1)

Description of flood occurrence in Odisha in 2011

The flood situation in Orissa remained grim today with the Mahanadi River continuing of low above the danger mark in the delta region, affecting 14 lakh people and snapping road links with about 1,000 villages.An estimated 14 lakh people from over 2,600 villages have been affected by the floods which have lef t 16 dead, while rescuers evacuated about one lakh marooned people and sheltered them at safer places. Stepping up relief operations, the state government air-dropped food and other essentials with the help of three choppers. Following halt in rains in upper catchment area and reduced inflow, water level in Hirakud reservoir dropped marginally to 628.5 feet from more than 629.3 feet recorded yesterday, sources said. As a result, only 23 sluice gates of the Hirakud Dam were kept open to maintain balance. Both the inflow and outflow of water in the reservoir was maintained at 4,00,840 cusec, they said. Though water started receding in submerged areas of Sambalpur, Sonepur, Boudh and Bargarh districts, floods in the entire Mahanadi River system in the delta region continued to play havoc as around 1,000 villages were completely cut off from the rest of the world, they said. Water level at many places including Naraj, Jobra, Alipingala and Daleighai remained above the danger mark. Discharge of water into the sea may become difficult due to high tide on account of full moon day today, said a senior.official of water resources department. The situation is likely to improve by tomorrow in badly affected areas of Jagatsinghpur, Kendrapara, Cuttack, Jajpur, Puri and Nayagarh districts, official sources said. Though water has started receding in some areas, rivers in the Mahanadi system continued to flow above the danger mark in many places in the delta region, they said. Several sorties were made by the three helicopters, two from the Indian Navy and one from Ministry of Home affairs, to drop relief materials in areas where the administration failed to reach due to snapping of road communication. According to revenue and disaster management minister SN Patro, one more chopper is likely to join the air-dropping operation very soon. Personnel of Orissa Disaster Rapid Action Force (ODRAF) were engaged in relief and rescue operation in the coastal districts. Nearly 200 relief camps and free kitchens have been opened for the flood affected. Twenty-five breaches in the Mahanadi river system have inundated a large number of villages. Several areas on the outskirts of the state capital of Bhubaneswar were inundated by flood waters of Kuakhai and Daya rivers, sources said. Following breaches and submergence of vast areas, several roads including Cuttack-Banki, Choudwar-Athgarh, Sathipur-Jajpur, Barchana-Balichandrapur, Tartol-Hansura, RahamaKhosalpur, Tirtol-Kolar and Tirtol-Posal roads were cut off, they said. The water level in

