Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (Siwes)

STUDENTS INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)
WITH
STERLING OIL EXPLORATION AND ENERGY PRODUCTION CO. LTD.
Supervisor:
Prepared by:
Mr. Lincoln Bassey
Eloka V. Adaeze
OUTLINE
ABSTRACT DRILLING AND COMPLETIONS
1.1 1.2
1.
INTRODUCTION DRILLING
1.2.1
Typical Casing Profile Getting Ready to Spud Spudding Running the Surface Casing Running the Intermediate Casing Running the Production Casing Running the Production Liner
1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.2.5 1.2.6 1.2.7
1.3
COMPLETIONS
1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3 1.3.4 Single String with Single Packer Dual String with Multiple Packers Single String with Multiple Packers- Selective Zone Christmas (Xmas) Tree
2. PETROLEUM GEOLOGY
2.1 2.2 INTRODUCTION FORMATIONS IN THE NIGER DELTA
Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) with SEEPCO 06/2011 to 10/2011: Adaeze Eloka
3. MDT PRESSURE GRADIENT SURVEY

3.1 DETERMINATION OF FLUID TYPE AND CONTACTS FROM PRESSURE-DEPTH PLOTS
3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 Introduction Objectives Evaluation
3.1.3.1 OKW-A Reservoir 3.1.3.2 OKW-B Reservoir 3.1.3.3 OKW-C Reservoir 3.1.3.4 E7000 Reservoir 3.1.3.5 E7500 Reservoir 3.1.3.6 E8000 Reservoir
3.1.4
Conclusion
4. PRESSURE VOLUME TEMPERATURE

4.1 PVT ANALYSIS OF FLUID SAMPLES GOTTEN FROM AGU FIELD
4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3 4.1.4 Introduction Objectives Results Conclusion
5. APPENDIX
ABSTRACT
Sterling Oil Exploration and Energy Production Co. Ltd (SEEPCO) is an oil company involved in the exploration and production of hydrocarbons in Nigeria. Presently, they operate on two blocks; Okwuibome field located in OML 143, Kwale, Delta State and Agu field located in OPL 277, Owerri, Imo State. During the training period, I was assigned to two different departments; operations department and subsurface department. This report is divided into four sections; drilling and completions, petroleum geology, modular formation dynamics tester (MDT) pressure gradient survey and pressure volume temperature (PVT) analysis, based on my assignments in Sterling. The drilling and completions section contains information about Sterlings wells, the drilling process applied and the typical casing profile Sterling uses. Also, the type of completions that were used to complete Sterlings wells along with sketches of the completion strings. The petroleum geology section contains information on the geology of the Niger Delta and the formations in the Niger Delta. The modular formation dynamics tester (MDT) pressure gradient survey involved the use of pressure data to plot graphs which were used to locate the oil, water and/or gas zones along with the location of the oil-water contact and/or gas-oil contacts if any. The pressure volume temperature (PVT) analysis used PVT data gotten from the laboratory to determine the bubble point pressure of the reservoir, formation volume factor, solution gas oil ratio, viscosity and composition of the reservoir fluid.
1.
DRILLING AND COMPLETION
1.1
INTRODUCTION
Sterling uses rotary rigs to drill her wells. Two rotary rigs were assigned; Durga-1 and Durga-2. These rigs were operated by BOGEL (the drilling service company). Durga-1 was used to drill four completions in the II pack sands. Two of the completions were vertical wells while the other two were horizontal wells and they were all shallow sands. Durga-2 drilled two vertical and one dually completed well, making four completions in IV pack sands. Durga-2 which is used for drilling high pressure and high temperature zones was used to drill these wells because the IV pack sands are deep with high pressure and temperature. Rotary drilling consists of two types of rotating systems that can be used; rotary table system and top drive system. The top drive system was used to drill all Sterlings wells except OKW-9 where the rotary table system was used. 1.2 DRILLING Drilling contractors Mud contractors Mud loggers Cement contractors Logging company
The companies involved in the drilling operations include;
The drilling contractors consist of the tool pusher, tour pusher, driller, assistant driller, floor men, derrick man, and derrick pusher. The mud contractors are in charge of mixing mud. The mud logger monitors drilling parameters like depth, rate of penetration, cuttings analyses and so on. The cement contractors are in charge of cementing the casing to the borehole wall. The logging company performs all well logging operations while drilling. At the planning stages of drilling Sterlings wells, the drilling engineer, with input from the Geo-scientist, petrophysicists, reservoir engineers and production engineers decided on the strategy to adopt for the appraisal drilling of proposed wells.
1.2.1
Typical Casing profile
The hole drilled for each casing must be large enough to easily fit the casing inside it, allowing room for cement between the outside of the casing and the hole. Also, the inside diameter of the first casing string must be large enough to fit the second bit that will be used to continue drilling. Usually, a well contains multiple intervals of casing successively placed within the previous casing run. The following casing profiles were used for Sterlings wells design; Conductor casing Surface casing Intermediate casing Production casing Production liner
During drilling of the well(s) the logging tool is run in hole to measure formation parameters, along with the MDT tool. The MDT takes pressure measurements and pressurized fluid samples. These fluid samples are taken to the laboratory for PressureVolume-Temperature analysis. The DST tool on the other hand is run in a cased hole section along with the perforating gun. When the gun perforates the casing, the DST tool measures the formations flow pressure. 1.2.2 Getting Ready to Spud
Drilling land wells begin with digging a cellar which can be from 3-15feet. The primary purpose of the cellar is to align the Christmas tree at relative ground level. This allows for easier access to the valves, choke, and other equipment. The first string of pipe is called the conductor pipe or drive pipe which is usually 30 for Sterlings wells. Below are the steps taken preparatory to drilling and completion of wells; 1.2.3
Spudding A large diameter hole is drilled to a specified depth generally relatively shallow, such as 1 ft or 200 ft. The pipe is driven into the ground to the point of refusal.
1.2.4
Running the Surface Casing After drilling 26 surface hole, the 20 surface casing is run to a specified depth to isolate any fresh water, salt water, and oil or gas zones within that depth range of the formation. Cement is circulated to surface of the 20 surface casing.
1.2.5
Running the Intermediate Casing After the 17 hole has been drilled, 13-3/8 intermediate casing casing is run in the hole and cemented to a predetermined depth to ensure a good cement bond is obtained between the surface casing and the intermediate casing.
1.2.6
Running the Production Casing The 12 hole is drilled and 9-5/8production casing is run and cemented in place. Running the Production Liner The production liner is run to the total depth of the well. When the 6 hole is drilled, the 4 production liner is installed and cemented in place.
1.2.7
See figure below

