CHINESE JOURNAL OF PHYSICS

VOL. 46 , NO. 3

JUNE 2008

Localized Excitations with Novel Evolutional Behavior in a Generalized Sasa-Satsuma System Chun-Long Zheng1, 2, and Gui-Ping Cai3
College of Mathematics and Physics, Zhejiang Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, P. R. China 2 Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, P. R. China 3 Institute of Educational Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, P. R. China (Received July 28, 2007) Using an extended mapping approach and a Painlev-Bcklund transformation we derive e a new families of variable separation solutions (including solitary wave solutions, periodic wave solutions, and rational function solutions) with arbitrary functions to the (2+1)-dimensional generalized Sasa-Satsuma (GSS) system. Analytical investigation of the (2+1)-dimensional GSS system shows the existence of abundant stable localized coherent excitations such as dromions, lumps, peakons, compactons, and ring soliton solutions, as well as rich fractal and chaotic localized patterns, which are derived in terms of the variable separation solutions when we consider appropriate boundary and/or initial conditions. Furthermore, in terms of the derived exact solution, we reveal some novel evolutional behavior of the localized excitations, i.e., ssion, fusion, and annihilation phenomena in the (2+1)-dimensional GSS system.
PACS numbers: 05.45.Yv, 03.65.Ge
1

I. INTRODUCTION

As is known, many dynamical problems in physics and other natural elds are usually characterized by nonlinear evolution partial dierential equations called the governing equations. In soliton theory, searching for an analytical exact solution to a nonlinear physical system has long been an important and interesting topic both for physicists and mathematicians, since much physical information and more insight into the physical aspects of a nonlinear problem of concern can be derived from the analytical solution, and thus can lead to potential applications. In recent decades, much work has been done on the subject of looking for exact solutions and their related properties like the evolutional behavior of an interaction solution for a nonlinear physical model. For instance, the discovery of dromion type localized coherent structures for the Davey-Stewartson system stimulated renewed interest in higher-dimensional nonlinear systems [1]. Traditionally, a collision between solitons of integrable models is regarded as being completely elastic [2]. That is to say, the amplitude, velocity, and wave shape of a soliton do not undergo any change after the nonlinear interaction [3, 4]. However, for some special solutions of certain (2+1)-dimensional models in our colleagues and our recent study, the

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c 2008 THE PHYSICAL SOCIETY OF THE REPUBLIC OF CHINA

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interactions among solitonic excitations like peakons and compactons are not completely elastic, since their wave shapes or amplitudes are changed after their collisions [5, 6]. Furthermore, for some (1+1)-dimensional models, two or more solitons may fuse into one soliton at a special time, while sometimes one soliton may ssion into two or more solitons at other special times [7]. These phenomena are often called soliton fusion and soliton ssion, respectively. Actually, the soliton fusion and ssion phenomena have been observed in many physical systems, such as organic membranes and macromolecular material [8], and in physical elds like plasma physics, nuclear physics, and hydrodynamics [9]. Recently, Wang et al. [10] discussed some (1+1)-dimensional models, such as the Burgers equation and the Sharma-Tasso-Olver equation, via the Hirota direct method, and revealed the soliton ssion and soliton fusion phenomena. In a similar way, Zhang [11] and Lin et al. [12] also studied the evolution of solitons for two (1+1)-dimensional nonlinear systems, and again found the soliton ssion and soliton fusion phenomena. Now an important and interesting problem is: are there soliton ssion, fusion, and even annihilation phenomena in higher dimensions [13]? The main purpose of our present paper is searching for some possible localized excitations with ssion, fusion, and annihilation behavior in (2+1)-dimensions. As a concrete example, we consider the following (2+1)-dimensional generalized Sasa-Satsuma system (GSS) [14]: qt + qxxx + 6pqx + 3qpx = 0, rt + rxxx + 6prx + 3rpx = 0, py = (qr)x , (1) (2) (3)

