissions at physical layer adding redundancy only when needed
The retransmitted packets are combined with original packet to improve the decoding probability.
Simple form of Hybrid ARQ shows g g p significant gains over link adaptation alone. Different schemes can be used for retransmission of original data packet. Chase combining Incremental Redundancy
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HS-DSCH Principle I
Channelization codes at a fixed spreading factor of SF = 16 Up to 15 codes in parallel
SF=2 SF=4 SF=8 C16 15 16,15 SF=16 Physical channels (codes) to which HS-DSCH is mapped C16 0 16,0 CPICH, etc.
OVSF channelization code tree allocated by CRNC HSDPA codes autonomously managed by NodeB MAC-hs scheduler Example: 12 consecutive codes reserved for HS DSCH starting at C16 4 HS-DSCH, C16,4 Additionally, HS-SCCH codes with SF = 128 (number equal to simult. UE)
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HS-DSCH Principle II
Resource sharing in code as well as time domain: R h i i d ll ti d i Multi-code transmission, UE is assigned to multiple codes in the same TTI Multiple UEs may be assigned channelization codes in the same TTI
Code
Example: 5 codes are reserved for HSDPA, 1 or 2 UEs are active within one TTI
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Cell C ll 2 UE
Rel-5 HS-DSCH
DL PS service S (Rel-6: DL DCCH)
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HSDPA Channels
HS-PDSCH HS PDSCH
Carries the data traffic Fixed SF = 16; up to 15 parallel channels QPSK: 480 kbps/code, 16QAM: 960 kbps/code
HS-SCCH
Signals the configuration to be used next: HS-PDSCH codes, modulation format, TB information Fixed SF = 128 Sent two slots (~1.3msec) in advance of HS-PDSCH
HS-DPCCH
Feedbacks ACK/NACK and channel quality information (CQI) Fixed SF = 256, code multiplexed to UL DPCCH Feedback F db k sent ~5msec after received data 5 f i dd
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Tslot (2560 chips) Downlink DPCH 3 Tslot (2 msec) HS-SCCH ch. code & mod TB size & HARQ Info HS-DSCH HS DSCH TTI = 3 Tslot (2 msec) ) HS-PDSCH HS-DSCH-control = 2 Tslot DATA
NodeB Tx view Fixed ti Fi d time offset b t ff t between th HS SCCH i f the HS-SCCH information and the start of th ti d th t t f the corresponding HS-DSCH TTI: HS-DSCH-control (2 Tslot= 1.33msec) HS-DSCH and associated DL DPCH not time-aligned
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Tslot (0 67 ms) (0.67 Uplink DPCCH 3 Tslot (2ms) HS-PDSCH DATA UEP = 7.5 Tslot (5ms) HS-DPCCH CQI A/N CQI A/N m 256 chips CQI A/N CQI 0-255 chips
A/N
UE Rx view Alignment to m 256 to preserve orthogonality to UL DPCCH HS-PDSCH and associated UL DPCH not time-aligned ( (but quasi synch) q y )
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HSDPA Architecture
Evolution from R99/R4 HSDPA functionality is intended for transport of dedicated logical channels Takes into account the impact on R.99 networks
SRNC
RRC RLC
PDCP
Logical Channels
DCCH DTCH
BCCH
MAC-d
DCH
w/o MAC-c/sh o
HSDPA in R5 Additions in RRC to handle HSDPA RLC nearly unchanged (UM & AM) Modified MAC d with link to MAC-d MAC-hs entity New MAC-hs entity located in the Node B
CRNC
Upper phy
MAC-c/sh
NodeB
MAC-hs
Transport Channels
HS-DSCH DSCH FACH
MAC-b
BCH
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MAC-hs in NodeB
UE #N
Priority Queue
Priority Queue
Priority Queue
MAC Control
Scheduling
MAC-hs Functions Priority handling Flow Control To RNC To UE Scheduling Select which user/queue to transmit Assign TFRC & Tx power HARQ handling Service measurements e.g. HSDPA provided bitrate
HS-DSCH
MAC-hs in UE
To MAC-d MAC-hs
Disassembly Reordering Disassembly Reordering
MAC-hs Functions
MAC Control
HARQ handling ACK/ NACK generation Reordering buffer handling Associated to priority queues Flow control per reordering buffer Memory can be shared with AM RLC
HARQ
HS-DSCH
Disassembly unit
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Higher Layer
Reassembly
RLC SDU
RLC SDU
RLC header
L2 RLC (non-transparent)
RLC
MAC-d SDU
header
MAC-d header
Transport Block (MAC-hs PDU)
MAC-d
header
MAC-d PDU
MAC-hs header
MAC-hs SDU
CRC
L1
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Chase Combining
The same bits are retransmitted when decoding errors occured Gain due to maximum ratio combining
HARQ Processes
ACK/NACK HS-DPCCH
