Histo Notes

November 15, 2011

//Biak-na-Bato// (Chronological Version) Fernando Primo de Rivera returns to the Phil. April 23,1897. He replaces Camito de Polavieja. Who requested to be relieved because he was tired and old. Plus it's hassle (humid in the Phil. And the people are rebellious) He begins to attack Cavite; [Bonifacio's/Aguinaldo's] location. [note: Aguinaldo replaces Bonifacio] Aguinaldo escapes to Batangas, going toward Biak-na-Bato. Aguinaldo issues a proclamation stating Revolutionaries' demands, "the things we were fighting for". Done on Biak na-Bato. Freedom wasn't included, why? -> Because the issue was not actually for "the brave sons of the Phil" but addressed to de Rivera. It said, "I am willing to negotiate", not demand freedom. Stalemate between Aguinaldo and Rivera Pedro Paterno mediates a truce between Aguinaldo and de Rivera to break the stalemate. He was the messenger, goes to and fro from biak-na-bato to de Rivera's location Agoncilio says, "Paterno has a relationship such as a mediator between one's mom (the Phil.) and one's wife (he fell in love with Spain)". Final document of truce signed December 15, 1897 (exchange of money) Unofficial provisions of the truce Official provisions of the truce Aguinaldo said there was more to it Show Aguinaldo sold out Aguinaldo sails for Hong Kong Dec. 27, 1897 Skipped a TV note Filipino Rebels begin clashes anew February 17, 1898 Shows the revolution is not ruled by the elites but by the masses. Makabulos Provisional Revolutionary Government of Central Luzon, April 12. Skipped Sir's Conspiracy Theory, the one that justifies Aguinaldo's actions. Point of sir telling us his conspiracy theory is: It shows us the extent that the historical imagination can go That history fills in gaps, and explains things that usually can never be proven.

November 17, 2011 //The Cuban War of Independence// (Important to study for historians because this escalates to the Spanish - American War. This is important because it also explains how the Americans came to the Philippines) While we had our war with Spain for independence 1896 Cuba also was at war, much earlier than us. Skipped Timeline Much like in our case, the Cuban war concluded with a truce The Cuban leaders were turned over, except instead of being exiled to Hong Kong like in our case, they were exiled to USA. Skip Spanish Responses: 1895-96 (to revolutionary Cubans, because people would escape from US back to Cuba) TROCHA LINE Width 200 yards With Spanish block house Also a railway that ran alongside the line. The first "trocha guy" was replaced by who? Anyway what he did was Expand the Trocha line. Crush the Cuban revolutionaries in the center of the Trocha This failed also. (just like the plans/strategy of the past "Trocha guy') not much Cubans caught so Spain got frustrated. What did they end up doing? -> RECONCENTRATION. Reconcentration Camps Required cubans to relocate to areas near military headquarters. If not, assumed to be rebels and killed. The Cubans couldnt get out. Problems with reconcentration: Feeding / water Shelter Disease (due to close/tight spaces) Discontent among the people subjected to it If everyone was trapped in these camps who's planting the food?

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 If everyone was trapped in these camps who's planting the food? Point of interest: it was the Spanish residents/locals in Cuba, not the soldiers, who felt bad/guilty. They were allowed to leave the areas (concentration camps) and were ashamed of what their government did to the Cubans A hundred thousand of innocent Cubans victimized and killed. Note, at that time, populations were still very small. So it's actually a lot like genocide. The United States eventually intervened. -> WHY did they intervene? WHAT [brought up the intervention]? Economics -> "probably the biggest reason why American went to war" US investments in Cuba estimated at around 30-50 million; not including the 100 million worth of transactions in import and export trade. Mostly sugar and tobacco (cigars). -> "no one to plant their crops, all of them were in the camps". US had industries in Cuba; exchanges with Cuba. So business men approached their congressmen Yellow Journalism : sensationalized, exaggerated news. Sensationalized issues such as, human rights, and the abuses on the part of the Spanish. The Americans ate up "Spanish cruelty" news items. They are elated when they read these, so next step to make them feel even better is to push the government to do something to save Cuba. Elated because the mindset is, "hey, we are better than Spaniards. We're nicer" Public Sentiment [to go to war against Spain] The Maine incident (tour/friendly ship?) The Americans blamed Spain for this McKinly's war message. April 11, 1898 followed by Teller amendment. 1898. 1) Kick out the Spaniards 2) Peace and order imposed 3) Then LEAVE Cuba note: at this time Spain was a superpower, America was just an emancipated colony. America was still pure and innocent -> went to war for good reasons/ good intentions November 22, 2011 CUT HISTO TODAYBattle of Manila bay?
November 24, 2011 DISCUSSED FUTURE PROJECTS