30 conductor casing cement
Casing shoe 26 hole 20 surface casing
17 hole 13 3/8 intermediate casing
12 hole 9 5/8 production casing 6 hole 4 production liner
Figure: typical casing profile
1.3
COMPLETIONS
Well completion is composed of tubular, tools and equipments placed in a wellbore to convey, pump or control the production or injection of fluids. Wells can be completed as; Open hole or cased hole Single string completions, dual string completions, single selective completions etc Naturally flowing or artificially flowing wells Openhole completions are feasible only in reservoirs with sufficient formation strength to prevent caving or sloughing; such as carbonate reservoirs. Cased hole completions are feasible in reservoirs without sufficient formation strength such as sandstone reservoirs which are unconsolidated. Cased hole involve using a set of casing set through the producing reservoir and cemented in place. Fluid flow is established by perforating the casing and cement sheath, thereby opening and connecting the reservoir to the wellbore. Sterling does cased hole completions because formation structure in the Niger delta is sand stone. The tubing configurations used includes the following; Single string with single packer Dual string with multiple packers Single string with multiple packers- Selective Zone
1.3.1
Single String with Single Packer
This is a single string flow conduit. There is both tubing and annulus flow. The packer is run in hole, installed in place and pressure tested, and then the tubing string is run inbetween the packer. The packer holds the tubing string in place and establishes hydraulic separation between the tubing string and the casing or liner.
Flow Cou pling Selective Lan din g Nipple
Tubin g Seal Divider Sliding Sleeve Packer No-Go Nipple
Figure: single string with single packer
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1.3.2
Dual String with Multiple Packers
In the dual string with multiple packers, several zones can be lifted simultaneously. In the figure below, the fluids in the upper zone is produced through the short string which is 27/8 OD while the fluids in the lower zone is produced through the long string which is 3- OD. The dual string is usually placed in the 9-5/8 production casing.
Sliding Sleeve
No-Go Nipple Packer
Flow Coupling Selective Landing Nipple Blast Joint Polished Nipple
Tubing Seal Divider Packer No-Go Nipple
Figure: dual string with multiple packers
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1.3.3
Single String with Multiple Packers- Selective Zone
In the single string with multiple packers, the zones can be produced one at a time or they can be co-mingled depending on government regulations or the quality of the fluids. If the zones are to be produced one at a time, the producing sections can be opened or closed by shifting the sliding sleeve, using wireline services.
Sliding Sleeve Packer Sliding Sleeve Flow Coupling Selective Landing Nipple Blast Joint Selective Landing Nipple
Packer Flow Coupling Blast Joint Selective Landing Nipple
Packer No-Go Nipple
Figure: single selective string with multiple packers
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1.3.4 Christmas (Xmas) Tree At the top of the well completions is the Christmas tree which is an assembly of valves, spools, pressure gauges and choke. The tree prevents the release of oil and gas from the well into the environment, directs flow of oil and gas from the well.
Figure: the production Christmas tree The swab valve provides vertical access to the wellbore, see figure above. The surface choke is used to control fluid flow rate or downstream system pressure. Wing valves are incorporated into the wings of a Christmas tree to provide access to the production tubing for production and well control purposes. The two wings featured in the Christmas tree include a production wing connected to the surface production facilities, and a kill wing that may be used for well control or treatment purposes. A correctly functioning master valve is so important that two master valves are fitted to the Christmas tree. The upper master valve is used on a routine basis, with the lower master valve providing backup in the event that the normal service valve is leaking and needs replacement.
Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) with SEEPCO 06/2011 to 10/2011: Adaeze Eloka 13
The production string is the primary conduit through which reservoir fluids are produced to surface. The production string is typically assembled with tubing and completion components in a way that suits the wellbore conditions and the production method. An important function of the production string is to protect the primary wellbore tubulars, including the casing and liner, from corrosion and erosion by the reservoir fluid.
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2.
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY
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2.1
INTRODUCTION
Hydrocarbon originates from micro-organisms in the seas, river, lakes and land. When these organisms die, they deposit at the bottom of the sea where they form organic matter as sediments. As more of these micro-organisms die, they are deposited on the previous sediments during which pressure and temperature increases. This increase creates a reducing environment during which oxygen is stripped from the sediments and they become compacted thereby forming sedimentary rocks. Hydrocarbons are mostly found in anticlinal structures; as a result, they are sought out by geologists who explore for oil and gas. Since oil and gas are less dense than water, they tend to migrate upward through permeable rock. When rock is folded into an anticline and capped by an overlying impermeable rock, then oil and gas will migrate up the slope of the fold to the crest and accumulate there. Some hydrocarbon traps are created by faulting. Some of the faults in the Niger Delta are; Rollover anticline
Listric fault: this is a spoon shaped fault.
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Collapsed crest: this is where compressional forces push a block of rock upward
Growth fault: this is a situation where the hanging wall is thicker than the footwall
2.2
Counter regional fault: this is a C-shaped fault Antithetic fault: this is a fault where the hanging wall dips to the north Synthetic fault: this is a situation where the hanging wall dips to the south FORMATIONS IN THE NIGER DELTA Benin formation Agbada formation Akata formation
There are three formations in the Niger Delta;
The Benin formation contains unconsolidated fine beach sand basically. The gamma ray reading in this formation is low because sand contains little or no radioactive particles. This sand also contains fresh water which has high resistivity and can be mistaken for hydrocarbon, but hydrocarbon can not be found in the benin formation because it is separated from Agbada formation by a very thick shale called the upper agbada shale. Agbada formation is where the hydrocarbon is trapped. In this formation, there is sand and shale intercalation and the water in Agbada formation is saline resulting in low
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resistivity. Therefore if high resistivity is encountered in Agbada, it is usually perceived to be hydrocarbon. The Akata formation is where the hydrocarbon is formed before it migrates up to the Agbada formation. This formation consists mainly of marine shales and the pressure and temperature here is very high because of its position.
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3.
MDT PRESSURE GRADIENT SURVEY
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3.1 DETERMINATION OF FLUID TYPE AND CONTACTS FROM PRESSURE-DEPTH PLOTS