HARQ is a simple stop-and-wait ARQ stop and wait Example RTTmin = 5 TTI Synchronous retransmissions (MAC hs decides on transmission) (MAC-hs UE support up to 8 HARQ processes (configured by NodeB) Min. number: to support continuous reception Max. number: limit of HARQ soft buffer Number of HARQ processes configured specifically for each UE category
UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2009 20
HSDPA UE Categories
The specification allows some freedom to the UE vendors 12 different UE categories for HSDPA with different capabilities g p (Rel.5) The Th UE capabilities differ in biliti diff i Max. transport block size (data rate) Max. Max number of codes per HS-DSCH HS DSCH Modulation alphabet (QPSK only) Inter TTI distance (no decoding of HS-DSCH in each TTI) Soft buffer size The MAC hs scheduler needs to take these restrictions into account MAC-hs
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Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4 Category 5 Category 6 Category 7 Category 8 g y Category 9 Category 10 Category 11* Category 12*
3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1
7298 7298 7298 7298 7298 7298 14411 14411 20251 27952 3630 3630
cf. TS 25.306
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Signalled to the Node B in UL each 2ms on HS-DPCCH Integer number from 0 to 30 corresponds to a Transport Format Resource Combination (TFRC) given by Modulation Number of channelisation codes Transport block size For the given conditions the BLER for this TFRC shall not exceed 10% Mapping defined in TS 25.214 for each UE category 25 214
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CQI value 0 1
NIR
XRV
28800
6 7 15 16 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
461 650
1 2
QPSK QPSK
0 0
3319 3565
5 5
QPSK 16-QAM
0 0
7 8 10 12 15 15 15 15
16-QAM 16 QAM 16-QAM 16-QAM 16 QAM 16-QAM 16-QAM 16-QAM 16-QAM 16-QAM
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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2 TTI @1.2M
2 TTI @76k
7 TTI @614k
1 TTI @1.2M
C/I C/I
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Scheduler Inputs
QoS & Subscriber Profile User 1: Best effort, silver class User 2: High priority, platinum class
Scheduler
UE capability
Buffer Status
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Scheduler Outputs
Selected User
# of OVSF codes
So that
QoS/GoS constraints are satisfied and Network throughput is maximized, while
- Offers fair time allocation - One of the simplest solutions Disadvantage: - Low cell and user throughput
Best Effort scheduler: prefer the users with good channel conditions
Advantage:
- Highest system throughput and easy to implement Disadvantage: - Starvation to users with low C/I
Proportional Fairness: equalise the channel rate / throughput ratio P ti lF i li th h l t th h t ti
Advantage:
Advantage: - Higher throughput than Round Robin Disadvantage: - Does not use QoS information
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Comparison of Schedulers
2000
60%
1500
40%
1000
20%
500
Simple Round Robin doesnt care about actual channel rate Proportional Fair offers higher cell throughput QoS aware algorithm offers significantly higher user perceived throughput than PF with similar cell throughput
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Mobility Procedures I
HS-DSCH for a given UE belongs to only one of the radio links assigned to the UE (serving HS-DSCH cell) The UE uses soft handover for the uplink, the downlink DCCH and any simultaneous CS voice or data Using existing triggers and procedures for the active set update (events 1A, 1B, 1C) Hard handover for the HS-DSCH, i.e. Change of Serving HS-DSCH C ll within active set Ch f S i HS DSCH Cell i hi i Using RRC procedures, which are triggered by event 1D
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Mobility Procedures II
CRNC
CRNC
s
Serving HS-DSCH radio link
t
Serving S i HS-DSCH radio link
Inter-Node B serving HS-DSCH cell change Note: MAC hs needs to be transferred to new NodeB ! MAC-hs
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CPICH 2
CPICH3
Time to trigger
Reporting event 1D
Time
Event 1D: change of best cell within the active set Hysteresis and time to trigger to avoid ping-pong (HS-DSCH: 12 dB, 0.5 sec)
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Handover Procedure
UE
SRNC = DRNC Serving HS-DSCH cell change decision i.e. i e event 1D If new NodeB