where q and r are the complex physical eld while p is a real potential. The GSS system was recently derived from a reduction of the three-component Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (KP) system [14], which has many applications in weakly nonlinear and weakly dispersive physical systems and can be considered as a paradigm in nonlinear science. Obviously, when the elds q and r are taken as complex conjugates, the GSS system will degenerate to a (2+1)dimensional Sasa-Satsuma system(SS): qt + qxxx + 6pqx + 3qpx = 0, py = (|q|2 )x , which is usually used to describe the propagation of an ultra-short pulse through optical bres. The integrability of the GSS system was conrmed via the standard Painlev analysis, and e some special localized solutions with periodic properties for the GSS system were obtained by Radha and Lou based on the local Laurent expansion approach [15]. Using an extended tanh method, Lai recently derived a special variable separation solution, and some localized excitations with elastic and nonelastic behaviors were discussed [16]. However, to the best of our knowledge, studies on the more general solution in some sense, especially certain novel evolutional behavior such as soliton ssion, fusion, and annihilation phenomena for the GSS system, were rarely reported in the preceding literature.

II. EXACT SOLUTIONS TO THE (2+1)-DIMENSIONAL GSS SYSTEM

In this section, we will give out two types of exact solutions, i.e., a mapping solution and a variable separation solution to the GSS system.

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II-1. A mapping solution to the GSS system To search for solitary wave solutions to a nonlinear physical model, we can apply dierent approaches. One of the most ecient methods of nding soliton excitations of a physical model is the so-called mapping or projective transformation method [17][20]. With the help of the mapping transformation idea, and based on the general reduction theory, we extend the projective method. The basic idea of the algorithm is as follows: For a general nonlinear physical system P (v) P (x0 = t, x1 , x2 , , xn , v, vxi , vxi xj , ), (4)

where v = v(v1 , v2 , , vq )T , P (v) = (P1 (v), P2 (v), , Pq (v))T , and Pi (v) are polynomials of vi and their derivatives (T indicates the transposition of a matrix), we assume its solution in the form
N

vi = i0 (x)+
j=1

[ij (x)j ((x))+ij (x)j ((x))], x (t, x1 , x2 , , xn ), i = 1, 2, , q, (5)

where i0 (x), ij (x), ij (x), and (x) are functions of the indicated arguments to be determined. is a solution of the Riccati equation = + 2 , here is an arbitrary constant and the prime denotes dierentiation with respect to . N is determined by balancing the highest nonlinear terms and the highest-order partial terms in the given nonlinear system. Substituting the ansatz (5) together with the Riccati equation into Eq. (4) and collecting coecients of polynomials of , then setting each coecient to zero, yields a set of partial dierential equations concerning ij (x), ij (x), and (x). By solving the system of partial dierential equations to obtain ij (x), ij (x), and (x) and substituting the derived results and the solutions of the Riccati equation into Eq. (5), one can derive an exact solution to the given nonlinear system. In the following discussion, we present the exact solution to the integrable GSS system. For simplicity, we rst introduce a variable transformation r = s(y)q, where s(y) is an arbitrary function of the indicated variable y, and thereby change the GSS system into a set of two coupled nonlinear partial dierential equations: qt + qxxx + 6pqx + 3qpx = 0, py + 2s(y)qqx = 0. By the balancing procedure, the ansatz (5) becomes p = (x, y, t) + (x, y, t)((x, y, t)) + (x, y, t)2 +(x, y, t)
1

(6)

(7)

((x, y, t)) + (x, y, t)

((x, y, t)), (8)

q = f (x, y, t) + g(x, y, t)((x, y, t)) + h(x, y, t)1 ((x, y, t)),

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where f , g, h, , , , , , and are functions of {x, y, t} to be determined. According to the above mentioned procedure, substituting the ansatz (8) and the Riccati equation into Eq. (6), collecting the coecients of the polynomials of and setting each coecient to zero, yields a set of partial dierential equations for f , g, h, , , , , , and . Through careful calculations with the aid of Maple, we obtain an exact solution as follows: f = 0, g = 2s(y)x y , h= 2s(y) 2s(y)x y 32 4x (xxx + 23 + t ) xx x , = , 2s(y) 242 x