other major rivers like Subarnarekha, Budhabalang, Baitarani, Brahmani, Bansadhara and Rushikulya was With 877 villages completely cut off from rest of the state due to high flood in Mahanadi river system, Orissa government Sunday began air-dropping of food packets in worst hit areas as the death toll rose to 16. "As of now three sorties were made to most affected areas of Gop, Delang/Kanas in Puri district and Kujang in Jagatsinghpur," Revenue and Disaster Management minister S N Patro told reporters after making an aerial survey of flood hit areas along with chief minister Naveen Patnaik. Fifteen quintals of dry and cooked food could be dropped from choppers today, he said adding 97,117 people were evacuated from low lying areas to safe places and given food as 186 relief camps/free kitchens were opened. At least 16 persons, five from Jajpur district, three each from Kendrapara and Mayurbhanj districts, two each from Dhenkanal and Sambalpur district and one person in Bhadrak district, died in the flood which affected 13.9 lakh people. "There are reports of six persons being swept away in Nayagarh and Bargarh district," said Special Relief Commissioner P K Mohapatra. Flood is a regular phenomenon in Brahmani and Baitarani as heavy inundations take place causing severe damage. Documents from govt. departments tell us that floodings can be reduced by temporary storage of water behind Rengali dam on Brahmaniriver, which controls roughly some 50% of the total catchment area draining to the delta. To use the dam for flood mitigation, floods are being forecasted based on real-time information of rainfall and discharge in the two basins. The lead-times for forecasting at present are limited as only the contributions of the basins in Orissa are covered by the forecasting system. This includes the entire Baitarani basin and Brahmani river below Panposh. Upstream of Panposh, the Koel and Sankh rivers drain, which constitute over 75% of the catchment area controlled by the Rengali dam. Experts have been viewing that by expanding the flood forecasting system to the upper reaches of the Brahmani basin lead times can be extended and knowledge about the flood volumes to be temporarily stored at Rengali can be improved considerably. We really don't know what is being done in that regard by the government. Time the government releases a White Paper on the flood management to clear all the doubts of the citizens of the state.From a document of the CWC we found out that the shortfalls of the present system were realised long time back. In August 1992 the Central Planning Unit, Irrigation Department, Orissa finalised a feasibility study on "Telemetry System for Rengali Dam Project". In this study it proposed a communication system for real-time collection of hydrometeorological data in the Brahmani basin which could cover such an expansion to improve the flood forecasting. This was further taken up in World Bank's Staff Appraisal Report (SAR) of the Hydrology Project (July, 1995). In the SAR activities related to the improvement of flood forecasting in Brahmani basin were covered under the heading: "Improvement to Real-Time Water Resources Management", with a total budget of Rs.24.7 million. It's also time that the Government tells us what happened to this study and its recommendations? Coming back to the Rengali dam on river Brahmani, it is a multipurpose dam to store water for irrigation and for the production of hydro-electric energy and to mitigate floods. This dam is a gravity masonry type of dam with a length of 1,040 m. It has a 464 m long overflow section with an Ogee type spillway consisting of 24 gates. The spillway capacity is nearly

47,000 m3/s at a maximum reservoir level of 125.4 m. The installed hydropower capacity is 5x50 MW. The dam controls a catchment area of over 25,000 km2. As per the Central Planning Unit 1992 guidelines, the Rengali reservoir is guided by the following two considerations: 1. Dam safe condition: in no case the safety of the dam should be allowed to be threatened. There should always be ample space in the reservoir for moderation of the incoming flood. Releases from the reservoir should be designed accurately. 2. Safe flood condition: an attempt should be made to restrict the release to safe flood conditions in the downstream area (i.e. a total inflow to the delta of less than 8,000m3/s); this should be done only if the dam safe condition so permits. As per a document of the CWC, the first condition requires a reliable forecast of the maximum inflow volume to the reservoir, so that under all conditions the reservoir level can be kept below an MRL of 125.4 m. Both conditions benefit most from a low initial reservoir level. This conflicts however with the other two objectives of the multipurpose dam: storage of water for irrigation and hydropower. Therefore, pre-releases from the reservoir to create extra storage capacity for flood mitigation will only be acceptable if the rule curve levels will at least be attained again after the passage of the flood. This requires thus a reliable forecast of a guaranteed minimum inflow volume to the reservoir. The safe flood condition requires also a reliable forecast of the total inflow from the uncontrolled catchments, i.e. of the Brahmani downstream of Rengali and of the entire Baitarani. It is noted that effective manipulation of the gates atRengali require proper information about the flow conditions well in advance. The travel time of Rengali releases to the delta is about 20 hours. This is almost equal to the basin lag (= time between centroids of net rainfall and runoff) of the Brahmani basin draining downstream of Rengali (about 24 hours) and only slightly less than the basin lag of Baitarani(approximately 30 hours). However, we don't seem to be having any reliable systems of inflow forecasting in place as yet. This needs to be looked into with utmost urgency now. The government cannot say that it was not warned of these issues earlier. The CWC document had already pointed out the following weak points of the Rengali dam project and its flood control mechanisms, as follows: The system produces insufficient lead time for the flow at Rengali. It does not account for the Brahmani basin upstream of Panposh, which comprises about 75% of the basin area controlled by Rengali dam. The lag time between rainfall in this area and its contribution to the Brahmani flow at Rengali is about 30 hrs for Koel and 24hrs for Sankh river. Contributions of the sub-basins below Panposh and in the Baitarani catchment are difficult to estimate, though rainfall is to some extent considered in the correlation technique used to produce the forecasts. The lead times are also small because neither rainfall-runoff modelling is considered nor are quantitative precipitation forecasts taken into account. The inflow to the delta, contributions by the delta area itself and the water levels at sea determine the flood stages in the delta. The present system does not provide any means to translate the boundary conditions into flood levels. The report had also noted that effective flood mitigation through Rengali dam requires proper information about the flow conditions upstream as well as downstream of the dam well in advance. The Rengali releases travel in about 20 hrs to the delta, which is only slightly less than the basin lags of the uncontrolled areas (respectively about 24 and 30hours for Brahmani d/s of Rengali and Baitarani).

