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Skills
Lecture -1
Get up at 6 sharp, finish breakfast 6 to 8 English, 8 to 9 Math, 9 to 9.30 History, followed by lunch and
school. Back home at 3.30, half an hour rest, 4 to 5 Geography, 5 to 6 Grammar, stroll round the hostel half
an hour, 6.30 to 7 English composition, followed by dinner, 8 to 9 translations, 9 to 10 Hindi, 10 to 11
revision and then retire to bed. Making a time table is one thing, sticking to it is another. The breach began
from day one. The bouncing football, the fervor of Kabbadi, and the pace of volleyball all pulled me back
to the playground. And gone were all oaths, all resolve
The annual results were out. I stood first, he failed to clear. Now just two grades separated us. For a
second, I was tempted to confront him right away. And whatever happened to your penance? What do we
see?
But his crestfallen face made me think otherwise. Rage made way for compassion. But yes, now I had a
newfound confidence and the guilt was gone for good. Probably, he had guessed it.
Yet, he got his chance one day at the lunch table.
So you feel you have conquered the world. My dear fellow, this is just the beginning. History is replete
with stories of pride getting the better of the best. Remember what happened to the might of Ravana the
invincible demon king. What did you learn from his story? "
"Clearing an exam is one thing, knowledge is another. You were lucky this time, but it cant happen every
time. Dont judge me by my score, wait till you reach my grade. Algebra and Geometry will drive you
crazy and god save you from the atrocities of British history. Just try remembering emperors by names.
There have been eight Henries alone. Mention Henry the VII as VIII and you lose all marks. And we have
dozens of James and Williams, and countless Charleswhere are you dear? And every name troubles you
again with I, II, III, and IV
Had they asked me for options and I would have thrown up countless names. Why stick to the same name
again and again?
"Geometry is another torture. write A, B, C as A, C, B and you get a big zero. I just dont get the point
Daal, Rice, Chapati or Rice, Daal, Chapatiis it not the same...Then why kill poor students for the
goddamed sequence? But if you want to clear exams, you better suffer this nonsense. Write an essay on
the value of time in not less than 400 words. What kind of a joke is that? Common sense has it --- say
what you have to in 3-4 lines and move ahead in life. But no, 400 words please. This is nothing but
anarchy.
So you see, my darling brother, you have a long way to go. Dont float in the air; you will soon land with
a thud. Yes, I have flunked but I am still your elder brother and I know the world better.
I was getting late for school, waiting for this painful discourse to end. I simply lost my appetite over his
ghastly picture of higher grades.
Somehow, I tugged along, my daily routine intact. Annual exams were round the corner again. I cleared
again, he flunked againI had no idea how, but I had topped again. And he had miserably failedThis
time, he was in real bad shapeface devoid of color, eyes sunk deepI felt sorry for him. And then a
wicked thought crossed my mind. One more year and we could end up in the same grade. no no How
could my mind be so devilish? I crushed the nasty thought.
But now he was no more the same brother I knew. He would pass off all opportunities to pull my ears and
generally kept off me. May be, he realized he had lost the right. This made me even more independent and
I roamed about at will all day long.
One pleasant evening, I set about running after colorful kites. I was one among the army of 10-12 lads
carrying bamboo sticks as weapons. Our mission was to collect as many fallen kites as we could. We were
oblivious of the surroundings when I suddenly bumped into my brother. He was probably on his way back
home from the bazaar. He caught me by the wrist and asked tersely
Are you out of your mind? Roaming like a vagabond with these hooligans. If not anything, have some
respect for your grade. I know of several eight-graders of yester years who made name as magistrates,
collectors, editors, leaders and scholars. And look at yourself? You are intelligent no doubt, but where's
your self-respect?
I can read your mind all right. You feel you have caught up with me and that I have no right to question
you. But you are wrong. I am five years elder to you and will always remain soThis truth will prevail and
even God cant challenge it...whether you get into my grade or even move ahead. " "And, thanks to the
kind of examiners we have these days, that's indeed possible. . ." he added with a wry smile.
"I have loads of worldly knowledge thats way above academic grades. Did our Amma*** and Dada ever
go to school? The government in America, constellations in space, wives of Henry the VIII, they may not
know, but can we ever match their wisdom in worldly matters. Tomorrow, if I fall sick, you will surely
panic and send a telegram to Dada, but Dada in your place, would never react like that. He will first try
some home remedy, only if it fails, will he call for a doctor."
"Leave health issues" , he paused for effect to resume again, "those are grave matters, can we plan our
monthly budgets? Every rupee that Dada sends us, does it not vanish by the 22nd of the month? Are we not
left waiting for the next remittance? Did you know that Dada raised a family of nine in less than half of
what we blow up?"
"Look at our headmaster. He has an MA, that too from Oxford. He earns a handsome Rs. 1000 as salary.
But who runs his house? His aged mother. There goes his degree to the bin.
"So you see, do away with that false pride. You are nowhere near me. He then raised his hand consumed
by rage
And I will not hesitate to thrash you if need be. I know youll hate me for this
I was speechless and an intense, queer feeling swept over me. I could not bear the sight of my poor brother,
shaking nervously, and losing his mind with every word he uttered. As tears trickled down my cheeks, I
only managed to say,
No, I dont hate you, its all my undoing. Every word of what you say is true. Please forgive me He
hugged me instantly. His shaky voice was now barely audible.
I am not against flying kites, my love. Even I am tempted, but I am helpless. If I take it easy, who will
look after you?
Just then, we saw a kite above us, utterly helpless, cut reins hanging in shame, on its mournful journey
down. Tall that he was, my brother caught the twine and ran towards the hostel, hapless but fast. I followed
suit, pacing after him. To be done in reading:
WORDS
ANTONYMS
SYNONYMS
Vocabulary /Activities/Questions based on text For each lesson : Teacher will pick all the difficult words in
each and every story and make a table as given below: To be done in reading
Vocabulary Based on Text
WORDS GUESSED
MEANINGS
MEANINGS
DICTIONARY
IN SENTENCES
Lecture 5
As the years rolled by we saw less of each other. For some time she continued to wake me up and get me
ready for school. When I came back she would ask me what the teacher had taught me. I would tell her
English words and little things of western science and learning, the law of gravity, Archimedes Principle,
the world being round, etc. This made her unhappy. She could not help me with my lessons. She did not
believe in the things they taught at the English school and was distressed that there was no teaching about
God and the scriptures. One day I announced that we were being given music lessons. She was very
disturbed. To her music had lewd associations. It was the monopoly of harlots and beggars and not meant
for gentlefolk. She said nothing but her silence meant disapproval. She rarely talked to me after that.
When I went up to University, I was given a room of my own. The common link of friendship was
snapped. My grandmother accepted her seclusion with resignation. She rarely left her spinning-wheel to
talk to anyone. From sunrise to sunset she sat by her wheel spinning and reciting prayers. Only in the
afternoon she relaxed for a while to feed the sparrows. While she sat in the verandah breaking the bread
into little bits, hundreds of little birds collected round her creating a veritable bedlam of chirrupings. Some
came and perched on her legs, others on her shoulders. Some even sat on her head. She smiled but never
shooed them away. It used to be the happiest half-hour of the day for her. When I decided to go abroad for
further studies, I was sure my grandmother would be upset. I would be away for five years, and at her age
one could never tell. But my grandmother could.
She was not even sentimental. She came to leave me at the railway station but did not talk or show any
emotion. Her lips moved in prayer, her mind was lost in prayer. Her fingers were busy telling the beads of
her rosary. Silently she kissed my forehead, and when I left I cherished the moist imprint as perhaps the
last sign of physical contact between us. But that was not so. After five years I came back home and was
met by her at the station. She did not look a day older. She still had no time for words, and while she
clasped me in her arms I could hear her reciting her prayers. Even on the first day of my arrival, her
happiest moments were with her sparrows that she fed longer and with frivolous rebukes.
In the evening a change came over her. She did not pray. She collected the women of the neighbourhood,
got an old drum and started to sing. For several hours she thumped the sagging skins of the dilapidated
drum and sang of the home-coming of warriors. We had to persuade her to stop to avoid overstraining.
That was the first time since I had known her that she did not pray. The next morning she was taken ill. It
was a mild fever and the doctor told us that it would go. But my grandmother thought differently. She told
us that her end was near. She said that, since only a few hours before the close of the last chapter of her life
she had omitted to pray, she was not going to waste any more time talking to us.
We protested. But she ignored our protests. She lay peacefully in bed praying and telling her beads. Even
before we could suspect, her lips stopped moving and the rosary fell from her lifeless fingers. A peaceful
pallor spread on her face and we knew that she was dead. We lifted her off the bed and, as is customary,
laid her on the ground and covered her with a red shroud. After a few hours of mourning we left her alone
to make arrangements for her funeral. In the evening we went to her room with a crude stretcher to take her
to be cremated. The sun was setting and had lit her room and verandah with a blaze of golden light. We
stopped half-way in the courtyard. All over the verandah and in her room right up to where she lay dead
and stiff wrapped in the red shroud, thousands of sparrows sat scattered on the floor. There was no
chirruping. We felt sorry for the birds and my mother fetched some bread for them. She broke it into little
crumbs, the way my grandmother used to, and threw it to them. The sparrows took no notice of the bread.
When we carried my grandmothers corpse off, they flew away quietly. Next morning the sweeper swept
the bread crumbs into the dustbin.
7
WORDS
ANTONYMS
SYNONYMS
Vocabulary /Activities/Questions based on text For each lesson: Teacher will pick all the difficult words in
each and every story and make a table as given below: To be done in reading
WORDS GUESSED
MEANINGS
MEANINGS
DICTIONARY
IN SENTENCES
Lecture 9
when you have decided to put us to death, you will certainly do it. You have got the power in your hands
and the power is the greatest justification in this world. We know that the maxim "Might is right" serves as
your guiding motto. The whole of our trial was just a proof of that. We wanted to point out that according
to the verdict of your court we had waged war and were therefore war prisoners. And we claim to be
treated as such, i.e., we claim to be shot dead instead of to be hanged. It rests with you to prove that you
really meant what your court has said. We request and hope that you will very kindly order the military
department to send its detachment to perform our execution.
Yours'
BHAGAT SINGH
To be done in reading:
WORDS
ANTONYMS
SYNONYMS
Vocabulary /Activities/Questions based on text For each lesson : Teacher will pick all the difficult words in
each and every story and make a table as given below: To be done in reading
WORDS GUESSED
GUESSED MEANINGS
MEANINGS
DICTIONARY
11
IN SENTENCES
Lecture 13
"Why, my dear, I thought you would be glad. You never go out, and this is such a fine opportunity. I had
great trouble to get it. Everyone wants to go; it is very select, and they are not giving many invitations to
clerks. The whole official world will be there."
She looked at him with an irritated glance and said impatiently:
"And what do you wish me to put on my back?"
He had not thought of that. He stammered:
"Why, the gown you go to the theatre in. It looks very well to me."