3.1.1 Introduction Okwuibome field is located in OML 143 and is situated in the northern depositional belt of the Niger Delta. Sterling has drilled some wells in the field. Okw-A well was completed in IID sands while Okw-C and Okw-B wells were completed in IVA-1 sand. The three wells were completed up dip of the reservoir. Hydrocarbon from the IID reservoir has 19API gravity with Gas Oil Ratio (GOR) of about 6scf/bbl. The reservoir quality of the IID sands is good with a porosity ranging from 26 to 28%, and the oil is relatively viscous. IVA-1 reservoir has 49 API gravity with Gas Oil Ratio (GOR) of about 2000scf/bbl. The reservoir quality for the IVA-1 sand is also good with the porosity ranging from 23 to 25% and an effective permeability of 148 Darcy, the oil here is not as viscous as the oil in the IID sand. The initial pressures for OKW B and C are 4774.63psia and 5158psia respectively. Agu main field on the other hand is in Block OPL-277 which is located in Imo state. Agu 2 and Agu 3 appraisal wells were drilled which encountered several sands including sands E7000, E7500 and E8000. The reservoirs porosity is within the range of 25% to 32%, and permeability in the range of 5 to 6 Darcy. The oil gravity is between 22 and 26 degrees API gravity, with a very low GOR of 200 to 260scf/stb, although a high GOR was encountered in E8000.
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Modular Formation Dynamics Tester (MDT) survey and sampling were carried out on three wells; OKW-A, OKW-B and OKW-C in Okwuibome field and on three wells; E7000, E7500, E8000 in Agu field. The purpose of carrying out this survey was to identify the fluids in the reservoir and their contacts, as well as obtain fluid samples for Pressure Volume Temperature (PVT) analysis. Formation testers were introduced about 55 years ago for the sole purpose of sampling fluids in the well. The formation tester was first introduced by Schlumberger, later oil servicing companies such as Baker Hughes, Halliburton etc. produced their own versions. When this tool was first introduced in 1955, it was specifically supposed to collect reservoir fluid samples but could only collect one sample per trip in the well. It was later replaced by the formation interval tester and then the repeat formation tester in 1975, (See Figure 1). Presently, Schlumbergers MDT tool offers significant improvements in pressure measurement with the introduction of the combinable quartz gauge (CQG) and it also offers improved sampling capabilities.
Figure 1: The transition of formation testers over the years The Schlumberger MDT tool was used for pressure survey and fluid sampling in OKWA, B, C and E7000, E7500 and E8000 wells respectively. The results from this survey were compared with logs that were measured while drilling. Some of the logs used were the gamma ray log, resistivity log, etc. The gamma ray curve provides lithology
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information such as sandstones and shales. Low gamma ray reading indicates sandstone while high gamma ray reading depicts shales. Hydrocarbons from petrophysical interpretation of the composite logs (gamma ray curve, resistivity curve, neutron-density curve, etc) always exist in the sands/sandstone. Resistivity curve gives an idea of fluid types contained in the sandstone. Since water is a conductor of electricity and hydrocarbons are insulators, the resistivity reading in a water zone is usually lower than the resistivity reading in a hydrocarbon zone. So, wherever there is a drop in resistivity in a sandstone region, it means that that point is a hydrocarbon-water contact/oil-water contact. The neutron-density curve on the other hand indicates the exact type of hydrocarbon in the sandstone by measuring their densities. The densities of the hydrocarbons have opposite effects on these two measurements. As a result, the two measurements are plotted on a graph in such a way that the two curves overlap in the water-bearing zone. In the gas zone, there is a large separation with neutron on the right and density on the left. This separation is called the gas separation. In the oil zone, the two curves nearly overlap each other while in shales, the separation that occurs is the inverse of what happens in the gas zone. Here the neutron curve shifts to the left while the density curve shifts to the right. 3.1.2 3.1.3 Objectives Identify fluids from their pressure gradients. Determine the position of the gas/oil and oil/water contacts from pressure-depth plots. Evaluate samples obtained for PVT analysis. Evaluation
3.1.3.1 OKW-A Reservoir: the pressure plot of well OKW-A showed OWC at 1691m TVD SS and the pressure gradients calculated were 0.404psi/ft for oil and 0.438psi/ft for water. The pressure gradients are close because the density of the oil is almost up to that of the water. This trend is seen on the pressure plot, as the plot is almost linear. From the
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pressure gradient calculated, the oil is heavy oil. On the gamma ray curve, from 1679m to 1772m shows sandstone because of the low gamma ray reading in that section. The resistivity curve at that section indicates a resistivity drop at 1691.2m and since hydrocarbon has a higher resistivity than water, it means that the OWC is at 1691.2m (see figure 2). The neutron-density curve at that section shows that the density of the oil is close to that of water because the overlapping of the curves is almost the same.