Time the government looks into all these suggestions and opens up its Flood Management policies to public of the state and come up with a Flood Management Policy for the state which is not only technically advanced (including integration of climate change scenarios) but also transparent and involves all sections of the society through proper river basin management, reservoir operations and flood plain management activities.

2)

Description of case study of tsunami

A tsunami "harbour wave] also called a tsunami wave train, and at one time referred to as a tidal wave, is a series of water waves caused by the displacement of a large volume of a body of water, usually an ocean, though it can occur in large lakes. Owing to the immense volumes of water and the high energy involved, tsunamis can devastate coastal regions. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions (including detonations of underwater nuclear devices), landslides, sciorrucks(underwater landslides), glacier calvings[4] and other mass movements, meteorite ocean impacts or similar impact events, and other disturbances above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami. The Greek historian Thucydides was the first to relate tsunami to submarine earthquakes,[5] [6] but the understanding of a tsunami's nature remained slim until the 20th century and is the subject of ongoing research. Many early geological, geographical, and oceanographic texts refer to tsunamis as "seismic sea waves." Some meteorological conditions, such as deep depressions that cause tropical cyclones, can generate a storm surge, called a meteotsunami, which can raise tides several metres above normal levels. The displacement comes from low atmospheric pressure within the centre of the depression. As these storm surges reach shore, they may resemble (though are not) tsunamis, inundating vast areas of land. The term tsunami comes from the Japanese , composed of the two (tsu) meaning "harbor" and (nami), meaning "wave". (For the plural, one can either follow ordinary English practice

and add an s, or use an invariable plural as in the Japanese.Tsunami are sometimes referred to as tidal waves. In recent years, this term has fallen out of favor, especially in the scientific community, because tsunami actually have nothing to do with tides. The once-popular term derives from their most common appearance, which is that of an extraordinarily high tidal bore. Tsunami and tides both produce waves of water that move inland, but in the case of tsunami the inland movement of water is much greater and lasts for a longer period, giving the impression of an incredibly high tide. Although the meanings of "tidal" include "resembling"or "having the form or character of"]the tides, and the term tsunami is no more accurate because tsunami are not limited to harbours, use of the term tidal wave is discouragedi As early as 426 B.C. the Greek historian Thucydides inquired in his book History of the Peloponnesian War about the causes of tsunami, and was the first to argue that ocean earthquakes must be the cause,] The cause, in my opinion, of this phenomenon must be sought in the earthquake. At the point where its shock has been the most violent the sea is driven back, and suddenly recoiling with redoubled force, causes the inundation. Without an earthquake I do not see how such an accident could happen. The Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus (Res Gestae 26.10.15-19) described the typical sequence of a tsunami, including an incipient earthquake, the sudden retreat of the sea and a following gigantic wave, after the 365 A.D. tsunami devastated Alexandria.[13][14] While Japan may have the longest recorded history of tsunamis, the sheer destruction caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami event mark it as the most devastating of its kind in modern times, killing around 230,000 people. The Sumatran region is not unused to tsunamis either, with earthquakes of varying magnitudes regularly occurring off the coast of the island.[15] Generation mechanisms The principal generation mechanism (or cause) of a tsunami is the displacement of a substantial volume of water or perturbation of the sea. This displacement of water is usually attributed to either earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions,glacier calvings or more rarely by meteorites and nuclear testsThe waves formed in this way are then sustained by gravity. Tides do not play any part in the generation of tsunamis. Tsunami generated by seismicity Tsunami can be generated when the sea floor abruptly deforms and vertically displaces the overlying water. Tectonic earthquakes are a particular kind of earthquake that are associated with the Earth's crustal deformation; when these earthquakes occur beneath the sea, the water above the deformed area is displaced from its equilibrium position.[19] More specifically, a tsunami can be generated when thrust faults associated with convergent or destructive plate boundaries move abruptly, resulting in water displacement, owing to the vertical component of movement involved. Movement on normal faults will also cause displacement of the seabed, but the size of the largest of such events is normally too small to give rise to a significant tsunam