He stopped, distracted, seeing that his wife was weeping. Two great tears ran slowly from the corners of
her eyes toward the corners of her mouth.
"What's the matter? What's the matter?" he answered.
By a violent effort she conquered her grief and replied in a calm voice, while she wiped her wet cheeks:
"Nothing. Only I have no gown, and, therefore, I can't go to this ball. Give your card to some colleague
whose wife is better equipped than I am."
He was in despair. He resumed:
"Come, let us see, Mathilde. How much would it cost, a suitable gown, which you could use on other
occasions--something very simple?"
She reflected several seconds, making her calculations and wondering also what sum she could ask without
drawing on herself an immediate refusal and a frightened exclamation from the economical clerk.
Finally she replied hesitating:
"I don't know exactly, but I think I could manage it with four hundred francs."
He grew a little pale, because he was laying aside just that amount to buy a gun and treat himself to a little
shooting next summer on the plain of Nanterre, with several friends who went to shoot larks there of a
Sunday.
But he said:
"Very well. I will give you four hundred francs. And try to have a pretty gown."
The day of the ball drew near and Madame Loisel seemed sad, uneasy, anxious. Her frock was ready,
however. Her husband said to her one evening:
"What is the matter? Come, you have seemed very queer these last three days."
And she answered:
"It annoys me not to have a single piece of jewelry, not a single ornament, nothing to put on. I shall look
poverty-stricken. I would almost rather not go at all."
13
"You might wear natural flowers," said her husband. "They're very stylish at this time of year. For ten
francs you can get two or three magnificent roses."
She was not convinced.
"No; there's nothing more humiliating than to look poor among other women who are rich."
"How stupid you are!" her husband cried. "Go look up your friend, Madame Forestier, and ask her to lend
you some jewels. You're intimate enough with her to do that."
She uttered a cry of joy:
"True! I never thought of it."
The next day she went to her friend and told her of her distress.
Madame Forestier went to a wardrobe with a mirror, took out a large jewel box, brought it back, opened it
and said to Madame Loisel:
"Choose, my dear."
She saw first some bracelets, then a pearl necklace, then a Venetian gold cross set with precious stones, of
admirable workmanship. She tried on the ornaments before the mirror, hesitated and could not make up her
mind to part with them, to give them back. She kept asking:
"Haven't you anymore?"
"Why, yes. Look further; I don't know what you like."
Suddenly she discovered, in a black satin box, a superb diamond necklace, and her heart throbbed with an
immoderate desire. Her hands trembled as she took it. She fastened it round her throat, outside her highnecked waist, and was lost in ecstasy at her reflection in the mirror.
Then she asked, hesitating, filled with anxious doubt:
"Will you lend me this, only this?"
"Why, yes, certainly."
She threw her arms round her friend's neck, kissed her passionately, then fled with her treasure. The night
of the ball arrived. Madame Loisel was a great success. She was prettier than any other woman present,
elegant, graceful, smiling and wild with joy. All the men looked at her, asked her name, sought to be
introduced. All the attaches of the Cabinet wished to waltz with her. She was remarked by the minister
himself.
She danced with rapture, with passion, intoxicated by pleasure, forgetting all in the triumph of her beauty,
in the glory of her success, in a sort of cloud of happiness comprised of all this homage, admiration, these
awakened desires and of that sense of triumph which is so sweet to woman's heart.
She left the ball about four o'clock in the morning. Her husband had been sleeping since midnight in a little
deserted anteroom with three other gentlemen whose wives were enjoying the ball.
14
He threw over her shoulders the wraps he had brought, the modest wraps of common life, the poverty of
which contrasted with the elegance of the ball dress. She felt this and wished to escape so as not to be
remarked by the other women, who were enveloping themselves in costly furs.
Loisel held her back, saying: "Wait a bit. You will catch cold outside. I will call a cab."
But she did not listen to him and rapidly descended the stairs. When they reached the street they could not
find a carriage and began to look for one, shouting after the cabmen passing at a distance. They went
toward the Seine in despair, shivering with cold. At last they found on the quay one of those ancient night
cabs which, as though they were ashamed to show their shabbiness during the day, are never seen round
Paris until after dark.
It took them to their dwelling in the Rue des Martyrs, and sadly they mounted the stairs to their flat. All
was ended for her. As to him, he reflected that he must be at the ministry at ten o'clock that morning.
She removed her wraps before the glass so as to see herself once more in all her glory. But suddenly she
uttered a cry. She no longer had the necklace around her neck!
"What is the matter with you?" demanded her husband, already half undressed.
She turned distractedly toward him.
"I have--I have--I've lost Madame Forestier's necklace," she cried.
He stood up, bewildered.
"What!--how? Impossible!"
They looked among the folds of her skirt, of her cloak, in her pockets, everywhere, but did not find it.
"You're sure you had it on when you left the ball?" he asked.
"Yes, I felt it in the vestibule of the minister's house."
"But if you had lost it in the street we should have heard it fall. It must be in the cab."
"Yes, probably. Did you take his number?"
"No. And you--didn't you notice it?"
"No."
They looked, thunderstruck, at each other. At last Loisel put on his clothes.
"I shall go back on foot," said he, "over the whole route, to see whether I can find it."
He went out. She sat waiting on a chair in her ball dress, without strength to go to bed, overwhelmed,
without any fire, without a thought.
Her husband returned about seven o'clock. He had found nothing.
He went to police headquarters, to the newspaper offices to offer a reward; he went to the cab companies-everywhere, in fact, whither he was urged by the least spark of hope.
15
She waited all day, in the same condition of mad fear before this terrible calamity.
Loisel returned at night with a hollow, pale face. He had discovered nothing.
"You must write to your friend," said he, "that you have broken the clasp of her necklace and that you are
having it mended. That will give us time to turn round."
She wrote at his dictation.
At the end of a week they had lost all hope. Loisel, who had aged five years, declared:
"We must consider how to replace that ornament."
The next day they took the box that had contained it and went to the jeweler whose name was found within.
He consulted his books.
"It was not I, madame, who sold that necklace; I must simply have furnished the case."
Then they went from jeweler to jeweler, searching for a necklace like the other, trying to recall it, both sick
with chagrin and grief. They found, in a shop at the Palais Royal, a string of diamonds that seemed to them
exactly like the one they had lost. It was worth forty thousand francs. They could have it for thirty-six.
So they begged the jeweler not to sell it for three days yet. And they made a bargain that he should buy it
back for thirty-four thousand francs, in case they should find the lost necklace before the end of February.
Loisel possessed eighteen thousand francs which his father had left him. He would borrow the rest. He did
borrow, asking a thousand francs of one, five hundred of another, five louis here, three louis there. He gave
notes, took up ruinous obligations, dealt with usurers and all the race of lenders. He compromised all the
rest of his life, risked signing a note without even knowing whether he could meet it; and, frightened by the
trouble yet to come, by the black misery that was about to fall upon him, by the prospect of all the physical
privations and moral tortures that he was to suffer, he went to get the new necklace, laying upon the
jeweler's counter thirty-six thousand francs.
When Madame Loisel took back the necklace Madame Forestier said to her with a chilly manner:
"You should have returned it sooner; I might have needed it."
She did not open the case, as her friend had so much feared. If she had detected the substitution, what
would she have thought, what would she have said? Would she not have taken Madame Loisel for a thief?
Thereafter Madame Loisel knew the horrible existence of the needy. She bore her part, however, with
sudden heroism. That dreadful debt must be paid. She would pay it. They dismissed their servant; they
changed their lodgings; they rented a garret under the roof.
She came to know what heavy housework meant and the odious cares of the kitchen. She washed the
dishes, using her dainty fingers and rosy nails on greasy pots and pans. She washed the soiled linen, the
shirts and the dishcloths, which she dried upon a line; she carried the slops down to the street every
morning and carried up the water, stopping for breath at every landing. And dressed like a woman of the
people, she went to the fruiterer, the grocer, the butcher, a basket on her arm, bargaining, meeting with
impertinence, defending her miserable money, sou by sou.
Every month they had to meet some notes, renew others, obtain more time.
16
Her husband worked evenings, making up a tradesman's accounts, and late at night he often copied
manuscript for five sous a page.
This life lasted ten years.
At the end of ten years they had paid everything, everything, with the rates of usury and the accumulations
of the compound interest.
Madame Loisel looked old now. She had become the woman of impoverished households--strong and hard
and rough. With frowsy hair, skirts askew and red hands, she talked loud while washing the floor with
great swishes of water. But sometimes, when her husband was at the office, she sat down near the window
and she thought of that gay evening of long ago, of that ball where she had been so beautiful and so
admired.
What would have happened if she had not lost that necklace? Who knows? who knows? How strange and
changeful is life! How small a thing is needed to make or ruin us! But one Sunday, having gone to take a
walk in the Champs Elysees to refresh herself after the labors of the week, she suddenly perceived a
woman who was leading a child. It was Madame Forestier, still young, still beautiful, still charming.
Madame Loisel felt moved. Should she speak to her? Yes, certainly. And now that she had paid, she would
tell her all about it. Why not?
She went up.
"Good-day, Jeanne."
The other, astonished to be familiarly addressed by this plain good-wife, did not recognize her at all and
stammered:
"But--madame!--I do not know---- You must have mistaken."
"No. I am Mathilde Loisel."
Her friend uttered a cry.
"Oh, my poor Mathilde! How you are changed!"
"Yes, I have had a pretty hard life, since I last saw you, and great poverty--and that because of you!"
"Of me! How so?"
"Do you remember that diamond necklace you lent me to wear at the ministerial ball?"
"Yes. Well?"
"Well, I lost it."
"What do you mean? You brought it back."
"I brought you back another exactly like it. And it has taken us ten years to pay for it. You can understand
that it was not easy for us, for us who had nothing. At last it is ended, and I am very glad."
Madame Forestier had stopped.
17
To be done in reading:
WORDS
ANTONYMS
SYNONYMS
Vocabulary /Activities/Questions based on text For each lesson : Teacher will pick all the difficult words in
each and every story and make a table as given below: To be done in reading.
WORDS GUESSED
GUESSED MEANINGS
MEANINGS
DICTIONARY
18
IN SENTENCES
Lecture 23
A Speech By Gandhi
Address at Kingsley Hall
delivered 17 October 1931, London
[AUTHENTICITY CERTIFIED: Text version below transcribed directly from audio]
There is an indefinable mysterious power that pervades everything. I feel it, though I do not see it. It is this
unseen power which makes itself felt and yet defies all proof because it is so unlike all that I perceive
through my senses. It transcends the senses.
But it is possible to reason out the existence of god to an [unintelligible] exchange. Even in ordinary affairs
we know that people do not know who rules, or why, and how he rules. And yet they know that there is a
power that certainly rules.
In my tour last year in Mysore I met many poor villagers and I found upon inquiry that they did not know
who ruled Mysore. They simple said some god ruled it. If the knowledge of these poor people was so
limited about their ruler, I, who am infinitely lesser in respect to god than they to their ruler need not be
surprised if I do not realize the presence of god, the king of kings.