Figure 2: MDT for OKW-A Reservoir 3.1.3.2 OKW-B Reservoir: the pressure plots showed OWC at 3130m TVD SS in OKW-B and the pressure gradients calculated were 0.149psi/ft for gas, 0.215psi/ft for oil and 0.457psi/ft for water. From the pressure gradients calculated, the gas is gas condensate which is a low density mixture of hydrocarbon liquids e.g. pentane, hexane, heptanes, etc, while the oil is volatile oil. On the gamma ray curve, from 3118m to 3154m is sandstone because of the high gamma ray reading in that section. On the resistivity curve, from that section, there is a sharp resistivity drop at 3134.5m. This can only mean that from that point of the resistivity drop downwards is a water zone. Therefore, the OWC is at 3134.5m. (see Figure 3). The neutron-density curve for OKWB is not accurate because of the scaling that was used.
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Figure 3: MDT for OKW-B Reservoir 3.1.3.3 OKW-C Reservoir: the pressure plots showed the OWC at 3159m in OKW-C and the pressure gradients calculated were at 0.234psi/ft for oil and 0.42psi/ft for water. The pressure gradient for oil shows that it is volatile oil which is oil that evaporates rapidly and doesnt leave stains. It can also be called clean oil or good quality oil. On the gamma ray curve, from 3152m to 3196m is sandstone because of the high gamma ray reading in that section. On the resistivity curve, from that section, there is a sharp resistivity drop at 3166.5m. This means that from the point of the resistivity drop downwards is water zone. Therefore, the OWC is at 3166.5m. (see Figure 4). The neutron-density curve for OKW-C is not accurate because of the scaling that was used.
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Figure 4: MDT for OKW-C reservoir 3.1.3.4 E7000 Reservoir: Based on the MDT pressure measurement, the gas and water gradient were determined as 0.089 and 0.45 psi/ft. The gradient calculated for the gas classifies it as dry gas. In the oil column, a pressure gradient of 0.39 psi/ft was determined from fluid sample. This gradient value indicates that the oil is heavy oil, see figure 5. The MDT data was unable to infer contacts due to poor pressure data obtained in the oil column.
Figure 5: MDT for E7500 reservoir
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3.1.3.5 E7500 Reservoir: Three fluids were present in this sand (gas, oil and water). The gradients were calculated from the pressure plots to be 0.05, 0.36, and 0.43 psi/ft, for gas, oil and water respectively. These gradients show that the gas is dry gas and the oil is black oil. The GOC was at 1768 m-ss and OWC was at 1774 m-ss.
Figure 6: MDT for E7500 reservoir
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3.1.3.6 E8000 Reservoir Two fluids were present in this sand (oil and water). Based on the slopes generated from the pressure plots, the fluid gradients were calculated as 0.36, and 0.45 psi/ft, for oil and water respectively. The gradient for the oil defined it as heavy oil. The fluid contact within the reservoir was defined as, OWC at 1815 m-ss.
Figure 7: MDT for E8000 reservoir 3.1.4 Conclusion
The pressure gradient calculated from the plots helped in identifying the fluid types present in the reservoir, which gave knowledge of the hydrocarbon categorization. It is important for the water contact to be known during the early stages of field development.
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4.
PRESSURE VOLUME TEMPERATURE ANALYSIS
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4.1 4.1.1
PVT ANALYSIS OF FLUID SAMPLES GOTTEN FROM AGU FIELD Introduction
MDT samples were taken from Agu 2 and Agu 3 in reservoir E7000, E7500 and E8000 for laboratory PVT analyses. From the site, Schlumberger transported the reservoir fluids which they had collected in their pressurized sample chamber to Reservoir Fluid Laboratory (in PH) for full PVT analysis. At the laboratory, the samples were transferred from Schlumbergers sample chambers to the RFL (Reservoir Fluid Laboratory) cylinder in order to relieve Sterling of the rental charges that would have been incurred. After the transfer, the following tests were performed on the reservoir fluid sample: differential liberation test flash expansion test viscosity test compositional analysis pressure-volume relation
These tests help in determining reservoir fluid properties which are very important in petroleum engineering computations such as material balance calculations, reserve estimates, inflow performance calculations and numerical reservoir simulations. Some of these reservoir fluid properties include; 4.1.2 oil formation volume factor solution gas oil ratio viscosity Objectives bubble point pressure of the reservoir, formation volume factor and solution gas oil ratio viscosity composition of the reservoir fluid
To determine the;
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4.1.3
Results
The differential liberation test simulates the behavior of the reservoir fluids in-situ during pressure depletion. Table 1 shows the results of the differential liberation test for reservoir E7000 with initial pressure at 2514psia and bubble point pressure at 1832psia. It can also be seen that for every pressure change, the formation volume factor, gas volume factor, deviation factor, solution gas oil ratio, liberated gas oil ratio, specific gravity gas, gas viscosity and liquid phase density were measured.