The energy released produces tsunami waves. Tsunamis have a small amplitude (wave height) offshore, and a very long wavelength (often hundreds of kilometers long, whereas normal ocean waves have a wavelength of only 30 or 40 metres),which is why they generally pass unnoticed at sea, forming only a slight swell usually about 300 millimetres (12 in) above the normal sea surface. They grow in height when they reach shallower water, in a wave shoaling process described below. A tsunami can occur in any tidal state and even at low tide can still inundate coastal areas. If the first part of a tsunami to reach land is a troughcalled a drawbackrather than a wave crest, the water along the shoreline recedes dramatically, exposing normally submerged areas. A drawback occurs because the water propagates outwards with the trough of the wave at its front. Drawback begins before the wave arrives at an interval equal to half of the wave's period. Drawback can exceed hundreds of metres, and people unaware of the danger sometimes remain near the shore to satisfy their curiosity or to collect fish from the exposed seabed. The first scales used routinely to measure the intensity of tsunami were the SiebergAmbraseys scale, used in the Mediterranean Sea and the Imamura-Iida intensity scale, used in the Pacific Ocean. The latter scale was modified by Soloviev, who calculated the Tsunami intensity I according to the formula

where Hav is the average wave height along the nearest coast. This scale, known as the Soloviev-Imamura tsunami intensity scale, is used in the global tsunami catalogues compiled by theNGDC/NOAA and the Novosibirsk Tsunami Laboratory as the main parameter for the size of the tsunami. Warnings and predictions Tsunami warning system Drawbacks can serve as a brief warning. People who observe drawback (many survivors report an accompanying sucking sound), can survive only if they immediately run for high ground or seek the upper floors of nearby buildings. In 2004, ten-year old Tilly Smith of Surrey, England, was on Maikhao beach inPhuket, Thailand with her parents and sister, and having learned about tsunamis recently in school, told her family that a tsunami might be imminent. Her parents warned others minutes before the wave arrived, saving dozens of lives. She credited her geography teacher, Andrew Kearney. In the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami drawback was not reported on the African coast or any other eastern coasts it reached. This was because the wave moved downwards on the eastern side of the fault line and upwards on the western side. The western pulse hit coastal Africa and other western areas. A tsunami cannot be precisely predicted, even if the magnitude and location of an earthquake is known. Geologists, oceanographers, and seismologistsanalyse each