Nevertheless I do feel as the poor villagers felt about Mysore, that there is orderliness in the universe.
There is an unalterable law governing everything and every being that exists or lives. It is not a blind law,
for no blind law can govern the conduct of living beings. And thanks to the marvelous researches of Sir
J.C. Bose, it can now be proved that even matter is life.
That law then which governs all life is god. Law and the lawgiver are one. I may not deny the law or the
lawgiver because I know so little about it or him, just as my denial or ignorance of the existence of an
earthly power will avail me nothing. Even so, my denial of god and his law will not liberate me from its
operation. Whereas, humble and mute acceptance of divine authority makes lifes journey easier even as
the acceptance of earthly rule makes life under it easier.
I do dimly perceive that whilst everything around me is ever dying, ever guiding, there is underlying all
that change a living power that is changeless, that holds all together; that creates, dissolves, and recreates.
That informing power of spirit is god. And since nothing else that I see merely through the senses can or
will persist, he alone is.
And if this power is benevolent or malevolent, I see it as purely benevolent. For, I can see that in the midst
of death, life persists. In the midst of untruth, truth persists. In the midst of darkness, light persists. Hence I
gather that god is life, truth, light. He is love. He is the supreme good. But, he is no god who merely
satisfies the intellect, if he ever does. God to be god must rule the heart and transform it. He must express
himself in ever smallest act of his [goodery?]. This can only be done through a definite realization more
real than the fives senses can ever prove use.
19
Sense perceptions can be and often are false and deceptive however real they may appear to us. Where
there is realization outside the senses it is [imperial?], it is proved not by extreme extraneous evidence, but
in the transformed conduct and character of those who have felt the real presence of god within. Such
testimony is to be found in the experiences of an unbroken line of prophets and sages in all countries and
climes. To reject this evidence is to deny oneself. This realization is preceded by an immovable faith. He
who would in his own person, test the fact of gods presence can do so by a living faith.
And since faith itself cannot be proved by extraneous evidence, the safest course is to believe in the moral
government of the world and therefore in the supremacy of the moral law, the law of truth and love.
Exercise of faiths will be the safest where there is the clear determination summarily to reject all that is
contrary to truth and love.
I confess that I have no argument to convince through reason. Faith transcends reason. All that I can advise
is not to attempt the impossible.
To be done in reading:
WORDS
SYNONYMS
ANTONYMS
Vocabulary /Activities/Questions based on text For each lesson : Teacher will pick all the difficult words in
each and every story and make a table as given below: To be done in reading
WORDS GUESSED
GUESSED MEANINGS
MEANINGS
DICTIONARY
20
IN SENTENCES
Lecture 27
GUESSED MEANINGS
MEANINGS
DICTIONARY
22
IN SENTENCES
Lecture 31
Casabianca
The boy stood on the burning deck
Whence all but he had fled;
The flame that lit the battle's wreck
Shone round him o'er the dead.
Yet beautiful and bright he stood,
As born to rule the storm;
A creature of heroic blood,
A proud, though child-like form.
The flames rolled onhe would not go
Without his Father's word;
That father, faint in death below,
His voice no longer heard
He called aloud'say, Father, say
If yet my task is done?'
He knew not that the chieftain lay
Unconscious of his son.
Speak, father!' once again he cried,
'If I may yet be gone!'
And but the booming shots replied,
And fast the flames rolled on.
Upon his brow he felt their breath,
And in his waving hair,
And looked from that lone post of death
In still yet brave despair.
And shouted but once more aloud,
'My father! must I stay?'
While o'er him fast,
through sail and shroud,
The wreathing fires made way.
They wrapt the ship in splendour wild,
They caught the flag on high,
And streamed above the gallant child,
23
To be done in reading:
WORDS
ANTONYMS
SYNONYMS
WORDS GUESSED
GUESSED MEANINGS
MEANINGS
DICTIONARY
24
IN SENTENCES
Speaking
Skills
25
Lecture -2
Big Brother
Vocabulary exercises based on text:
1. Each student will select 20 verbs from different prescribed texts. Give their three forms Orally and
using those selected verbs will speak orally a short story or paragraph which they will share in the
class. Points for the Story
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Spellings
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Sentence formation
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Ask the student the name of their favourite celebrity and say a word from the textual vocabulary
starting from the first letter of the name.
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Questions Based On Text :1.. Role Play- The narrator and his brother.
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2. Discuss the relationship of the narrator with his brother and the change that occurred with the passage of
time.
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Lecture 6
and using those selected verbs will speak orally a short story or paragraph which
the class. Points for the Story
Orally
they will share in
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Lecture 10, 14
Visual based (3 based on famous speeches and 3 based on current events )
In other words, the Axis not merely admits but the Axis proclaims that there can be no ultimate peace
between their philosophy -- their philosophy of government -- and our philosophy of government. In view
of the nature of this undeniable threat, it can be asserted, properly and categorically, that the United States
has no right or reason to encourage talk of peace until the day shall come when there is a clear intention on
the part of the aggressor nations to abandon all thought of dominating or conquering the world.
At this moment the forces of the States that are leagued against all peoples who live in freedom are being
held away from our shores. The Germans and the Italians are being blocked on the other side of the
Atlantic by the British and by the Greeks, and by thousands of soldiers and sailors who were able to escape
from subjugated countries. In Asia the Japanese are being engaged by the Chinese nation in another great
defense. In the Pacific Ocean is our fleet.
Some of our people like to believe that wars in Europe and in Asia are of no concern to us. But it is a
matter of most vital concern to us that European and Asiatic war-makers should not gain control of the
oceans which lead to this hemisphere. One hundred and seventeen years ago the Monroe Doctrine was
conceived by our government as a measure of defense in the face of a threat against this hemisphere by an
alliance in Continental Europe. Thereafter, we stood guard in the Atlantic, with the British as neighbors.
There was no treaty. There was no "unwritten agreement." And yet there was the feeling, proven correct by
history, that we as neighbors could settle any disputes in peaceful fashion. And the fact is that during the
whole of this time the Western Hemisphere has remained free from aggression from Europe or from Asia.
Does anyone seriously believe that we need to fear attack anywhere in the Americas while a free Britain
remains our most powerful naval neighbor in the Atlantic? And does anyone seriously believe, on the other
hand, that we could rest easy if the Axis powers were our neighbors there? If Great Britain goes down, the
Axis powers will control the Continents of Europe, Asia, Africa, Austral-Asia, and the high seas. And they
will be in a position to bring enormous military and naval resources against this hemisphere. It is no
exaggeration to say that all of us in all the Americas would be living at the point of a gun -- a gun loaded
with explosive bullets, economic as well as military. We should enter upon a new and terrible era in which
the whole world, our hemisphere included, would be run by threats of brute force. And to survive in such a
world, we would have to convert ourselves permanently into a militaristic power on the basis of war
economy.
Questions based on Text
Q1. Name the axis powers and speak in detail on at least one of them and its role in the world war?
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Q2. They say that if you want peace be prepared for war. Comment on this statement in the light of the
above speech.
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Q3. Discuss the role of america in preserving the balance of power in the presence of the present scenario.
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The marvelous new militancy which has engulfed the Negro community must not lead us to a distrust of all
white people, for many of our white brothers, as evidenced by their presence here today, have come to
ealize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny. And they have come to realize that their freedom is
inextricably bound to our freedom.
We cannot walk alone.
And as we walk, we must make the pledge that we shall always march ahead.
We cannot turn back.
I am not unmindful that some of you have come here out of great trials and tribulations. Some of you have
come fresh from narrow jail cells. And some of you have come from areas where your quest -quest for
freedom left you battered by the storms of persecution and staggered by the winds of police brutality. You
have been the veterans of creative suffering. Continue to work with the faith that unearned suffering is
redemptive.
Let us not wallow in the valley of despair, I say to you today, my friends.
And so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream
deeply rooted in the American dream.
I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold
these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal."
I have a dream today !
And this will be the day -- this will be the day when all of God's children will be able to sing with new
meaning:
My country 'tis of thee, sweet land of liberty, of thee I sing.
Land where my fathers died, land of the Pilgrim's pride,
From every mountainside, let freedom ring!
And if America is to be a great nation, this must become true.
And so let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire.
Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York.
Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania.
Let freedom ring from the snow-capped Rockies of Colorado.
Let freedom ring from the curvaceous slopes of California. But not only that:
Let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia.
Let freedom ring from Lookout Mountain of Tennessee.
Let freedom ring from every hill and molehill of Mississippi.
From every mountainside, let freedom ring. And when this happens, when we allow freedom ring, when
we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to
speed up that day when all of God's children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and
Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual:
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Mary Fisher
1992 Republican National Convention Address
Delivered 19 August 1992, Houston, TX
Less than three months ago at platform hearings in Salt Lake City, I asked the Republican Party to lift the
shroud of silence which has been draped over the issue of HIV and AIDS. I have come tonight to bring our
silence to an end. I bear a message of challenge, not self-congratulation. I want your attention, not your
applause.
I would never have asked to be HIV positive, but I believe that in all things there is a purpose; and I stand
before you and before the nation gladly. The reality of AIDS is brutally clear. Two hundred thousand
Americans are dead or dying. A million more are infected. Worldwide, forty million, sixty million, or a
hundred million infections will be counted in the coming few years. But despite science and research,
White House meetings, and congressional hearings, despite good intentions and bold initiatives, campaign
slogans, and hopeful promises, it is -- despite it all -- the epidemic which is winning tonight.
In the context of an election year, I ask you, here in this great hall, or listening in the quiet of your home, to
recognize that AIDS virus is not a political creature. It does not care whether you are Democrat or
Republican; it does not ask whether you are black or white, male or female, gay or straight, young or old.
Tonight, I represent an AIDS community whose members have been reluctantly drafted from every
segment of American society. Though I am white and a mother, I am one with a black infant struggling
with tubes in a Philadelphia hospital. Though I am female and contracted this disease in marriage and enjoy
the warm support of my family, I am one with the lonely gay man sheltering a flickering candle from the
cold wind of his familys rejection.
This is not a distant threat. It is a present danger. The rate of infection is increasing fastest among women
and children. Largely unknown a decade ago, AIDS is the third leading killer of young adult Americans
today. But it wont be third for long, because unlike other diseases, this one travels. Adolescents dont give
each other cancer or heart disease because they believe they are in love, but HIV is different; and we have
helped it along. We have killed each other with our ignorance, our prejudice, and our silence.
Q1. Do you agree with the speaker that the threat of Aids is not limited to one race, gender, country ,
or region but looms large.
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Q. 3 Headlines Students to see the visuals of the news headlines and speak on them
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Lecture -11
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Lecture -17
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Lecture-19
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Lecture 24
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Don't dig your grave with your own knife and fork.
Don't do something yourself which causes your own downfall.
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If you chase two rabbits, you will not catch either one.
If you try to do two things at the same time, you won't succeed in doing either of them.
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Union is strength.