2 xx 2 2 xx x , = x, = , = , = (x, t) + (y), 2 2 2 2 arbitrary functions of the indicated variables. = + 2 possesses a general solution [18, 20] < 0, > 0, = 0,

(9)

where (x, t) and (y) are two Finally, as the Riccati equation tanh( ), tan( ), () = 1 ,

(10)

(here we have omitted the coth-type and cot-type solutions due to their concomitance property), substituting the derived results (9) and the solution (10) into the above ansatz (8) yields the families of exact solutions. Case 1. For < 0, we can derive the following solitary wave solution for the GSS system: 32 4x (xxx + 23 + t ) xx x + xx [tanh( ( + )) + coth( ( + ))] p1 = 2 24x 2 + 2 [tanh2 ( ( + )) + coth2 ( ( + ))], x 2 2s(y)x y sech2 ( ( + )) , 2s(y) tanh( ( + )) 2s(y)x y sech2 ( ( + )) , 2 tanh( ( + )) (11)

q1 =

(12)

r1 =

(13)

with three arbitrary functions (x, t), (y), and s(y). Case 2. For > 0, we can obtain the following periodic wave solution for the GSS system: 32 4x (xxx + 23 + t ) xx x xx [tan( ( + )) cot( ( + ))] p2 = 2 24x 2

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2 [tan2 ( ( + )) + cot2 ( ( + ))], x 2 2s(y)x y sec2 ( ( + )) , 2s(y) tan( ( + )) 2s(y)x y sec2 ( ( + )) , 2 tan( ( + ))

(14)

q2 =

(15)

r2 =

(16)

with three arbitrary functions (x, t), (y), and s(y). Case 3. For = 0, we can derive the following rational function solution for the GSS system: 32 4x (xxx + t ) xx 2 xx x + , 242 2( + ) 2( + )2 x 2s(y)x y , 2s(y)( + ) 2s(y)x y , 2( + )

p3 =

(17)

q3 =

(18)

r3 =

(19)

also with three arbitrary functions (x, t), (y), and s(y). II-2. A variable separation solution to the GSS system Now we search further for a variable separation solution based on the multi-linear variable separation approach (MLVSA) for the GSS system. The key idea of this method is to make the original eld such as p be a function of several reduced elds, say two reduced elds, and , p(x, y, t) = (x, y, t, (x, t), (y, t)), (20)

where (x, t) is y-independent and (y, t) is x-independent. This method has been revisited and successfully applied to various (2+1)-dimensional models like the (2+1)dimensional AKNS system, the nonlinear Schrdinger equation, the Nizhnik-Novikovo Vesselov model, and the higher-order Broer-Kaup equations [3][6]. As a matter of fact, a nearly systematic MLVSA process for solving (2+1)-dimensional soliton systems has been achieved. Nevertheless, the MLVSA is still progressing, aiming at deriving more general excitations, in the sense that it admits more arbitrary separation functions entering into the solutions.

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First, we take the following Painlev-Bcklund transformation to p, q, and r in the e a GSS system (1)(3):
1 2 3

p=
j=0

pj f j1 , q =
j=0

qj f j2 , r =
j=0

rj f j3 ,

(21)

where p1 , q2 , and r3 are arbitrary seed solutions of the GSS system. By using the leading term analysis, we can obtain 1 = 2 and 2 = 3 = 1. Substituting Eq. (21) into Eqs. (1)(3), and considering that the functions p2 , q1 , and r1 are seed solutions of the original model, it reads
3 3 2

1i f
i=0

i4

= 0,
i=0

2i f

i4

= 0,
i=0

3i f i3 = 0,

(22)

where 1i , 2i , and 3i are functions of {pj , qj , rj , f } and their derivatives. Due to the complexity of the expressions of 1i , 2i , and 3i , we do not present their concrete forms. Eliminating the leading terms and sub-leading terms of Eq. (22), the functions {p0 , p1 , q0 r0 } are determined. Inserting the results into Eq. (21) and rewriting its form, the Painleve Bcklund transformation becomes a g h 1 p = (ln f )xx + p2 , q = + q1 , r = + r1 , 2 f f (23)