DIFFERENTIAL LIBERATION TEST AT 157 F Gas Volume Pressure Factor Z Solution (psia) FVF (Bo) (bbl/mscf) (Z = PV/NRT) GOR (scf/stb) 5000 4500 4000 3500 3000 Pi 2514 2000 Pb 1832 1500 1200 900 600 300 100 15 1.104 1.106 1.108 1.11 1.113 1.116 1.12 1.121 1.103 1.09 1.079 1.067 1.054 1.046 1.034 1.936 2.431 3.261 4.938 10.061 30.758 207.324 0.934 0.938 0.944 0.953 0.971 0.989 1 215 215 215 215 215 215 215 215 181 146 111 74 35 12 0 0 34 69 104 141 180 203 215 0.568 0.5677 0.5683 0.57 0.5741 0.588 0.6146 0.01473 0.01417 0.01367 0.01324 0.01289 0.01268 0.01254 Liberated Gas-oil Ratio (scf/stb) Specific Gravity Gas (Air = 1.0000) Gas Viscosity (cp) Liquid Phase Density (gm/cm3) 0.8504 0.849 0.8473 0.8454 0.8434 0.8412 0.8384 0.8375 0.8475 0.8535 0.8583 0.8637 0.8695 0.8733 0.8821
Table 1
The PVT parameters used on the field depends on the surface separation conditions, therefore, the result of the differential liberation test was adjusted to surface separator conditions at 300psia and 100F because the highest shrinkage factor was achieved at this pressure and temperature during the separator flash expansion test.
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Table 2 shows the adjusted values for the oil formation volume factor (FVF) and solution gas oil ratio for reservoir E7000.
ADJUSTED VALUES Pressure, psi 2514 1832 1500 1200 900 600 300 100 15 FVF, bbl/stb 1.115 1.120 1.102 1.089 1.078 1.066 1.053 1.045 1.033 Solution GOR, scf/stb 212 212 178 143 108 71 32 9 0
Table 2
The values were adjusted using the Lee and Gonzalez method which is represented by the equation below: Bo = Bod [Bobf/Bobd] Rs = Rsif (Rsid - Rsd) [Bobf/Bobd] For reservoir E7000, Bobf = 1.120bbl/stb Bobd = 1.121bbl/stb Rsif = 212scf/stb Rsid = 215scf/stb Where, Bofb = Separator flash formation volume factor Bodb = Bubble Point Oil formation volume factor from differential liberation
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Bod = Formation volume factor at pressure from differential liberation Bo = Adjusted formation volume factor Rsif = Separator flash solution gas oil ratio Rsid = differential liberation solution gas oil ratio Rsd = Solution gas oil ratio at pressure from differential liberation Rs = Adjusted solution gas oil ratio The formation volume factor and solution gas oil ratio of reservoir E7000 was plotted against pressure in figure 1. This plot shows that Bo increases slightly as the pressure is reduced from initial to bubble point pressure which is due to the fact that the liquid expands and since the compressibility of the undersaturated oil reservoir is low, the expansion is relatively small.
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Figure 1: figure showing the formation volume factor and solution gas oil ratio of reservoir E7000 The oil can dissolve more gas if available, then the initial value of the solution gas oil ratio must remain constant at 212 (scf/stb) until the pressure drops to the bubble point, when the oil becomes saturated. See figure 1. The initial value of the oil formation volume factor, Boi is 1.115rb/stb which increases to 1.120rb/stb at the bubble point pressure. This means that initially 1.115rb/stb of oil plus its dissolved gas will produce one stb of oil. This ratio is actually favorable since Boi is close to unity which indicates that the oil contains hardly any dissolved gas and reservoir volumes are approximately equal to surface volumes. The initial solution gas oil ratio is relatively low at 212scf/stb which indicates that the oil in reservoir sand A is black oil. To show the effect of viscosity on the oil with respect to the solution gas oil ratio, the viscosity values were plotted against pressure as shown in figure 2;
Figure 2: Viscosity-pressure relationship for reservoir E7000
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At the initial pressure, the viscosity of the oil is low because it is undersaturated with gas at this point, but at bubble point pressure, the viscosity increases which is as a result of the fact that the gas comes out of solution with the oil thereby reducing the oils mobility.
The differential liberation test was also performed on the E7500 reservoir fluid samples that were taken to the laboratory. Table 2 below shows the details of the test.
DIFFERENTIAL LIBERATION AT 159F Liberated Solution Gas-oil Specific Gas Z GOR Ratio Gravity Gas Viscosity (Z = PV/NRT) (scf/stb) (scf/stb) (Air = 1.0000) (cp) 246 246 246 246 246 246 246 1.572 1.907 2.413 3.252 4.950 10.088 30.882 207.996 0.907 0.917 0.928 0.938 0.952 0.970 0.990 1.000 213 178 144 108 73 36 13 0 0 33 68 102 137 173 210 233 246 0.5746 0.5693 0.5690 0.5677 0.5684 0.5629 0.5862 0.6084 0.01551 0.01482 0.01423 0.01372 0.01328 0.01293 0.01277 0.01259 Liquid Phase Density (gm/cm3) 0.8525 0.8510 0.8492 0.8472 0.8450 0.8428 0.8402 0.8449 0.8508 0.8560 0.8616 0.8672 0.8725 0.8757 0.8822
Gas Volume Pressure Factor (psia) FVF (Bo) (bbl/mscf) 5000 4500 4000 3500 3000 Pi Pb 2572 2105 1800 1500 1200 900 600 300 100 15 1.107 1.109 1.111 1.114 1.117 1.120 1.123 1.112 1.099 1.087 1.075 1.063 1.051 1.044 1.034
Table 3
The result of the differential liberation test was adjusted to surface separator conditions at 300psia and 100F because a higher shrinkage factor was achieved at this pressure and temperature during the separator flash expansion test. However, the values of the formation volume factor and the solution gas oil ratio had to be adjusted to meet surface separator conditions. For this reservoir, Bobf = 1.119bbl/stb Bobd = 1.123bbl/stb Rsif = 241scf/stb
Rsid = 246scf/stb
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These values were used to calculate the adjustment is shown in table 4;

