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Recombinant Human Stem Cell Factor 141
17 November, 2008
Ogan Gurel
Prof. Wayne A. Hendrickson
Crystallization Experiments
The fulllength extracellular form of SCF is very soluble and after preliminary
screening trials, no crystals were obtained. Screening with the 141 amino acid
long truncated form was more successful, however crystals that were ultimately
of the orthorhombic form were quickly obtained. When these crystals were first
observed, their complexity and uniqueness were not completely appreciated. As
it turns out, the conditions for crystallization are actually quite specific and
furthermore a number of crystal types may appear within the same droplet. The
sensitivity to conditions makes it difficult to systematically evaluate the
multiplicity of crystal types, while this multiplicity complicates the subsequent
diffraction analysis. Tables 1 & 2 summarize these results.
Photo # 1: Orthorhombic crystals (long & block)
Photo # 2: Hexagonal crystals
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Table 1. rhSCF141 Crystallization Conditions
12.5M CaCl2 0.25 M CaCl2
50mM NaCl
5mM NaAcetate T = 22°C
5mg/ml rhSCF141
pH 9.0
0.29% PEG 400 T = 22°C
Type C
57mM NaCl
5.7mM NaAcetate
5.7mg/ml rhSCF141
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Diffraction Experiments
Table 2. Crystallization parameters for the
Orthorhombic form
Parameter Discussion
pH dependence Crystals grow best (single & clean faces)
when equilibrated to a reservoir at pH 7.5.
Crystals become poorly formed at pH 7.3 to
7.4 and do not grow at below pH 7.3.
However, the crystals are optimally stabilized
at a slightly lower pH of7.2 to 7.3.
Temperature dependence The optimum temperature is 22°C.
Experiments that were done at 20 °C yielded
poorly formed crystals while those done in
the cold room 4 °C resulted in
microcrystalline spherulites.
Divalent cation dependence Calcium seems to be required for the
orthorhombic (not the hexagonal) crystals.
Substitution with Mg or Zn resulted in phase
separation / precipitation and heavy
precipitation respectively.
βoctyl glucoside (BOG) Strongly inhibited crystallization at all
concentrations (0.1% 1%).
Different buffers Crystallization with MOPS or TRIS buffers at
the equivalent or slightly different pH ranges
resulted in poorly formed crystals. With TRIS
the long forms (A1) seemed to predominate.
Growth characteristics The crystals grow in 4 to 5 days in the
presence of a heavy precipitate.
Crystal morphology See picture 1. Either a "long form" (mostly
type A1) or a "block form" (mostly type A2 &
B).
Birefringence Moderately birefringent (biaxial), which the
block form being slightly stronger.
Crystal dimensions (average) Long form: 0.3 x 0.15 x 0.15 mm
Block form: 0.35 x 0.25 x 0.25 mm
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Stabilization
Initial experiments were made difficult by the relative radiation sensitivity of
these orthorhombic SCF crystals. The crystals would last less than 48 hours in
the xray beam with a useful life of just one day. To improve the crystal lifetimes,
stabilization conditions were screened which substantially increased the useful
beam time to over 100 hours. In addition, stabilization and careful drying also
yielded some improvements in the maximum diffraction limits. The stabilization
conditions are outlined below:
Table 3. Stabilization
conditions
30% PEG 400
0.25M CaCl2
100 mM HEPES pH 7.2
100 mM NaCl
Crystals are placed overnight in stabilization vials and then mounted with the
stabilization buffer serving as the mother liquor.
Diffraction limits
Initial experiments seemed to present confusing results in that some
orthorhombic crystals seemed to diffract well, while others diffracted quite
poorly. The differences in diffraction quality did not seem to correlate with
crystal size and it became apparent that we were potentially dealing with a
number of crystal types. Although, these types have not been completely
defined, their putative diffraction limits (AFC5 rotating anode, 50kV, 100mA) are
listed below:
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Table 4: Diffraction limits for
the orthorhombic crystals
Crystal Type Consistent Some spots seen to:
diffraction
limit
A1 3.8 3.7
A2 3.1 2.9
B 2.8 2.7
The hexagonal crystals do not seem to diffract well (only to about 6 Angstroms or
so).
Diffraction Photographs
Photo # 1: Type B (?) still (relatively wet crystal)
small angle precession, 0.3 mm collim/Ni filter, F=75mm.
Photo # 2: Type A2 still
0.2 degrees, 2.8 hours, 0.5 mm collim/Ni filter, F=75mm
Photo # 3: Type A1 precession photo
7 degrees, 16 hours, 0.5 mm collim/Ni filter., F=75mm
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Crystal Parameters
Precession photographs (screened & unscreened) on the orthorhombic crystals
show the following features:
Table 5: Reciprocal space features of the
orthorhombic crystals
Symmetry mm symmetry in all major zones (both
0 level and upper levels)
Systematic absences odd absences along all three axes
indicative of a 21 screw.
Reciprocal space angles All axes are orthogonal.
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These features point to space group P212121. Crystal form B has not been fully
characterized, but is certainly orthorhombic with at least two screw axes.
Table 6. Crystal Parameters
Judging from the robustness of the crystals and the quality of diffraction its
limits and water background) there are most likely 4 molecules per asymmetric
unit in the orthorhombic A form.
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Native Data Collection
Data were collected on orthorhombic form A1 using the AFC6 rotating anode
source (50kV, 100mA) and a Hamlin multiwire area detector (one detector
configured at F = 560 mm). Data collection began about 1.5 days after initial x
ray irradation and the total actual data collection time took about 24 hours using
4 orientations (500 frames each at 45 sec/frame). Unfortunately, the data
collection program went into an unexplained loop and the collection had to be
interrupted and resumed. The later batches appeared to be affected by radiation
damage. A total of 15269 observations were recorded with 5540 independent
Table 7. Data collection statistics
by resolution shell.
reflections. A quick analysis of the data shows that it falls off rapidly at around 4
Angstroms resolution a conclusion which is supported by the data below:
The data seems to be relatively strong out the 4 Angstroms, and it is hoped that
crystal form A2 will yield consistent data out to 3.1 Angstroms, especially if data
collection can be quickly started and count times increased to 60 sec/frame.
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Conclusions & further work
The basic elements are in place to begin moving towards solving the phase
problem. The basic strategy is as follows:
1. Shift crystallization equilibrium towards A2 through seeding.
Grow crystals in quantity.
2. Continue to search through extant crystals for type B.
3. Collect 3.1 Angstrom native data on A2.
4. Evaluate improvement in diffraction on A2 with synchrotron
radiation.
5. Screen for heavy atom derivatives on A2
6. Begin Semethionine crystallizations A2
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