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Empennage tail portion of the plane strut Flight Controls o Primary Controls manipulated with yoke and rudder pedals  elevator controls the pitch, located on the tail  ailerons located on back of wings, roll the airplane if they go opposite directions  rudder on the tail, turns the plane left or right controls yaw o secondary controls  flaps  elevator trim  rudder trim Things that must be in the plane all the time o airworthiness certificate o registration o operating limitations o weight and balance information Operating limitations o legal limits on aircraft found in the Approved Flight Manual Four forces of flight o lift produced by wings o weight always acts on the plane o thrust produced by engine o drag produced by air friction The Airfoil cross-sectional shape of the wing o leading edge front of the wing o trailing edge back of the wing o camber shape of the airfoil (average of upper and lower boundaries of the airfoil) o chord a straight line from the leading edge to the trailing edge o angle of attack the angle between the chord line and the relative wind  relative wind angle between direction of plane and horizontal (the earth) o angle of incidence fixed o center of pressure where the lift acts if you sum it all together Lift o controlled by the yoke which controls the angle of attack Bernoulli's Principle pressure increases as velocity decreases and vice versa o air flowing under the wing is slower than air going above the wing o velocity under the wing is slower than velocity over the wing so pressure decreases above and increases below how to control lift o camber controlled by flaps o wing area controlled by flaps o velocity controlled by throttle o angle of attack controlled by yoke

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center of pressure where you can assume that all the forces act o changes with angle of attack flaps o change the chord line of the aircraft o changes the angle of attack thrust o the propeller = rotating wing o propeller spins clockwise from the pilot's POV drag o parasite drag drag due to friction increases with speed o induced drag caused by lift increases at high angle of attack/low speed, wingtip vortices o if you add the drag graph for both types of drag, the lowest point on the graph is the speed at which you can glide the farthest because it's the speed with the least amount of drag ground effect o wingtip vortices are blocked when you're close to the ground so induced drag decreases 3 axes of flights o longitudinal nose to tail o lateral wing tip to wing tip o vertical top to bottom Flight Controls o pitch about lateral axis controlled by elevator o roll about longitudinal axis controlled by ailerons o yaw moving about vertical axis controlled by rudder adverse yaw o induced drag and lift o use rudder to counteract dynamic stability o positive oscillations decrease o neutral oscillations are constant o negative oscillations increase longitudinal stability stability about lateral axis