November 29, 2011 //Return of Aguinaldo// Spanish - American war May 4, 1898. Hong Kong Junta meets -> POINT of this: in the war, the Filipinos played a big role in influencing the chance of victory. So, both sides (American and Spanish) tried 'courting' the Filipinos. -FLASHBACK- to demonstrate 'courting' (e.g.) March-April 1898. Captain Wood of the USS Petrel seeks out Aguinaldo in Hong Kong to discuss collaboration -> Aguinaldo questions what will happen if and after the Spaniards lose. -> Wood ensures the US is good and does not need colonies. (e.g.) Aguinaldo escapes then is found in Singapore. April 24 1898. (Again, Aguinaldo asks what will happen when Spaniards lose and leave) US consul , Spencer Pratt, alludes Teller Amendment to reassure Aguinaldo that America wants no colonies, has no intentions. "Cuba is so much nearer, if we (Americans) were going to conquer we'd get Cuba and not the Philippines which is 10,000 miles away from America". -> This is not necessarily true, it isn't impractical for Spain to conquer Phil. Because the phil. Can offer US a position in pacific. May 4, 1898. Spanish colonial government tries to win over Filipino people Two decrees issued: Paterno tried to sell these things/ploys to the Filipinos 1) Create Filipino volunteer militia 2) Creation of Filipino consultative assembly? Point: [What was happening? The conclusion] For most Filipinos, especially those in provinces, there was just the idea of attacking the Spaniards. Envisioning years of their (spain's) glory crumbling down Also, Aguinaldo sided with the Americans so Spain was losing Side note: (Tracking of our lessons/lecture) *Biak-na-Bato -> 1st phase of Philippine Revolution *Return of Aguinaldo -> Start of the 2nd phase

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 Aguinaldo in Cavite "attack end of the month" June 12, 1898. Aguinaldo declares Philippines' independence "We now control most of the archipelago. All we need now is Manila" Point: Filipinos alone could never besiege Manila because it is the bay on the west, and Filipinos never had superiority over Spain's navy ENTER AMERICANS (Dewey's blockade?)-> Manila and Spaniards completely surrounded. Note: There was no direct help from the US. It was Filipinos VS Spain. Next meeting -> tackle the continuation of this point. Why didnt we finally claim glory? Because the Americans stole the show. Dec 1, 2011 CONTINUATION 1) Kick out Spaniards Filipinos all over, surrounding all lines of Manila 2) Impose peace and order Americans are coming from Cavite; General Merritt is acting under orders of McKinly Coming from Cavite, who will the Americans meet? --> The Filipinos. Spanish and Americans conspire Jaudanes? comes to agreement for surrender of spanish forces in Manila to Americans 1) Mock battle. (A way for Jaudanes to cover his ass, so it looks like he fought for the city, unlike his predecessor Augustin?) sorry unsure of the names. Haha. 2) Filipinos cannot be involved in mock battle. (the Spaniards were afraid of the Filipinos) In America, conspiracy was also taking place. McKinly and Spain: Treaty of Paris? After mock battle: General Otis' letter to Aguinaldo There was a change in the tone of the Americans, it became demanding Furthermore, ordered Filipino armed forces to evacuate city of Manila Otis then immediately follows this letter with a "friendlier" letter Aguinaldo transfers to Malolos Bulucan There was an American journalist who pitied the Filipinos for being driven out of the city they fought so hard for Point of the above: Americans , not the military, knew what Manila meant to us filipinos and of the injustice of Americans.. Politics emerges in new states Aguinaldo (executives) VS Paterno (legislative) -> Aguinaldo finds himself hostage to legislative office. "Liberty is the real purpose of our existence on earth, the foundation of life and progress." - Paterno irony since he(Paterno) sided with Spain during the war. Ergo, LIAR and inconsistent.. Americans interest in the Philippines 1) Economic a) As a dumping ground for surplus American goods b) Leverage for gaining entry into Asian market 2) Military 3) Religion -IN THE END AMERICANS DECIDE TO TAKE OVER THE PHILIPPINESDecember 6, 2011 HAD A SHORT DISCUSSION ON DEBATE TOPICS. THEN, CONTINUATION OF LESSON.
The Decision of Americans to annex Filipinos or not? There were different interests, Yes and No. Reasons of those who said "Yes" 1) Economic a) Those people who owned companies / manufacturers (e.g.) Tariff on products imported to the philippines. (note tariffs are for the purpose of protecting local products). But if Spain annex the Philippines we can manipulate the tariffs. The Americans wanted to sell their cloth (which is thicker than British "split fabric") to the Filipinos and raise the price of British cloth being sold in the Philippines. b) As a dumping ground for surplus American goods c) Leverage for gaining entry into Asian market 2) Military 3) Religion

Reasons of those who said "No"

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1) The problem with Economic (the tariff thing) is the Filipinos can also then import with no tariffs. This is especially in regards to sugar, Filipinos can produce more and it's priced cheaper. Yes Annex and we can export
Imperialists

No The Protectionist type of person. "protect our local market, dont annex Philippines"
Anti-imperialists if we annex we turn our back on the principle of America -Mark Twain? Sorry again, not sure who said that haha

December 10, 1898. Treaty of Paris. 20 million dollars 1) Why was the Philippines sold when Puerto and Guam were handed over for FREE? Peace protocol. Aug 12. ?? Im not completely sure what this is about, but I think its something to do with number 3. When this protocol was signed the Spanish didnt actually have control over the Philippines, so parang take advantage of the situation and get money from selling something that Spain will eventually lose possession of anyway. Basta in my notes it comes right after the question on being sold for a price and not for free. 2) McKinly: "Yes we claim the Philippines but benevolently'as friends' 3) Why spain sold us? -> "Spain had no right to sell us, they had no sovereign at the time." So spain sold a nation that was not theirs. Sell it and make money since it would be too hard for Spain to actually try and win back the Philippines. 4) Philippine - American war (CONTINUATION ON DEC 8)

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