A group has more force than an individual.
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Lecture -28
Q2: Enact a court scene depicting Kasab in dock and trying to justify himself.
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Q4:
Enact the scene from Big Brother while introducing 2-3 more characters(fictitious).
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Lecture 32
PPT presentations on the themes emerging from text and speeches Students/ Teacher to choose themes
from texts , movies, advertisements etc and prepare PPTs
Teacher to provide list of themes Students to write points only for preparation of PPTs
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Lecture 35
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Grammar
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Lecture -3
Narrations {Direct and Indirect Speeches}
The art of reporting the words of a speaker is called Narration. There are two main ways of reporting the
words of a speaker.
1. Direct Speech
2. Indirect Speech
Direct Speech
In this form the actual words of the speaker are put in quotes .
Examples:- Rama said, I am very busy now.
In the above example the Speaker i.e
Rama is known as Reporter, said is known as Reporting verb and
I am very busy now. is known as Reported Speech.
Indirect Speech
In this form the actual words of the speaker are transformed and said/written in simple manner.
Example:- Rama said that he was very busy then.
Basic rules to convert a Direct Speech to Indirect Speech.
There are five basic things that have to be changed while converting a Direct speech to an Indirect speech.
1.
To change the reporting verb according to the reported speech.
2.
To remove the inverted commas from the direct speech and replace them with an appropriate
conjunction.
3.
To change the pronoun of reported speech accordingly.
4.
Change the adverbs of the Direct Speech.
Example: Active - Rajiv said to me, I shall go to the picture today
Passive - Rajiv told me that he would go to the picture that day.
In the above example, Reporting verb said to is changed into told. Inverted Commas are replaced by the
conjunction that. Reported speechs pronoun I is changed into She. Reported speechs verb shall go is
changed into would go. As another changes today is changed with the word that day.
Rules of change of Pronouns
Nominative Possessive Objective Reflexive
I My Me Myself
We Our Us Ourselves
You Yours You Yourself
He His Him Himself
She Her Her Herself
They Their Them Themselves
Pronouns are changed according to a rule designated as SON where
S stands for Subject
O stands for Object
N stands for No change.
First person changes to subject of Reporting Verb
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Rule No.2
If reporting verb is given in Past tense then the tense of the verb of Reported Speech will change into
corresponding Past tense.
1. Direct: The teacher said, I am suffering from fever.
Indirect: The teacher said that she was suffering from fever.
2. Direct: She said to me, I took the breakfast in the morning.
Indirect: She told me that she had taken the breakfast in the morning.
Corresponding Changes to past form in indirect speech from the verb in Reported speech.
1. Simple present changes to Simple Past
2. Present Continuous changes to Past Continuous
3. Present Perfect changes to Past Perfect
4. Present Perfect Continuous changes to Past Perfect Continuous
5. Simple Past changes to Past Perfect
6. Past Continuous changes to Past Perfect Continuous
7. In Future Tense will/Shall changes to would
8. Can changes to Could
9. May changes to Might
Some of the exceptional cases of Rule 2
Exception 1:
If Reporting speech has Universal Truth or Habitual fact then there is no change in the Tense.
1. Direct: Our teacher said, The earth is round
Indirect: Our teacher said that the earth is round.( Universal Truth)
2. Direct: Rajiv said to me, He plays with right hand
Indirect: Rajiv told me that he plays with right hand.(Habitual fact)
Exception 2:
If reporting speech has Past Historical Fact then there is no change in the Tense.
Direct: Our teacher said, Asoka left war after the conquest of Kalinga.
Indirect: Our teacher said that Asoka left war after the conquest of kalinga.
Exception 3:
If Reporting speech has two actions to be happened at a time then there is no change in the Tense.
Direct: She said My wife was making lunch when I was studying
Indirect: She said that her wife was making lunch when she was studying.
Exception 4:
If Reporting speech has some Imagined Condition then there is no change in the Tense.
Direct: She said If I were rich, I would help him.
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Indirect: She said that if she were rich she would help her.
Exception 5:
If Reporting speech contains had 3rd form, to infinitive and would, could, should, must, might,
ought to etc. then there is no change in the Tense.
Direct: She said to me, You should obey your elders.
Indirect: She told me that I should obey my elders.
Some other small changes that used to take place while changing Direct Speech to Indirect Speech.
Here Changes to There
Now Changes to Then
This Changes to That
These Changes to Those
Today Changes to That day
To-night Changes to That night
Yesterday Changes to The previous day
Last night Changes to The previous night
Last week Changes to The previous week
Tomorrow Changes to The next day
Next Week Changes to The following week
Ago Changes to Before
Thus Changes to so
Hence Changes to Thence
Hither Changes to Thither
Come Changes to Go
Note:-An in indirect speech we talk about such incidents that are after the time of reporting and had
happened away from the place of reporting therefore the words that show nearness has to be replaced by
the words that show distance.
Some exception in these changes
1.
2.
Come is changed to go if there is some word given after come that shows nearness.
If this, here and now points to such a thing, place or time that is in front of the speaker then no
change takes place in Indirect Narration.
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Rule 2
Put conjunction that in place of .
Change the pronouns of the Reported speech as enlisted earlier.
Examples showing some Assertive Sentences Changed into Indirect form
Direct: She said to me, I shall sleep now
Indirect: She told me that she would play then.
Direct: He said, My brothers marriage comes off next month.
Indirect: He said that his brothers marriage would come off the following month.
Type No 2. Interrogative Sentences
Rule 1
As interrogative sentence is meant to ask questions therefore Reporting verb said/said to is changed to
asked.
Said to can also be changed into enquired or demanded
Rule 2
If question is formed with the help of any of the helping verbs like is/are/am, was/were, has/have, do/does,
will/would etc then __ are to be replaced by if or whether
If question is formed with the help of words starting with Wh like who, whose, what, whom, when etc
(also known as W family) or How then to replace ___ no conjunction is used.
Rule 3
In these sentences question form of the sentence is removed and full-stop is put at the end of the sentence.
Helping verb is /are/am, was/were etc should be put after the subject.
If the interrogative sentence is expressing positive feeling then do/does of the Direct speech is removed
while converting it into indirect speech.
If the interrogative sentence is expressing negative feeling then do/does of the Direct speech is changed
into did while converting it into Indirect speech.
Did or has/have of the interrogative sentence is changed to had.
Rule 4
Pronouns and verbs are changed according to the set rule of Narration.
Imperative Sentences includes the sense of order, command, request or advice, the reporting verb said to
is changed to ordered, commanded, requested or advised to.
Example: -
1.
2.
In Exclamatory Sentences.
Said + Ah! or Alas! is changed to exclaimed with sorrow.
Said + Aha! or Ha! or Hurrah is changed to exclaimed with joy.
Said + Sorry! is changed to exclaimed with regret.
Said + Oh! or What! or How! is changed to exclaimed with surprise.
Said + Pooh! or Pshaw! is changed to exclaimed with contempt.
Said + Bravo or Alas! is changed to applaudedsaying
Examples
The teacher said, Hurrah! We have won the match.
The teacher exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.
She said to her servant, How Silly and careless you are!
She exclaimed that her servant was very silly and careless.
Practice exercise.
1. She said to me, I shall play now.
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2. They said to us, You have done your work.
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3. You said to me, I teach you English.
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4. He said to me, I have been studying since morning.
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5. Rajni said to me, Your song appealed us
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18. My mother said to me, Do not tell a lie.
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20. She said, Alas! I have lost all of my ornaments.
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21. He said, Sorry! I cannot lend you my scooter.
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22. The general said to his soldiers, Bravo! You fought bravely.
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Lecture 7
even more.
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2. Accidents will happen. Some unfortunate events must be accepted as inevitable.
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3. Actions speak louder than words. What a person actually does is more important that what they say
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5. Advice is least heeded when most needed. When a problem is serious, people often do not follow the
advice given.
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6. All cats are grey in the dark. People are undistinguished until they have made a name.
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7. All good things come to those who wait. Patience brings rewards.
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9. All days are short to Industry and long to Idleness. Time goes by slowly when you have nothing to
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All is fair in love and war Things that are done in love or war can often be excused.
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All's well that ends well There is a solution to everything even though there are doubts.
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All that glitters is not gold. What look good on the outside may not be so in reality.
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All things grow with time - except grief. As time goes by, grief subsides little by little
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All things are difficult before they are easy. With practice things become easier.
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An empty purse frightens away friends. When one's financial situation deteriorates, friends tend
to disappear.
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An idle brain is the devil's workshop. When you work you avoid temptation.
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A bad tree does not yield good apples. A bad parent does not raise good children.
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A bad workman blames his tools. Blaming the tools for bad workmanship is an excuse for lack of
skill.
21.
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A bird in hand is worth two in a bush. It's better to keep what you have than to risk losing it by
searching for something better.
22.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
23.
A burnt child dreads the fire. A bad experience will make people stay away from certain things.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
24. A cat has nine lives.
1) Cats can survive many accidents because they land on their feet without injury.
2) Three lives = 3 years to play, 3 years to stray, 3
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
24.
A fool and his money are soon (easily) parted. A foolish person usually spends money carelessly.
75
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
25.
A fool at forty is a fool forever. If a person hasn't matured by the age of 40, they never will.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
A friend in need is a friend indeed. Someone who helps you when you are in trouble is a real
friend.
26.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
A friend to all is a friend to none. Someone who is a friend to everyone makes none of them feel
special.
27.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
28.
A friend's eye is a good mirror. A real friend will tell you the truth.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
29.
A good example is the best sermon. Giving an example is better than giving advice.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
A good beginning makes a good end. If a task is carefully planned, there's a better chance that it
will be done well.
30.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
31.
A rising tide lifts all boats. Describes something that will be helpful to all.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
32. A rolling stone gathers no moss.
If a person keeps moving from place to place, they gain neither friends nor possessions. Another
interpretation is that, by moving often, one avoids being tied down!
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
A rotten apple spoils the barrel. A dishonest or immoral person can have a bad influence on a
group.
33.
76
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
34.
A smooth sea never made a skilled mariner. Overcoming adversity leads to competence
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
35.
Bad news travels fast. People tend to circulate bad news (accidents, illness etc.) very quickly.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
36. Beauty is only skin deep. A person's character is more important than their appearance.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
37. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. Different people have different tastes.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
38. Beauty is the wisdom of women. Wisdom is the beauty of men.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
39. Be swift to hear, slow to speak. Listen carefully before speaking.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
40. Better be alone than in bad company. Be careful in the choice of the people you associate with.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
41. Better be the head of a dog then the tail of a lion. It's better to be the leader of a small group than a
subordinate in a bigger one.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
42. Better flatter a fool than fight him. It's better to avoid disputes with stupid people.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
77
43. Better the devil you know than the devil you don't know
It's better to deal with somebody difficult but familiar, than change and risk dealing with somebody worse.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
44. Charity begins at home. A person's first duty is to help and care for his own family.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
45. Children and fools tell the truth.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
46. Cleanliness is next to godliness. A clean body is just as important as a pure soul.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
47. Clothes don't make the man. Appearances can be deceiving.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
49. Constant occupation prevents temptation. When you work you avoid temptation.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
50. Dead men tell no tales
A dead person cannot cause difficulties by revealing something that it would be preferable to conceal.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
51. Diamond cuts diamond. Refers to two people equally matched in wit or cunning.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
52. Diligence is the mother of good fortune. Hard work brings rewards
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
53. Don't count your chickens before they're hatched. You must not be too confident that something
will be successful.