earthquake and based on many factors may or may not issue a tsunami warning. However, there are some warning signs of an impending tsunami, and automated systems can provide warnings immediately after an earthquake in time to save lives. One of the most successful systems uses bottom pressure sensors, attached to buoys, which constantly monitor the pressure of the overlying water column. Mitigation Tsunami barrier In some tsunami-prone countries earthquake engineering measures have been taken to reduce the damage caused onshore. Japan, where tsunami science and response measures first began following a disaster in 1896, has produced ever-more elaborate countermeasures and response plans.] That country has built many tsunami walls of up to 4.5 metres (15 ft) to protect populated coastal areas. Other localities have built floodgates and channels to redirect the water from incoming tsunami. However, their effectiveness has been questioned, as tsunami often overtop the barriers. For instance, the Okushiri, Hokkaid tsunamiwhich struck Okushiri Island of Hokkaid within two to five minutes of the earthquake on July 12, 1993 created waves as much as 30 metres (100 ft) tallas high as a 10-story building. The port town of Aonae was completely surrounded by a tsunami wall, but the waves washed right over the wall and destroyed all the wood-framed structures in the area. The wall may have succeeded in slowing down and moderating the height of the tsunami, but it did not prevent major destruction and loss of life.

3)

Seismic retrofitting

Seismic retrofitting is the modification of existing structures to make them more resistant to seismic activity, ground motion, or soil failure due to earthquakes. With better understanding of seismic demand on structures and with our recent experiences with large earthquakes near urban centers, the need of seismic retrofitting is well acknowledged. Seismic Retrofitting for reduction of vulnerability of a structure is a relatively new concept in India. It was only after Latur Earthquake of 1993 that retrofitting was taken up on a substantial scale as a part of the earthquake rehabilitation program under which many public buildings were retrofitted. The quantum got substantially increased in the aftermath of 2001 Kutchch Earthquake In spite of all that got done retrofitting as an option, a technique, a profession or a business is still in its infancy. This is manifested by five indicators (a) A delivery system for retrofitting does not exist; (b) Official Schedule of Rates (SOR) of any government agency does not include seismic retrofitting; (c) Contractors and skilled artisans knowledgeable in this are scarce; (d) People at large have no knowledge of the option of retrofitting; and (e) Information on retrofitting is hard to find. As a result the use of retrofitting as a tool for managing the earthquake risk is fraught with too many obstacles, putting it beyond the reach of an ordinary person. In India, it would not be an exaggeration to say that over 80% buildings that consist of non-engineered masonry are vulnerable against the hazard of future earthquake. These cover a broad range of buildings starting from small mud houses in remote villages all the way to the moderately large infrastructure buildings in cities. With the country witnessing a large number of deaths and incurring huge losses every year resulting from disasters it is important that the vulnerability of these non-engineered masonry structures is reduced through retrofitting. Fortunately, a substantial amount of pioneering work has been done in different parts of the country on seismic retrofitting of nonengineered masonry buildings, although by a few individuals. This includes the (a) development of regional technical guidelines in a number of regions, (b) making of public awareness materials in the regional languages, and (c) most importantly, the actual execution of retrofitting of local variants of masonry structures coupled with some artesian training on retrofitting. Since each region poses significantly different context, such an effort required fresh approach to evolve the solutions to tackle the problems on hand peculiar to the area. This involved different building technologies, different materials, difficulties of access, unreliability of electric power, unavailability of basic as well as special materials needed for retrofitting etc. The retrofitting work carried out in various regions, although on a small scale, offers a number of lessons that could be valuable for the further Retrofitting of Masonry Structures Case Studies development of retrofitting as well as for its promotion as the most attractive option for reducing vulnerability. Four case studies are taken in this paper. This includes (a) a house in a village in Latur region, (b) a Road & Building Department Office cum Storage building in a small Gujarat town, (c) a small school in mountainous border region of Kashmir, (d) a large 3 storey school of Delhi Municipal Corporation. The author was involved in the conceptualization as well as the execution of each one of these projects. (1) Latur, Maharashtra: -