ADJUSTED VALUES Solution Pressure, FVF, GOR, psia bbl/stb scf/stb 2572 2105 1800 1500 1200 900 600 300 100 15 1.116 1.119 1.108 1.095 1.083 1.071 1.059 1.047 1.040 1.030 241 241 208 173 139 103 69 32 9 0
Table 4
In reservoir E7500, as the pressure is reduced from initial to bubble point pressure, Bo increases slightly. This effect is due to the fact that the liquid expands and since the compressibility of the undersaturated oil reservoir is low, the expansion is relatively small. It can therefore be deduced that the initial formation volume factor of 1.116rb/stb of oil plus its dissolved gas will produce one stb of oil as shown in figure 3.
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Figure 3: figure showing the formation volume factor and solution gas oil ratio of reservoir E7500 Furthermore, the oil is undersaturated with gas, which means it could dissolve more gas if it were available, then the initial value of the solution gas oil ratio must remain constant at 241 (scf/stb) until the pressure drops to the bubble point, when the oil becomes saturated, see figure 2. The oil in reservoir E7000 is black oil because the initial solution gas oil ratio is low and within the GOR range for black oil. The viscosity of the E7500 sample was measured and a graph of viscosity against pressure was plotted as shown in figure 4.
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Figure 4: Viscosity-pressure relationship for reservoir E7500 The viscosity pressure relationship in figure 4 exhibits a similar trend with E7000 reservoir but the rate at which the viscosity increases in E7500 is lower. This is because the solution gas oil ratio of the oil in reservoir E7500 is higher than that of reservoir E7000.
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Finally, a differential liberation test was conducted for the E8000 reservoir fluid sample. Table 3 shows the results of this test in detail.
DIFFERENTIAL LIBERATION AT 161F Liberated Gas Volume Solution Gas-oil Specific Pressure Factor Z GOR Ratio Gravity Gas (psia) (Z = PV/NRT) (scf/stb) (scf/stb) (Air = 1.0000) FVF (Bo) (bbl/mscf) 5000 4820 4520 4128 Pi Pb 3887 3514 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 110 15 1.965 1.971 1.982 1.997 2.008 2.026 1.817 1.675 1.561 1.463 1.376 1.292 1.188 1.070 0.827 0.995 1.274 1.750 2.707 5.665 27.381 208.381 0.793 0.794 0.814 0.839 0.865 0.905 0.962 1.000 1854 1854 1854 1854 1854 1854 1455 1161 920 709 522 342 158 0 0 399 693 934 1145 1332 1512 1696 1854 0.7591 0.7337 0.7195 0.7079 0.7254 0.7949 1.1956 2.436 0.02344 0.01996 0.01722 0.01523 0.01376 0.01247 0.01054 0.0077
Gas Viscosity (cp)
Liquid Phase Density (gm/cm3) 0.6012 0.5992 0.5959 0.5914 0.5882 0.5830 0.6137 0.6377 0.6602 0.6822 0.7037 0.7252 0.7459 0.7525
Table 5
The values of the formation volume factor and solution gas oil ratio were adjusted to surface separator conditions at 300psia and 100F which resulted in the values shown in table 6. The values that were used to calculate the adjustment for this reservoir are as follows; Bobf = 1.770bbl/stb Bobd = 2.026bbl/stb Rsif = 1476scf/stb Rsid = 1854scf/stb
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Pressure, psia 3887 3514 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 110 15
ADJUSTED VALUES FVF, Solution GOR, bbl/stb scf/stb 1.754 1.770 1.587 1.463 1.364 1.278 1.202 1.129 1.038 0.935 1476 1476 1127 871 660 476 312 155 0 0
These adjusted values were then plotted against pressure as shown in figure 5;
Figure 5: figure showing the formation volume factor and solution gas oil ratio of reservoir E8000 In reservoir E8000, the change in the formation volume factor is from 1.754bbl/stb to 1.770bbl/stb which means that 1.754 reservoir barrel of oil plus its dissolved gas will