78
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
54. Elbow grease is the best polish. Hard work gives the best results.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
55. Empty vessels make the most noise. The least intelligent people are often the most talkative or noisy.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
56. Every ass likes to hear himself bray. People like to listen to themselves talking.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
57. Every cloud has a silver lining There is a positive or hopeful side to every unpleasant situation.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
58. Experience is the father of wisdom. Experience and knowledge result in better judgement.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
59. Facts speak louder than words. People show what they are really like by what they do, rather than by
What they say.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
60. Failure teaches success.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
61. First come, first served. The first person in the line will be attended to first.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
62. Fool me once, shame on you;
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
63. fool me twice, shame on me. One should learn from one's mistakes.
79
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
64. Fools rush in where angels fear to tread Inexperienced people act in situations that more intelligent
people would avoid
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
65. Half a loaf is better than none. You should be grateful for something, even if it's not as much as you
wanted.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
66. Hard words break no bones.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
67. Haste makes waste. If something is done too quickly, it may be done carelessly and need to be redone.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
68. Hatred is a blind as love. A person who feels hatred does not see any qualities in the person he/she
hates.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
69. He who knows nothing, doubts nothing. Knowledge leads us to make choices.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
70. Honesty is the best policy. It's always better to be honest.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
71. Hunger is a good sauce. All food tastes good when you are hungry.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
72. f you chase two rabbits, you will not catch either one. If you try to do two things at the same time,
you won't succeed in doing either of them.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
73. If two ride a horse, one must ride behind.
80
When two people do something together, one will be the leader and the other will be the subordinate.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
83. Manners make the man. Possibly: a person's manners show their origins.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
84. Many hands make light work. Sharing work makes work easier.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
85. Money is the root of all evil. Money is the main cause of wrongdoing and problems.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
86. Necessity is the mother of invention. The need for something forces people to find a way of obtaining
it.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
87. No news is good news.
If the news was bad, we would hear of it. Since we have heard nothing, we can assume that all is well.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
88. No smoke without fire. There could be some truth in the rumour...
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
89. No wind, no waves. Similar to : 'no smoke without fire'.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
90. One swallow doesn't make a summer. A single satisfactory event does not mean that all the others
will be as good.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
91. Out of sight, out of mind. We tend to forget people or things that we do not see.
82
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
92Practice makes perfect. Doing something repeatedly is the only way to become good at it.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
93. Prevention is better than cure It is easier to prevent something from happening than to repair the
damage or cure the disease later.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
94. Pride comes before a fall. Don't be too self-confident or proud; something may happen to make you
look foolish.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
95. Put all your eggs in one basket Risk everything by relying on one plan (by putting all one's money in
one business).
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
96. Spare the rod and spoil the child If you don't punish a child when he does wrong, you will spoil his
character
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
97. A stitch in time saves nine
It's better to deal with a problem in its early stages, because if you don't, it will get worse.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
98. The apple doesn't fall far from the tree. Children resemble their parents.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
99. The darkest hour is just before dawn. There is hope even in the worst of times.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
100. The first step is the hardest. The most difficult thing is to begin.
83
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
84
1. Embarrassment
2. Merriment
3. Judgement
4. Statement
14. Choose the word that has been wrongly spelt:
1. Erosion
2. Ocassion
3. Ovation
4. Evasion
15. Choose the correct option
1. Impass
2. Compass
3. Trespass
4. Mistress
16. Choose the correct option:
1. Intemperation
2. Determination
3. Sedimentation
4. Complementation
17. Write the missing words into the gaps. The word in (brackets) tells you how many letters are
missing (number of underscores).
Example: There are seven _________ (cla_ _rooms) upstairs.
Answer: There are seven classrooms upstairs.
88
18. Some of the words in parentheses require the addition of the letter e; others are correct as they stand.
Gusis(tru-ly)sorryforkeepingyouawakelastnight.
_____________________________________________________________________
2
Wewerecriticized(sever-ly)bythesewingcircle.
____________________________________________________________________
3
Theshedwas(complet-ly)demolished.
_____________________________________________________________________
4
Merdinewas(sincer-ly)gratefulforthereprieve.
_____________________________________________________________________
5
TheSimpsonsare(argu-ing)again.
____________________________________________________________________
6
They(argu-d)lastnightforhours.
_____________________________________________________________________
7
WhenisMr.Wolfe(com-ing)home.
_____________________________________________________________________
8
Mayais(writ-ing)herautobiography.
_____________________________________________________________________
9
Mr.Whiteis(judg-ing)theessaycontest.
_____________________________________________________________________
10
Be(car-ful)whenyoulightthefurnace.
_____________________________________________________________________
19. Some of the words require the addition of ie; others require ei.
1
Paintthe(c--ling)beforeyoupaintthewalls.
_____________________________________________________________________
2
Gushasbeen(rec--ving)threateninge-mails.
_____________________________________________________________________
3
A(w--rd)noisecameoutoftheattic.
_____________________________________________________________________
89
Ipaidalmostfivedollarsforthat(p--ce)ofpie.
_____________________________________________________________________
5
Idon't(bel--ve)incoincidence.
_____________________________________________________________________
6
Theguestsbrought(th--r)childrentothewedding.
_____________________________________________________________________
7
(N--ther)ofuscanhelpyoutoday.
_____________________________________________________________________
8
The(n--ghbors)complainedaboutourparents.
_____________________________________________________________________
9
Linda(w--ghs)lessthanhercollie.
_____________________________________________________________________
10
Wewaitedforthe(fr--ght)traintopass.
_____________________________________________________________________
Haveyou(tr-ed)thedessert
yet?
_____________________________________________________________________
2
Thebaby(cr-ed)throughoutthechurch
service.
_____________________________________________________________________
3
Wecomparedtwo(theor-es)of
evolution.
_____________________________________________________________________
4
Peggyfelt(betra-ed)byher
manager.
_____________________________________________________________________
5
Youshouldbe(stud-ing)forFriday's
exam.
_____________________________________________________________________
6
(Lonel-ness)wasneveraproblem
for
_____________________________________________________________________
90
Henry.
She(fl-es)onbroken
wings.
_____________________________________________________________________
8
Ihavealways(rel-ed)onmy
friends.
_____________________________________________________________________
9
PleasegiveMr.Flannerymy
(apolog-es).
_____________________________________________________________________
10
Itwasa(pit-ful)
sight.
_____________________________________________________________________
21. Complete each word with the letter a, e, or i.
1
Iborrowedtheseflowersfromthe
(cemet-ry).
_____________________________________________________________________
2
Myparakeeteatshuge(quant-ties)ofbird
seed.
_____________________________________________________________________
3
Thetaxcutswill(ben-fit)the
wealthy.
____________________________________________________________________
4
Itwasa(priv-lege)tomeet
you.
_____________________________________________________________________
5
Hehasaremarkably(unpleas-nt)
disposition.
_____________________________________________________________________
6
Weplacedthepuppiesin(sep-rate)
rooms.
_____________________________________________________________________
7
Henryisan(independ-nt)
thinker.
_____________________________________________________________________
8
Ifoundan(excell-nt)excusetoresignfromthe
committee.
_____________________________________________________________________
9
Shechoseitemsfromdifferent
(cat-gories).
_____________________________________________________________________
10
ProfessorLegreemadeanother(irrelev-nt)
remark
_____________________________________________________________________
91
22. Some of these words require the doubling of a consonant; others are correct as they stand.
1. Thesunwas(shin-ing)down
like
honey.
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Theexperimentwas(control-ed)by
madman.
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Theregionisslowly(begin-ing)
to
recover.
_____________________________________________________________________
4. Doug(pour-ed)sugaroverYoddy's
oatmeal.
_____________________________________________________________________
5. Shekeeps(forget-ing)to
call
me.
_____________________________________________________________________
6. Gus(admit-ed)his
mistake.
_____________________________________________________________________
7. Theywere(sweat-ing)in the
classroom.
_____________________________________________________________________
8. Thatideanever(occur-ed)
to
me.
_____________________________________________________________________
9. Thebunnywent(hop-ing)downto
the
abattoir.
_____________________________________________________________________
10. His doctor (refer-ed) him to a dimple specialist.
_____________________________________________________________________
23. Some of these words require the addition of one or more letters; others are correct as they stand.
1. Marriage comes without a (g-arantee).
2.Caley(su-prised)
me.
_____________________________________________________________________
3.Youare(prob-ly)goingto
be
late.
_____________________________________________________________________
92
4.Doesshe(reali-e)thathersocks
don't
match?
_____________________________________________________________________
5.(D-scribe)themanwho
hit
you.
_____________________________________________________________________
6.Wewaited(until-)themortician
arrived.
_____________________________________________________________________
7.Merdine(recom-ended)a
psychiatrist.
_____________________________________________________________________
8. Take two (asp-rin) and go to bed.
_____________________________________________________________________
9.Shesupportsastrong(ath-letic)
program.
_____________________________________________________________________
10.The(tem-rature)reached109degrees
in
Yuma.
_____________________________________________________________________
24. Some of these words require the addition of one or more letters; others are correct as they stand.
She(a-quired)agoodtanandanewboyfriend.
_____________________________________________________________________
2
Gusis(basic-ly)lazy.
_____________________________________________________________________
3
Wemustworktogethertoimprovethe(envir-ment).
_____________________________________________________________________
4
IwishHanselwouldjust(dis-pear).
_____________________________________________________________________
5
Mr.Summersshouldattendtohis(bus-ness).
_____________________________________________________________________
6
AliceWalkerwroteanessay(sim-lar)toyours.
_____________________________________________________________________
93
TheRedSoxhave(fin-ly)wonaballgame.
_____________________________________________________________________
8
Iwas(dis-appointed)bythecranberriesindillsauce.
_____________________________________________________________________
9
DocBrownwasworkinginhis(lab-ratory).
_____________________________________________________________________
10
BaronLeibnizworksforthe(gover-ment).