Context: Post earthquake rehabilitation with the government financial assistance for quake affected people, and retrofitting guidelines prepared by Prof. A.S. Arya Financial assistance: Material by ASAG, labour by owner. Predominant building system: Mud roofing on timber deck supported on timber columns- Maalwad style - and walls of random rubble in mud mortar. Case Study: House of Haribhau in Nagarsoga village, Year 1994: Primary objective: To get first hand understanding of retrofitting Learning while Doing. Building System: Heavy Mud roofing on self supported timber deck and Random Rubble Masonry walls in mud mortar Building Area: 2 large rooms 40 sq.m. Damage Category: G 2 Retrofitting Measures: Restoration of damages followed by (a) Stitching of stone wythes with Cast insitu RC Stitching Elements, (b) Installation of roof level RC Band after removal of the upper part of the walls including the projection above the roof, (c) Installation of Knee Braces at the junction of timber columns and beams. Executing Agency: ASAG with the help of local masons and the house owner. Special Features Used First Time By Author: Installation of Cast in-situ RC Stitching Elements involving making of dumbbell shaped holes through the stone wall Installation of RC Band in the Maalwad style existing houseinvolving the partial dismantling of masonry wall Knee Braces for different configurations of timber columns and beams fabrication by local metal work shops Problems Encountered: No awareness of retrofitting option among people. As a result not many people were interested in this option. Lack of confidence among engineers did not help this process. Complicated selection process of a house (simple with no major damage) to work upon because of lack of experience of restoration, retrofitting and random rubble masonry. The risk and the skills involved in the installation of Cast in-situ RC Stitching Elements Retrofitting of Masonry Structures Case Studies Retrofitting & Restoration completed Knee braces at beam-column joint Upper Wall removed for band installation & Roof deck opened for repairs Cast in-situ RC Stitching Element being plaster Thick stone walls precluded use of electric drill for making holes Improvisation of tools for making holes in random rubble wall Lack of necessary skill with masons required intensive hands-on training of masons Learn while you work approach coupled with the understanding of vernacular masonry system and application of engineering common sense helped tackle the problems on hand. Two more houses were retrofitted subsequent to which a large area level retrofitting program was taken up. A complete delivery system was evolved for effective and efficient execution of the program. In all 900 masons were trained and 150 houses retrofitted Retrofitting Measures: (a) Stitching of stone wythes with Cast insitu RC Stitching Elements, (b) WWM Seismic Belt at eave level, (c) Retrofitting of Masonry Structures Case Studies 5Vertical Reinforcing Bars in corners anchored to walls and encased in micro concrete, (d) Encasing of wall openings with WWM Seismic Straps, (e) Roof diaphragm improvement with the help of Diagonal Ties made of 13 gauge pretensioned multiple strand GI wires and timber struts, (f) Strengthening of connections between roofing elements, (g) Anchoring of elements of roof understructure to walls, (h) closing off of a window opening and, (i) Restoration of earthquake damage Executing Agency: NCPDP with the help of local masons. Gable & Lintle Seismic Belt, Stitching

element, window blocking Lintle & Ridge Seismic Belt, Roof Bracing, Stitching Elements Special Features Used First Time By Author: Additional Seismic Belt with WWM for extra high walls. Extensive use of Seismic Belt with WWM for encasement of openings. Anchoring of roofing elements to support walls Blocking off of a window opening

Problems:
Absence of awareness about the significance of retrofitting in public as well as R & B engineers resulted in to little learning by them for future use. Absence of necessary skills with masons required their training and more supervision. With wide firsthand experience of retrofitting in Latur region from technical angle it wasnt difficult to take up retrofitting activities. A major program was taken up for the government for awareness building in 480 villages and training of 6000 masons.