where f f (x, y, t) is a real function while g g(x, y, t) and h g(x, y, t) are two complex functions to be determined later. For convenience of discussion, we choose the seed solutions p2 , q1 , and r1 to be p2 = p2 (x, t), q1 = r1 = 0, where p2 (x, t) is an arbitrary function of the indicated arguments. Substituting Eq. (23) together with the seed solution into the GSS system (1)(3) and collecting coecients of polynomials of f , then setting each coecient to zero yields gt + gxxx + 6p2 gx + 3gp2x = 0, g(2ft fxxx + 12p2 fx ) + 6fx gxxx = 0, fx (2fx gx gfxx ) = 0, ht + hxxx + 6p2 hx + 3hp2x = 0, h(2ft fxxx + 12p2 fx ) + 6fx hxxx = 0, fx (2fx hx hfxx ) = 0, (24) (25) (26) (27) (28) (29)

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fxxy = 0, 2(hg)x + 2fx fxy + fxx fy = 0, fx (2gh + fx fy ) = 0.

(30) (31) (32)

In terms of Eqs. (24)(32), if we choose the real function f in a variable separation form, i.e., f = (x, t) + (y), then we can obtain directly the following exact solutions: g= 2x y (y) exp[i(y)], 2 2x y exp[i( (y))], 2(y) (34) (33)

h=

(35)

with a condition that the seed solution satisfy p2 = 32 4xxx x 4x t xx , 242 x (36)

where (x, t), (y), (y), and (y) are four real arbitrary functions of the indicated arguments. Finally, substituting the derived results (34)(36) into the Painlev-Bcklund transe a formation (23), the corresponding variable separation solution to the GSS system reads p= xx 2 32 4x (xxx + t ) x + xx , 2( + ) 2( + )2 242 x 2x y exp[i], 2( + ) 2x y exp[i( )], 2( + ) (37)

q=

(38)

r=

(39)

with four arbitrary functions (x, t), (y), (y), and (y). Comparing the previous solutions reported in Refs. [15] and [16] with the present derived exact solutions expressed by Eqs. (11)(19) and Eqs. (37)(39), one can readily nd that the former solutions are evidently equivalent to a special case of the current solutions, i.e., Eqs. (17)(19) or Eqs. (37)(39), when the arbitrary function (y) is taken as = 2k, here k is an integer or zero.

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III. SOME NOVEL PHENOMENA: FISSION, FUSION, AND ANNIHILATION OF LOCALIZED EXCITATIONS IN (2+1)-DIMENSIONS

In this section, we discuss some novel phenomena such as ssion, fusion, and the annihilation of localized excitations in the (2+1)-dimensional GSS system. Due to the arbitrariness of the functions (x, t) and (y) included in the above solutions, the physical quantities p, q, and r may possess rich structures. Especially for the physical quantity qr, and the module square of the complex elds q or r based on Eqs. (37)-(39), qr(|q|2 , |r|2 ) x y , ( + )2 (40)

propriately, i.e., p and a0 +a2 q . Therefore, all the stable localized excitations such a1 +a3 q as dromions, lumps, peakons, compactons, and ring soliton solutions, as well as chaotic and fractal localized patterns based on the common formula (1.1) in Ref. [3], can be rederived from the physical quantity qr and the module square of the complex elds q or r (40) by selecting the functions (x, t) and (y) appropriately. For instance, a dromion solution localized exponentially in all directions can be driven by multiple straight-line and straight-line ghost solitons with a simple selection of the functions and [19, 25], namely
M N

one may nd abundant localized excitations such as dromions, breathers, lumps, peakons, campactons, foldons, chaotic patterns, and fractal patterns, since the above equation (40) can be regarded as a universal formula in (2+1)-dimensions [21][28]. Comparing the common formula (1.1) for (2+1)-dimensional systems in Ref. [3]: v 2px qy (a2 a1 a3 a0 )(a0 + a1 p + a2 q + a3 pq)2 with the physical quantity qr and the module square of the complex elds q or r (40), one can nd that they are essentially equivalent (qr(|q|2 , |r|2 ) v) since 2x y a0 +a2 q v 2px ( a1 +a3 q )y (p + a0 +a2 q )2 = (+)2 , when choosing the variable transformation apa1 +a3 q