_____________________________________________________________________
Pick out the phrasal verbs used in the poem. Write the meaning and make sentences.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Prilude
______________________
Condenemd
______________________
Torturres
______________________
94
Revolutoinaris ______________________
Acqueiscing
Ungredgingly ______________________
Unparalelled ______________________
Exploitasion ______________________
Anksiously
______________________
Neverteless
______________________
______________________
Find the word. Each alphabet should be used in the word and no alphabet can be repeated more than two
times:
USNTOPI
______________________
RCBIATUE
______________________
ESOMCPIR
______________________
OGNTIAE
______________________
AGVRDNU
______________________
AZLMODTIERN
______________________
EMTNSL
______________________
SIELDOG
______________________
NADTHMEC
______________________
UGENI
______________________
The following words from the text have been misspelled. Correct the following:
Repeserented
Community
Postiivly
Propsositon
Sensitivety
Consideration
95
Potpuris
Accommodated
Audeinces
Culturel
Portrayed
Rendeing
Popularty
Entertainment
Caricutures
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
96
Lecture 15
Phrasal Verbs:I was brought up in a small town in the countryside. Growing up in the countryside offered lots of
advantages for young people. The only problem was that we often got into trouble as we made up stories
that we acted out around town. I can remember one particular adventure in particular: One day as we were
coming back from school, we came up with the brilliant idea to make out that we were pirates looking for
treasure. My best friend Tom said that he made out an enemy ship in the distance. We all ran for cover and
picked up a number of rocks to use for ammunition against the ship as we got ready to put together our
plan of action. We we were ready to set off on our attack, we slowly went along the path until we were face
to face with our enemy - the postman's truck! The postman was dropping off a package at Mrs. Brown's
house, so we got into his truck. At that point, we really didn't have any idea about what we were going do
next. The radio was playing so we turned down the volume to discuss what we would do next. Jack was all
for switching on the motor and getting away with the stolen mail! Of course, we were just children, but the
idea of actually making off with a truck was too much for us to believe. We all broke out in nervous
laughter at the thought of us driving down the road in this stolen Postal Truck. Luckily for us, the postman
came running towards us shouting, "What are you kids up to?!". Of course, we all got out of that truck as
quickly as we could and took off down the road.
Phrasal Verbs -Make sentences with the following
to make out
to drop off
to set off
to get out of
to get into
to get ready
to be up to
to take off
to grow up
to make up
to set off
to turn down
to get into
to bring up
to break out
97
Verb
Meaning
Example
ask around
Add up to something
equal
back something up
reverse
Blow up
explode
Break down
break in
enter forcibly
break in
interrupt
Break up
end a relationship
Break out
escape
make unhappy
bring something up
call around
cancel
call on someone
98
question 1.
calm down
Catch up
get to the same point as someone You'll have to run faster than
else
that if you want to catch up with
Marty.
Check in
Check out
leave a hotel
look at (informal)
Chip in
help
clean something up
tidy, clean
find unexpectedly
come apart
separate
become sick
come forward
originate in
cut in
stop providing
Dress up
99
to dress up.
drop back
drop in/by/over
take someone/something
somewhere and leave them/it
there
drop out
eat out
eat at a restaurant
end up
eventually reach/do/decide
fall apart
fall down
fill something in
fill something up
find out
discover
communicate, make
understandable
get along/on
get around
have mobility
get away
go on a vacation
100
get back
return
get together
get up
give in
give up
stop trying
go after someone
follow someone
go against someone
compete, oppose
go ahead
start, proceed
go back
return to a place
go out
date
go over something
review
grow apart
grow back
regrow
Grow up
become an adult
Hang in
Hang on
hang out
Hang up
hold on
continue doing
not tell
keep something up
take care of
102
try to find
investigate
look out
Make up
pass away
die
pass out
faint
pass something up
postpone
extinguish
assemble
rehearse, review
run away
run out
103
Set someone up
trick, trap
shop around
compare prices
sleep over
Stick to something
take off
start to fly
Tear something up
I tore up my ex-boyfriend's
letters and gave them back to
him.
think back
consider
dispose of
Turn something on
turn up
appear suddenly
try something on
sample clothing
104
test
use something up
Wake up
stop sleeping
Warm someone/something up
Warm up
Wear off
fade away
work out
exercise
I never lost a single chance to rush to the playground, throwing pebbles in the air; flying paper butterflies.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
I had great fun, but back in the hostel room, an eerie silence invariably unnerved me.
_______ . I would burst into tears after this, guilty that I was.
__________________________________________________________________________ . But all
105
tension vanished the next moment to make way for some fresh resolve.
_______ .
Get up at 6 sharp, finish breakfast 6 to 8 English, 8 to 9 Math, 9 to 9.30 History, followed by lunch and
school.
_______ .
6.30 to 7 English composition, followed by dinner, 8 to 9 translations, 9 to 10 Hindi, 10 to 11 revision and
then retire to bed.
_______ . Making a time table is one thing, sticking to it is another.
_______ .
The bouncing football, the fervor of Kabbadi, and the pace of volleyball all pulled me back to the
playground.
_______ .
Dont float in the air; you will soon land with a thud.
_______ . Somehow, I tugged along, my daily routine intact.
_______ . This time, he was in real bad shapeface devoid of color, eyes sunk deepI felt sorry for him.
_______ . He would pass off all opportunities to pull my ears and generally kept off me.
_______ . One pleasant evening, I set about running after colorful kites.
_______ . We were oblivious of the surroundings when I suddenly bumped into my brother.
This truth will prevail and even God cant challenge it...whether you get into my grade or even move
ahead. "
1.
__________________________________________________
2.
__________________________________________________
3.
4.
__________________________________________________
5.
__________________________________________________
6.
7.
__________________________________________________
8.
__________________________________________________
9.
__________________________________________________
10.
__________________________________________________
106
11.
__________________________________________________
12.
__________________________________________________
13.
__________________________________________________
14.
__________________________________________________
15.
__________________________________________________
16.
__________________________________________________
17.
__________________________________________________
18.
__________________________________________________
19.
__________________________________________________
20.
__________________________________________________
Idioms / Proverbs
Khatte angoor - Sour grapes (also, literally)
Bandar kya jaane adrak ka swad - Casting pearls before swine
Dal mein kaala - More to it than meets the eye
Naach na jaane, aagan tedha A poor worker blames his tools
Door ke dhol suhavane lagte hain The grass seems greener on the other side
Aage kuan peeche khaee Between the devil and the deep sea
Garajne wale badal baraste nahin hain Barking dogs seldom bite
Ab pachatae kya jab chidiya chug gayi khet No use crying over spilt milk
Anth bhala to sab bhala Alls well that ends well (almost, literal)
Taali ek haath se nahin bajti It takes two to quarrel
Jahan chaah wahaan raha Where theres a will, theres a way
Doodh ka jala chaas bhi phook-phook kar peeta hai Once bitten twice shy
Jaisa desh, vaisa bhes In Rome do as the Romans do
Ek myaan mein do talawaren nahi samaati No man can serve two masters
Khotta chana baje ghana - Empty vessels make more noise
Aanko ka tara-Apple of ones eye.
107
Practice Exercises : I. Use the following verbs (believe, fill, get, look, put, switch, take, throw, turn, try) and the
prepositions (away, down, for, in, off, on, out) an form meaningful sentences.
Example: My parents are out. So I have to _________ my baby-brother.
Answer: My parents are out. So I have to look after my baby-brother.
1)
Quick!________________ the bus. It's ready to leave.
2)
I don't know where my book is. I have to _________________ it.
3)
It's dark inside. Can you ______________ the light, please?
4)
_________________ the form, please.
5)
I need some new clothes. Why don't you _______________ these jeans?
6)
It's warm inside. _____________ your coat.
7)
This pencil is really old. You can ________________ it___________________.
8)
It's so loud here. Can you _____________the radio a little.
9)
The firemen were able to ______________ the fire in Church Street.
10)
Does your little brother_____________________ ghosts?
II. Complete the phrasal verbs according to their meanings in brackets.
1.. (remove, do not wear) _______________ your shoes.
2.. Somebody has to (take care of) _______________ the baby.
3.. Could you (do not leave it on) _______________ the radio?
4.. Where can I (see if it fits) _______________ the sweater?
5.. (be quick) _______________ .
6.. Why don't you (take a seat) _______________ ?
7.. I will (enter) _______________ the train now.
8.. Shall I (consult a dictionary) _______________ the word in a dictionary?
9.. When do you (rise from bed after sleeping) _______________ in the mornings?
III. Fill in the phrasal verbs:
Given below are few sentences along with the preposition. Add an appropriate ion or verb to make a
phrasal verb:
1
Has the advertising agency __________ the new promotional material yet? I need it by this
afternoon. (in)
We need to ________ the price of the product, which is relatively high, and focus on its quality as a
selling point.(down)
Have you __________ any other interesting product features that we could emphasize in the ads?
(across)
We've decided to __________ billboards and use more double-page spreads instead.(on)
This poster is horrible and can't be used. The colors and images are all wrong. We will have to
__________. (do)
We had to reorder the printed advertisements because the printer completely forgot and _________
the free sample coupons.(out)
We're going to __________ the advertising campaign if we can't get any TV or radio time.(off)
This commercial doesn't seem to promote the product. Can you explain to me what dancing
chickens __________ sport shoes? (with)
My new assistant needs to be __________ before I trust her to run an ad campaign like this one.(in)
10
I like that magazine, but I think we should __________ advertising in it until its circulation has
increased.(off)
Pick out the phrasal verbs from the list given below and complete the sentences:
1. Have you _________________ if you won the competition yet?
2. I need to _________________ from work and take a holiday.
3. She still hasn't _________________ the death of her cat.
4. My daughter is a great cook, she really _________________ her mother.
5. Could you _________________ a moment while I see if Marek is in his office?
6. Extension 28? I'll _________________ .
7. She promised to _________________ her cigarette smoking to six a day.
8. He spent the entire night thinking and in the end ______________ a brilliant idea.
9. I'm afraid your story is not believable. It just doesn't______________.
10. Donata_______________ my cats while I was away on holiday.
11. We're not ready yet, we are going to have to _______________ the meeting until next week.
12. I'm _________________ Simon's address. Do you know it?
13. Mary _________________ twenty minutes late for the party.
14. I'm tired of waiting for Jacek. Can we _________________ our work?
15. If you really want to lose weight, you need to __________eating desserts.
16. Let's __________the grammar one more time before the test.
17. I was __________ an old t-shirt when I __________ this photograph of my high school class.
109
Pick up
Focus at
Reduced to
Fallen in
Move to
Pushed towards
Stand out
Married off
Make up
Spread over
110
Set in
Eloping with
Dressed in
Bursting at
Brought in
Made with
Break away
Churning out
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Lecture -21
Revision Of Idioms And Proverbs :____________________________________________________________________________________
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Activity
1
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2
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3
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Relate the above given idioms with the movie names for example-Ladla- Apple of ones eye.
Practice Exercises : PROVERBS
I. Given below are some commonly used proverbs. Some of them, you may have studied and some of them
may be new to you. Try to locate the meaning of each proverb:
The first step is the hardest _____________________________________________ .
They Brag Most That Can Do the Least _____________________________________________ .
Pain is so close to pleasure _____________________________________________ .
Never say die _____________________________________________ .
Make hay while the sun shines _____________________________________________ .
I had no shoes and complained, until I met a man who had no feet _______________________.
Better an open enemy, than a false friend _______________________________________.
A bad workman blames his tools _____________________________________________.
Absence makes the heart grow fonder _____________________________________________ .