Problems Encountered:
Absence of awareness about retrofitting in public as well as local masons resulted in to some skepticism about retrofitting the school in the beginning Local village level politics and lack of awareness for retrofitting called for meetings and lobbying Retrofitting of Masonry Structures Case Studies Retrofitting was not a part of government program. This meant that no help would come from government engineers and in turn they did not learn anything from this Lack of necessary skill with masons required intensive hands-on training of masons Reaching the remote site with limited transportation and security checks made it more difficult. Procurement of galvanized WWM of the desired specifications demanded a lot of extra efforts and resulted in to a delay of one month. Thick stone walls and unreliable electric power supply precluded the use of electric drill With wide firsthand experience of retrofitting in Latur, mountainous Uttarakhand, and Gujarat from technical angle it wasnt difficult to take up retrofitting activities. Based on the experience of this school and Kupwada District Hospital a detailed manual on Retrofitting and Restoration was prepared for UNESCO. Special Features Used First Time By Author: Anchoring of the triangular roof/attic box to stone walls using special brackets Diagonal timber bracings between timber columns, Retrofitting Measures: (a) WWM Seismic Belt at lintel and sill levels, (b) Vertical Reinforcing Bars in corners anchored to walls and encased in micro concrete, (c) Encasing of wall openings with WWM Seismic Straps, (d) Anchoring of slabs to walls, and (e) Jacketing of masonry columns Executing Agency: NCPDP with the help of a team of experienced masons and laborers brought from Gujarat. Retrofitting of Masonry Structures Case Studies Jacketed Masonry Columns & Seismic Belts Jacketing reinforcement Lintle & Sill Belts & Window Encasement Encasement of door way Problems Encountered, their impact & solution: Lack of awareness on the significance of retrofitting meant limited cooperation and support from all different quarters, making the execution task more difficult and more time consuming Working in the functioning school building resulted in to unplanned delays and called for regular coordination with school authorities No noisy activity such as plaster breaking or drilling work could be done during school hours. School children played with

construction materials resulting in to waste and also disturbed the incomplete work ,Extreme caution had to be exercised for the safety of children Procurement of galvanized WWM of the desired specifications and the galvanized 6mm MS bars resulted in to frequent and long delays. Significant variations observed in the quality of galvanizing in the absence of standardization. 6mm galvanized MS bars were delivered in smaller lengths and in tangled conditions. Extensive removal of plaster for seismic belts and vertical reinforcement tackled with electric rotary grinder. Extensive drilling in to RC slabs for the vertical reinforcement and in masonry columns for installing shear connectors was tackled with good quality heavy duty electric drill Retrofitting of Masonry Structures Case Studies In the documentation of large buildings some details are always missed, many times due to closed access or obscurity due to plaster. At the time of execution of retrofitting this missing information results in to changes in work plan affecting the budget. And time table In large buildings extra items crop up easily. To make sure contractor gets paid for these the MOU would have to be suitably prepared. A large team of suitably skilled artisans and laborers had to be taken from Ahmedabad to Delhi since locally they were not available. This increased the labor cost. No technology transfer could take place. Thus the unavailability of skilled masons and laborers did not change. Special Features Used First Time By Author: Three storey structure required scaffolding and safety equipment for the workers who were not used to such heights.

Conclusion:
From the experience of the retrofitting projects undertaken at these and other sites the following major lessons in regards to the promotion of retrofitting as the principal option for vulnerability reduction emerge. Government policy for Managing Disaster Risk must place top priority on vulnerability reduction of existing non-engineered buildings. Awareness creation in the community at large about the possible dangers of a future disaster and the significance of retrofitting is a prerequisite for the promotion of retrofitting Simple booklets and brochures on the subject must be made easily available in local language Government engineers must receive rigorous onsite training in the retrofitting of non-engineered buildings to enable the respective agency to take up retrofitting projects. Retrofitting skills must become easily available in the market through the Hands-on training programs for masons Public agencies owning buildings must be made aware of the need for retrofitting these buildings to help them assign right priority to retrofitting. Special materials required for retrofitting must be available easily. For the most common building systems the retrofitting items must be standardized with their specifications, and SOR must be developed and recognized. Documentation system also needs to be standardized so that all engineers use the same language of communication.

Disaster management assignment

NAME-SMITA RANI LENKA REGD NO0921011004 BRANCH-CIVIL 7th semester

Disaster management assignment

NAME- SOUMYA MADHUSMITA REGD NO-

0811011004 BRANCH-CIVIL 7th semester

Disaster management assignment

NAME- ANINDITA SAHU REGD NO0811011054 BRANCH-CIVIL 7th semester