40
produce one stb of oil, see figure 5. Also, in this reservoir sand, Boi is not close to one and this implies that there might be a significant amount of gas dissolved in the oil, so the reservoir has to be conditioned properly to ensure that a representative fluid sample is obtained. But on the other hand, the farther away Boi is from one, the more volatile the oil. In this same reservoir, Rsi is constant at 1476scf/stb from the initial pressure to the bubble point pressure. This is because the oil is undersaturated with gas and has the capacity to dissolve more gas, (figure 5). The solution gas oil ratio is relatively high at 1476scf/stb which indicates that the oil present in the reservoir sand is volatile oil. In addition, a graph of viscosity versus pressure was plotted using the measured viscosity values of the sample and the corresponding pressure. See figure 6;
Figure 6: Viscosity-pressure relationship for reservoir E8000 The viscosity of E8000 at initial pressure and at bubble point pressure is almost the same. This could be a result of the high solution gas oil ratio, so even at bubble point pressure the gas that leaves the oil will have very little effect on the viscosity change of the remaining oil.
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4.1.4
Conclusion
The results of the PVT analysis are important in completion designs- how the completion strings will react to the produced fluids. On the other hand, it helps in deciding the type of surface facilities to be used for separation when the fluid is eventually produced to surface.
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5. APPENDIX
Tools
Flow coupling
Flow couplings are designed to inhibit erosion caused by flow turbulence. Flow couplings should be installed above and below landing nipples or any other restriction that may cause turbulent flow.
Selective landing nipple
Selective landing nipple is a completion component fabricated as a short section of heavy wall tubular with a machined internal surface that provides a seal area and a locking profile designed to be run in series throughout the wellbore.
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Sliding sleeve
The sliding sleeve is comprised of fullopening devices with an inner sleeve that can be opened or closed, using standard wireline methods to provide communication between the tubing and the tubing/casing annulus.
Tubing seal divider
The tubing seal divider is designed to disconnect the tubing string without disturbing the packer setting.
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No-go landing nipple
No-go landing nipple is a nipple that incorporates a reduced diameter internal profile that provides a positive indication of seating by preventing the tool or device to be set from passing through the nipple.
Blast joint
Blast joints are installed in the tubing opposite perforation wells with two or more zones. The blast joints are sized to help prevent tubing damage from the jetting action of the zone perforations.
Packer
A packer is a downhole device used in every completion to isolate the annulus from the production conduit, enabling controlled production, injection or treatment. A typical packer assembly incorporates a means of securing the packer against the casing or liner wall, such as a slip arrangement, and a means of creating a reliable hydraulic seal to isolate the annulus, typically by means of an expandable elastomeric element. Packers are classified by application, setting method
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STUDENTS INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