Better bend than break _______________________________________ .
113
b.
Once bitten
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c.
In for a penny
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d.
it never rains
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e.
f.
a friend in need
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g.
a stitch in time
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h.
i.
j.
like father
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k.
one swallow
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l.
promises
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m.
better safe
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n.
out of sight,
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o.
listeners
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114
It is not a good idea to decide if a thing is good or bad just by how it appears at first or by its
outward appearance.
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2
When a bad thing happens there is always a positive aspect to it.
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3
If you don't see someone for a long time you like them better.
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4
When you are in a strange place (temporarily) it is better to follow the local customs.
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5
You should be happy with what you have got even if it is less than what you want.
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6
In many areas in life if you do not confront a problem when it starts it can deteriorate rapidly
therefore it is much better to act soon.
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7
This proverb was probably written by someone who owns his own house and doesn't stay up all
night dancing.
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8
Don't become very upset by trivialities.
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115
9
Don't take risks.
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10
Those who cast threats are seldom man enough to carry them out.
IV.
use the proverbs given below in sentences of your own:
Spare the rod and spoil the child.
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One today is worth two tomorrow
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Need teaches a plan
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Put all your eggs in one basket
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The end justifies the means
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Wonders will never cease!
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Better lose the saddle than the horse
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A watched pot never boils
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Every path has its puddle
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Hatred is as blind as love
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117
118
Between
1. burnt child dreads fire
119
120
121
122
123
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Lecture 25
Conditionals
Practice Exercises :I. Some friends are planning a party. Everybody wants to party, but nobody's really keen on preparing and
organising the party. So everybody comes up with a few conditions, just to make sure that the others will
also do something.
Complete the Conditional Sentences Type I.
1
If Caroline and Sue_______________( prepare) the salad, Phil____________ (decorate) the house.
If Sue _____________ (cut) the onions for the salad, Caroline______________ (peel) the
mushrooms.
Jane ______________ (hoover) the sitting room if Aaron and Tim ____________ (move) the
furniture.
If Bob _______________ (tidy) up the kitchen, Anita ____________ (clean) the toilet.
Elaine ______________ (buy) the drinks if somebody _________ (help) her carry the bottles.
If Alan and Rebecca ______________ (organize) the food, Mary and Conor ____________ (make)
the sandwiches.
If Bob _________ (looks) after the barbecue, Sue ______________ (let) the guests in.
Alan ___________ (mix) the drinks if Jane ____________ (give) him some of her cocktail recipes.
10
II. Complete the story The Cat and the Mouse using conditional sentences:
1
Once upon a time the cat bit the mouse's tail off. Give me back my tail, said the mouse. And the
cat said, Well, I (give)_______________ you back your tail if you fetched me some milk. But
that's impossible to do for a little mouse like you.
The mouse, however, went to the cow. The cat (give / only) ______________ me back my tail if I
fetch her some milk.
And the cow said, Well, I would give you milk if you (get)_____________ me some hay. But
that's impossible to do for a little mouse like you.
The mouse, however, went to the farmer. The cat will only give me back my tail if the cow
(give)_________________ me some milk. And the cow (only / give) ______________________
me milk if I get her some hay.
126
And the farmer said, Well, I would give you hay if you (bring) _____________ me some meat.
But that's impossible to do for a little mouse like you.
The mouse, however, went to the butcher. The cat will only give me back my tail if the cow (give)
_____________________ me milk. And the cow will only give me milk if she (get) __________
some hay. And the farmer (only / give) _____________ me hay if I get him some meat.
And the butcher said, Well, I would give you meat if you (make) ________________ the baker
bake me a bread. But that's impossible to do for a little mouse like you.
The mouse, however, went to the baker. The cat (give / only)____________________ me back my
tail if I fetch her some milk. And the cow (give / not) ___________ me milk if I don't get her hay.
And the farmer will only give me hay if the butcher (have)__________________ some meat for
him. And the butcher will not give me meat if you (bake / not) _______________ him a bread.
And the baker said, Well, I (give) __________ you bread if you promise never to steal my corn or
meal.
10
The mouse promised not to steal, and so the baker gave the mouse bread, the mouse gave the
butcher bread. The butcher gave the mouse meat, the mouse gave the farmer meat. The farmer gave
the mouse hay, the mouse gave the cow hay. The cow gave the mouse milk, the mouse gave the cat
milk. And the cat gave the mouse her tail back.
11
12
If the mouse (promised/not) _______________ never to steal corn or meal, the baker
(not/give)____________the mouse bread.
13
If the baker (not / give) _______________ the mouse bread, the butcher (refuse) ______________
to give her meat for the farmer.
14
If the butcher (refuse) _____________her any meat, the farmer (not/be) __________willing to give
the mouse hay.
15
If the farmer (not/be)______________willing to give the mouse hay, the mouse (not/receive)
_________________milk from the cow.
16
If the mouse (not/receive) _________________ milk from the cow, she (not/get) __________back
her tail
III. Complete the sentences according to the basic rules for Conditional Sentences.
1
Do you like jazz music? Because if you (like)_______ jazz, you (love) __________ New Orleans.
Vanessa hates boat trips. But if she (hate / not)______________ boat trips, she (enjoy) __________
a riverboat cruise on the Mississippi.
I (do) _________a course in jazz dancing if I (have)________more time. But unfortunately I don't
have time.
If the founders of the city (hate) ___________the King of France, they (call /not)__________ the
place Nouvelle-Orlans in honor of him.
127
She'd have taken me to the station if her car (break) ____________ down.
10
11
12
13
14
15
If you (go) __________out with your friends tonight, I (watch) ___________the football match on
TV.
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
If you (switch) __________on the lights, you (fall / not) ____________over the chair.
24
25
26
27
He would have repaired the car himself if he (has) _____________ the tools.
28
29
30
128
Lecture33
129
Lecture 36
Revision :______________________________________________________________________________________
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Conditionals :-
Type I or Type II
1.
Decide whether the following Conditional Sentences are Type I or Type II.
a. If they go to Australia, they will go whale-watching.
b. If she had a mobile, I would call her.
c. If Bob were here, he would have a solution for our problem.
d. If you move here, we will see each other more often.
e. You'll live longer if you stop smoking.
f. If Sarah didn't go with John, Anna would try to become his girlfriend.
g. I will only dance if they play my favorite song.
h. I wouldn't buy that computer if I didn't need it.
i. If she doesn't feel better tomorrow, she will see a doctor.
j.
130
2.
____________ you are caught drinking and driving, you will lose your licence.
____________ you stop making that noise, I'll call the police.
I won't do it ____________ you agree to help me; I'm not doing it alone.
shall tell
will tell
would tell
should tell
wouldn't do
wont do
131
would be
will be
will help
would help
would probably
might probably
will probably
shall probably
will
would
shall
should
will
would
shall
should
132
will
would
shall
should
will you do
would you do
go
have gone
went
have to go
will
would
could
should
will
could
would
should
14. Were you ____________ the job, how would you feel?
get
to get
getting
will be getting
133
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
If you should see him, tell him I've got the video he was looking for
This is less likely to happen than if the speaker had said 'If you see him..
This is as likely to happen as if the speaker had said 'If you see him...'
But for Jane's help, I'd never have got it done on time
John, should you see her, could you ask Helen to give me a quick ring?
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
As long as you do what the doctor told you, you should be better in a few days
Unless you stop working so late, you'll never stop being so tired.
If you see him, will you tell him that I need to talk to him
2.
Zero Conditional
First Conditional
Second Conditional
Third Conditional
Mixed Conditional
Zero Conditional
First Conditional
Second Conditional
Third Conditional
Mixed Conditional
135
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Zero Conditional
First Conditional
Second Conditional
Third Conditional
Mixed Conditional
If he's there, could you tell him that I really need to speak to him.
Zero Conditional
First Conditional
Second Conditional
Third Conditional
Mixed Conditional
Zero Conditional
First Conditional
Second Conditional
Third Conditional
Mixed Conditional
Zero Conditional
First Conditional
Second Conditional
Third Conditional
Mixed Conditional
Zero Conditional
First Conditional
Second Conditional
Third Conditional
Mixed Conditional
136
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Zero Conditional
First Conditional
Second Conditional
Third Conditional
Mixed Conditional
Zero Conditional
First Conditional
Second Conditional
Third Conditional
Mixed Conditional
Zero Conditional
First Conditional
Second Conditional
Third Conditional
Mixed Conditional
Zero Conditional
First Conditional
Second Conditional
Third Conditional
Mixed Conditional
Zero Conditional
First Conditional
Second Conditional
Third Conditional
Mixed Conditional
137
13.
14.
15.
Zero Conditional
First Conditional
Second Conditional
Third Conditional
Mixed Conditional
Zero Conditional
First Conditional
Second Conditional
Third Conditional
Mixed Conditional
Zero Conditional
First Conditional
Second Conditional
Third Conditional
Mixed Conditional
138
Writing
Skills
139
Lecture 4
Big Brother
Text based Questions :1
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Keeping in mind the relationship of the brothers in the lesson relate any story based on the
relationship shared by two siblings
2
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3
Relate / Comment on the relationship you share with your brother / sister
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140
Each student will select 20 verbs from different prescribed texts. Give their three forms Orally and
using those selected verbs will speak orally a short story or paragraph which they will share in the
class.
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142
Questions Based On Text :1. Role Play- The narrator and his brother.
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2. Discuss the relationship of the narrator with his brother and the change that occurred with the passage
of time.
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3. Discuss-Wisdom comes with age not with education
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5. Discuss-Elders should allow the youngsters to learn from their own experience.
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Lecture 8
village.
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2. Grandmother is portrayed as a kind and religious woman. What details given in The portrait of a
3.
Each student will select 20 verbs from different prescribed texts. Give their three forms
Orally and using those selected verbs will speak orally a short story or paragraph which
they will share in the class. Points for the Story
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145
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4. Give synonyms and antonyms of the chosen verbs.
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_____________
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____________
_____________
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____________
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____________
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____________
_____________
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146
Lecture -12
(FD Roosevelt)
Questions based on Text
Q1. Name the axis powers and speak in detail on at least one of them and its role in the world war?
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Summarizing speech visuals :______________________________________________________________________________________
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Teacher to tell students to come prepared with at least one speech and students to summarize it
(Home work)
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147
Q2. They say that if you want peace be prepared for war. Comment on this statement in the light of the
above speech.
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Q3. Discuss the role of America in preserving the balance of power in the presence of the present scenario.
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Q2. What is the dream that Martin Luther talks about. Do you find similarity with the dream of Mahatma
Gandhi.
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149
(Mary Fisher)
Q1. Do you agree with the speaker that the threat of Aids is not limited to one race , gender, country , or
region but looms large.
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150
Lecture 16
B.
C.
Write some dialogue that gives clues to a character's social position or social class?
Explain your choice. _______________________________________
D.