RL Reconfiguration Prepare RL Reconfiguration Ready ALCAP Iub HS-DSCH Data Transport Bearer Setup RL Reconfiguration Prepare RL Reconfiguration Ready RL Reconfiguration Commit
RL Reconfiguration Commit
DATA
ALCAP Iub HS-DSCH Data Transport Bearer Release
C16 15 16,15
SF=16 Codes reserved for HS-PDSCH/ HS-SCCH b) Transmit Power Border adjusted by CRNC
C16 0 16,0
Codes available for DCH/ common channels
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Load Impact
2500 Mean User Throughput Aggregated Cell Throughput
2000
36 cells network UMTS composite channel model it h l d l FTP traffic model (2 Mbyte download, 30 sec thinking time) The user throughput is decreased when increasing load due to the reduced service time The cell throughput increases with t e load because o e a t the oad overall more bytes are transferred in the same time
1500
1000
500
0 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
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36 cells network UMTS composite channel model it h l d l FTP traffic model (2 Mbyte download, 30 sec thinking time) Higher category offers higher max. throughput limit Cat.6: 3 6 Cat 6: 3.6 MBit/sec Cat.8: 7.2 MBit/sec Max. Max user perceived performance increased at low loading Cell performance slightly better
1500
1000
500
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Example Scenario
15 users/cell / Pedestrian A channel model Plot generated with field g prediction tool
HSDPA Summary
New downlink transmission concept Optimised for interactive & background, support of streaming Design for indoor & urban environment Improved PHY approach New DL transport channel: HS-DSCH Additional signalling channels to support fast adaptation Advanced architecture MAC-hs entity located in NodeB Radio R R di Resource Control procedures similar to DCH C l d i il HSDPA Resource Management Cell resources managed by Controlling-RNC g y g Re-use of principles for DCH control (handover, state transition) Significant improved performance
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HSDPA References
Papers:
Arnab Das et al: Evolution of UMTS Toward High-Speed Downlink Packet Access, Bell Labs Technical Journal, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 47 68, June 2003 A. Toskala et al: High-speed Downlink Packet Access, Chapter 12 in Holma/ Toskala: WCDMA for UMTS, Wiley 2007 T. Kolding et al: High Speed Downlink Packet Access: WCDMA Evolution, IEEE Veh. Techn. Society News, pp. 4 10, February 2003 H. H Holma et al: HSDPA/ HSUPA for UMTS Wiley 2006 HSDPA/ UMTS,
Standards TS 25.xxx series: RAN Aspects p TR 25.858 HSDPA PHY Aspects TR 25.308 HSDPA: UTRAN Overall Description (Stage 2) TR 25.877 Iub/Iur protocol aspects
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Abbreviations
ACK ALCAP AM AMC CAC CDMA CQI DBC DCH DPCCH FDD FEC FIFO GoS HARQ H-RNTI HSDPA HS DPCCH HS-DPCCH HS-DSCH HS-PDSCH HS-SCCH (positive) Acknowledgement Access Link Control Application Protocol Acknowledged (RLC) Mode g ( ) Adaptive Modulation & Coding Call Admission Control Code Division Multiple Access Channel Quality Information Dynamic Bearer Control Dedicated Channel Dedicated Physical Control Channel Frequency Division Duplex Forward Error Correction First In First Out Grade of Service Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request HSDPA Radio Network Temporary Identifier High Speed Downlink Packet Access High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel High Speed Downlink Shared Channel High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel High Speed Signaling Control Channel IE MAC-d MAC-hs Mux NACK NBAP OVSF PDU PHY QoS QPSK RB RL RLC RRC RRM SDU SF TB TFRC TFRI TTI UM 16QAM Information Element dedicated Medium Access Control high-speed Medium Access Control Multiplexing Negative Acknowledgement NodeB Application Part Orthogonal Variable SF (code) Protocol Data Unit Physical Layer Quality of Service Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Radio Bearer Radio Link Radio Link Control Radio Resource Control Radio Resource Management Service Data Unit Spreading Factor Transport Block Transport F T t Format & R t Resource Combination TFRC Indicator Transmission Time Interval Unacknowledged (RLC) Mode 16 (state) Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
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