STERLING OIL EXPLORATION AND ENERGY PRODUCTION CO. LTD.

Mr. Lincoln Bassey

1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.2.5 1.2.6 1.2.7

3. MDT PRESSURE GRADIENT SURVEY

4. PRESSURE VOLUME TEMPERATURE

DRILLING AND COMPLETION

The companies involved in the drilling operations include;

Typical Casing profile

See figure below

Casing shoe 26 hole 20 surface casing

17 hole 13 3/8 intermediate casing

12 hole 9 5/8 production casing 6 hole 4 production liner

Figure: typical casing profile

Single String with Single Packer

Tubin g Seal Divider Sliding Sleeve Packer No-Go Nipple

Figure: single string with single packer

Dual String with Multiple Packers

No-Go Nipple Packer

Flow Coupling Selective Landing Nipple Blast Joint Polished Nipple

Tubing Seal Divider Packer No-Go Nipple

Figure: dual string with multiple packers

Single String with Multiple Packers- Selective Zone

Packer Flow Coupling Blast Joint Selective Landing Nipple

Packer No-Go Nipple

Figure: single selective string with multiple packers

Listric fault: this is a spoon shaped fault.

There are three formations in the Niger Delta;

MDT PRESSURE GRADIENT SURVEY

3.1 DETERMINATION OF FLUID TYPE AND CONTACTS FROM PRESSURE-DEPTH PLOTS

Figure 5: MDT for E7500 reservoir

Figure 6: MDT for E7500 reservoir

Figure 7: MDT for E8000 reservoir 3.1.4 Conclusion

PRESSURE VOLUME TEMPERATURE ANALYSIS

PVT ANALYSIS OF FLUID SAMPLES GOTTEN FROM AGU FIELD Introduction

Figure 2: Viscosity-pressure relationship for reservoir E7000

These values were used to calculate the adjustment is shown in table 4;

Gas Viscosity (cp)

Selective landing nipple

Tubing seal divider

No-go landing nipple

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