Write some dialogue which advances the action by relating to a conflict? (Include
___________ vs _____________ in the explanation.) Write two examples.
Example one:
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
Write some dialogue which contains conversational give and take? (Where the speakers talk
back and forth.) Write three examples:
Example one:
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151
F.
Write some dialogue which reveals something about the character and personality of the
speaker? Write two examples.
Example one:
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Q1.
Students to see the clippings of movie scenes and write the dialogues for the characters ?
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Q2:
Write down the fictitious conversation between the characters you have seen in the video clipping.
At least 25 dialogues.
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Lecture -18
( 2nd EVALUATION)
153
Lecture - 20
REVISION
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Lecture -22
155
Lecture 26
Read the following passage and answer the questions asked below:
At the end of this trail was the image of a man. I broke my head over this creation but failed to unravel the
mystery. Nor did I dare to ask him. He was in the ninth standard; I was only in the fifth gradehow could I
attempt to dissect such intricate stuff ?
I never lost a single chance to rush to the playground, throwing pebbles in the air; flying paper butterflies.
Climbing up and down the stairs, riding the hostel gate like a motorcar.I had great fun, but back in the
hostel room, an eerie silence invariably unnerved me.
My brother would fling the first question rudely Where were you?
My answer was a meek silence, conveying the acceptance of my crime. He would then caution me in a
flurry of kind and rude words.
Learn English in this fashion, and you had it. This is no childs play dear. Slog for months and you barely
get to reach the shore, even scholars never take it easy.
And I ask, do you not see me toiling, poring over books, if you fail to see, thats your fault. There are
umpteen plays, fairs, cricket matches every day, have you ever seen me taking a break. And despite this
devotion, I spend more than two years in each grade. It takes me two years; you will probably spend a
lifetime. If you want to waste your life thus, better go home and play Gulli danda* to your hearts content.
Why blow Dadas** hard earned money for nothing?
I would burst into tears after this, guilty that I was. He would hurt me with such choicest words. For a
second, I would be tempted to give upwhy not go home... I was happy being a dullard but god save me
from this struggle
But all tension vanished the next moment to make way for some fresh resolve.... to burn the midnight oil, a
new time table sans fun and frolics.... Give the meanings of the underlined words.
1. I broke my head means ___________________________________. to burn the midnight oil means
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3. What did the speaker used to do after being scolded by his elder brother?
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Passage 2
One pleasant evening, I set about running after colorful kites. I was one among the army of 10- 12 lads
carrying bamboo sticks as weapons. Our mission was to collect as many fallen kites as we could. We were
oblivious of the surroundings when I suddenly bumped into my brother. He was probably on his way back
home from the bazaar. He caught me by the wrist and asked tersely
Are you out of your mind? Roaming like a vagabond with these hooligans. If not anything, have some
respect for your grade. I know of several eight-graders of yester years who made name as magistrates,
collectors, editors, leaders and scholars. And look at yourself? You are intelligent no doubt, but where's
your self-respect?
I can read your mind all right. You feel you have caught up with me and that I have no right to question
you. But you are wrong. I am five years elder to you and will always remain soThis truth will prevail and
even God cant challenge it...whether you get into my grade or even move ahead. " "And, thanks to the
kind of examiners we have these days, that's indeed possible. . ." he added with a wry smile.
"I have loads of worldly knowledge thats way above academic grades. Did our Amma*** and Dada ever
go to school? The government in America, constellations in space, wives of Henry the VIII, they may not
know, but can we ever match their wisdom in worldly matters. Tomorrow, if I fall sick, you will surely
panic and send a telegram to Dada, but Dada in your place, would never react like that. He will first try
some home remedy, only if it fails, will he call for a doctor."
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Why cant the big brother ever lose the right of scolding the narrator?
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What is more important for the big brother: bookish knowledge or worldly knowledge and why?
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Vocabulary Exercise from Big Brother
Match the following synonyms:
Grade
Dissuade
Motto
Defy
Flunk
Etched
Dissect
Intricate
Eerie
Flurry
Toil
Umpteen
Dullard
Breach
Penance
Crestfallen
Rage
Replete
Anarchy
Thud
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Queer, bizarre, sober, eccentric Trickle, bounce, dribble, ooze Twine, staff, coil, rope Scribble,
eradicate, scrawl, doodle Tug, jerk, haul, skip Remittance, debt, allowance, payment Thrash,
Comprehension Passage
The Necklace
Read the given passage and answer the questions asked below:
The girl was one of those pretty and charming young creatures who sometimes are born, as if by a slip of
fate, into a family of clerks. She had no dowry, no expectations, no way of being known, understood,
loved, married by any rich and distinguished man; so she let herself be married to a little clerk of the
Ministry of Public Instruction.
She dressed plainly because she could not dress well, but she was unhappy as if she had really fallen from a
higher station; since with women there is neither caste nor rank, for beauty, grace and charm take the place
of family and birth. Natural ingenuity, instinct for what is elegant, a supple mind are their sole hierarchy,
and often make of women of the people the equals of the very greatest ladies.
Mathilde suffered ceaselessly, feeling herself born to enjoy all delicacies and all luxuries. She was
distressed at the poverty of her dwelling, at the bareness of the walls, at the shabby chairs, the ugliness of
the curtains. All those things, of which another woman of her rank would never even have been conscious,
tortured her and made her angry. The sight of the little Breton peasant who did her humble housework
aroused in her despairing regrets and bewildering dreams. She thought of silent antechambers hung with
Oriental tapestry, illumined by tall bronze candelabra, and of two great footmen in knee breeches who
sleep in the big armchairs, made drowsy by the oppressive heat of the stove. She thought of long reception
halls hung with ancient silk, of the dainty cabinets containing priceless curiosities and of the little
coquettish perfumed reception rooms made for chatting at five o'clock with intimate friends, with men
famous and sought after, whom all women envy and whose attention they all desire..
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1. Describe in detail the kind of life Mathilde dreamed of and what she had on the real surface of life.
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Lecture 30
Formal Letter/Business Letter and E-mails
1. Explain various parts of Letter as follows:
Address of the sender
Date Line
Address of the recipient
Subject:
Salutation
Body_1Paragraph
Body_2 Paragraph
Body_3 Closing line
Complementary Close
Signature Name
Date Line
Address of
Recipient
Address of
Sender
Complementary Close
Body of letter
Signature Subject
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3:
Cut redundant ideas, words and phrases Avoid using words with similar meanings. Drop one and
see if your sentence still makes sense. For example:
1.
12 noon noon
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Worksheet no 2 for letter writing Assuming that you have the requisite credentials, draft Job Application
Letters in response to the following advertisement:
Wanted a Plant Manager at our new factory in Gaziabad, UP. Engineering Graduates with
minimum 5 years experience in manufacturing industries as Plant Managers can apply. Salary is
negotiable. Apply with particulars within 15 days.
If you are a recent post-graduate in science and interested in research, apply for the post of Junior
Research Associate in our R&D Division. You should hold a post-graduate degree in
mathematics/physics/chemistry or Biology. If selected you will be given a Research Assistantship
of Rs 8000/- p.m. and you will have the opportunity to work in excellent laboratories
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Formal Letter
Letter Writing
Instructions :- Letter of Complaints
I.
II.
Have one group generate vocabulary and structures used when complaining, ask the other
group generate vocabulary used when responding to complaints
Have two groups write their generated vocabulary on the board Ask for further vocabulary
and/or structures that the opposing group may have missed
III.
Ask groups to compose a letter of complaint about the problem they have previously outline
Have groups exchange finished letters. Each group should proceed by first reading, then
correcting and finally, responding to the letter.
IV.
Collect student letters and correct reply by pointing out which types of mistakes have been
made
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All parts in the letter are left justified, or lined up on the left.
Return address address of letter writer. First and last name, address, city, state and zip code.
The date
Inside address of recipient (who you are writing the letter to) First and last name, title, Company,
address, city, state and zip code.
Salutation If the person is not a friend, write Dear Mr. Smith. If the person is a friend, you may
say Dear Sally.
Body of Letter this is the purpose of the letter. Should be clear and concise, with more than one
paragraph.
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A simple thank you is polite and appreciated but a thank you letter is a little more personal and thoughtful.
Writing a thank you letter requires a little more effort and reflection. The sender must think about why they
are thankful and what the person did to make their day a little more enjoyable.
Letter Writing Lesson Plan
Teach students the art of writing letters and the impact they create. Students are to write a friend, teacher,
doctor, policeman or other person in the community a thank you letter. The letter is to express the students
sincere gratitude for their service.
Often younger children are very willing to write to their doctor or dentist to thank them for an enjoyable
experience. However, as we age, the time required to write the letter is outweighed by other activities. If a
student feels the impact of the letter they may be more willing to write a letter.
If a teacher is able to input the time, write each student a thank you letter over the course of the year. Near
the end of the year, distribute the thank you letters to the students before commencing the letter writing
lesson. After the child reads their letter they will personally feel the value of the thank you letter. Teach
students the basics of letter writing and give them a sample of a thank you letter.
Letter Writing Etiquette
Date: List the date, the letter is being sent. The date should be written in full with no abbreviations.
Address:
Includes street number, name, city, province, postal code, and country if
being sent internationally. As well, all the information is written in full with
no abbreviations.
For a thank you letter it is best to address it Dear Mr. Smith. If the letter is
informal you may wish to write their full name.
Body Text:
Closing:
Write an informal closing as you are writing a thank you letter. Best regards
is suitable for this type of letter writing.
Signature Lines:
Proofread:
Folding:
After you have written an excellent letter, do not crumple the letter into the
envelope. Choose paper size to match your envelope. Be sure to fold the
letter with care.
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Body Paragraph: 3-4 paragraphs thanking the recipient for their service to you. Questions to Answer in the
Body What service they provided and why you appreciated it? How their service made you feel? Why you
want to thank them?
Best Regards
Theodore Rainbow
A Persuasive Letter
Idea Web
What is the problem? Who gets our letter? Why are changes needed? How can we fix the problem?
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A Persuasive Letter
Revising Checklist
The Parts of a Letter
A letter usually includes the following parts:
The heading of the letter usually includes the address and date at the top of the letter. The greeting is the
opening like Dear Mom followed by a comma for a friendly letter or a colon for a business letter. The body
is the heart of the letter. This is where you write your message. Remember to keep your writing clear and
easy to read. Write for your reader! The closing is the ending of your letter. Sign your name at the end of
the letter under a closing word such as Sincerely followed by a comma. Here are some common
abbreviations that you may need when you have small spaces to write a word.
N. north
S. south
E. east
W. west
St. street
Ave. avenue
Blvd. boulevard
Rd. road
Dr. drive
Ln. lane
Cr. Circle
XING crossing
Hwy. highway
I interstate
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Lecture -34
REVISION
General writing Practice based on the speeches and text given in the reading module
Q1: Compare and contrast the theme and mood/style of the poems Casabianca and Evelyn
Hope.
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Q2: Bring out the chief traits of the personality of Shaheed Bhagat Singh after reading his
letters.
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Q.4 Bring out the elements of irony and pathos in the story. The Necklace
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