=1+
i=1

tanh[Ki (x + ct) + xoi ],

=1+
i=1

tanh(ki y + y0i ),

(41)

where Ki , ki , x0i , and y0i are arbitrary constants, and M and N are positive integers. Then we can obtain a multidromion solution for the physical quantity qr and the module square of the complex elds q or r (40). Meanwhile, when the functions and are considered to be some piecewise smooth functions, then we can derive some multipeakon excitations for the physical quantity qr and the module square of the complex elds q or r (40). For example [19, 25],
M

=
i=1

i (x + ct), x + ct 0, i [(x + ct)] + 2i (0), x + ct > 0,

=
i=1

i (y), y 0, i (y) + 2i (0), y > 0, (42)

where the functions i (x + ct) and i (yt) i () are dierentiable functions of the indicated arguments and possess the boundary conditions i () = Ai , (i = 1, 2, . . . , M ), i () = Bi , (i = 1, 2, . . . , N ), with Ai and Bi being constants and/or even innity.

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In addition to the mentioned single-valued localized excitations, there are multiplevalued localized excitations, such as folded waves for the physical quantity qr and the module square of the complex elds q or r (40). For example, if the function (x, t) is chosen via the following relation [19, 25]:
M M

x =
j=1

fj ( + cj t), x = +
j=1

Xj ( + cj t), =

x x d,

(43)

where the cj (j = 1, 2, , M ) are arbitrary constants and fj , Xj are localized excitations with the properties fj () = 0, Xj () = const. From (43), one knows that may be a multi-valued function in some suitable regions of x by choosing the functions Xj appropriately. Correspondingly, the function x may be a multi-valued function of x in some intervals, though it is a single valued function of . As to the function , one can take it as a t-independent single-valued localized function or treat it in a similar way, choosing a multiple-valued localized function via
N N

y =
j=1

gj (), y = +
j=1

Yj (), =

y y d,

(44)

where gj , Yj are also localized excitations with the properties gj () = 0, Yj () = const. Since these results have been reported in the previous literature, for brevity we do not present the related dynamical evolutional proles. In the following part, we mainly discuss some localized excitations with novel evolutional properties, derived from the physical quantity qr via prescribing the arbitrary functions and appropriately to avoid some singularities, which are virtually valid for other (2+1)-dimensional systems reported in Ref. [3], namely G qr = x y , 2( + )2 (45)

where (x, t) and (y) are two arbitrary functions of the indicated variables. It has been reported recently that the ssion and fusion phenomena can happen for (1+1)-dimensions [10, 12, 13]. Now let us focus our attention on these intriguing fusion, ssion, and annihilation phenomena for the potential G (45) in (2+1)-dimensions, which may exist in certain situations. First we select the arbitrary functions (x, t) and (y) in Eq. (45) to be
M N

= 1+
i=1

Ci exp[Ki (x + i t)] +
i=1

Xi (x + i t), if x + i t 0, (46) Xi (x i t) + 2Xi (0), if x + i t > 0,

=1+
j=1

Dj tanh[Sj (y + y0 )],

(47)

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where M , N , and L are positive integers and Xi (x + i t) Xi () is a dierential function of the indicated argument. Then we can obtain a new type of ssion solitary wave for the physical quantity G (45). Figure 1 shows an evolutional prole of the solitary wave for the physical quantity G with the conditions X1 = 0.1 exp(x + t), M = N = L = K1 = S1 = C1 /5 = 10D1 = 1 /2 = 1, and y0 = 0. From Figs. 1a, 1b, 1c, and 1d, one can clearly nd that one soliton ssions into two solitons. An interesting feature which should mentioned is that the left travelling soliton (see Fig. 1e), i.e., one of the pairs of solitons that emerge after the ssion, is stable and does not undergo an additional ssion when running the program for a longer period of time, up to t = 108 . However, the right travelling soliton is unstable (see Fig. 1f) and will ssion further into many oscillating solitons at time t > 12.5, their shapes and amplitudes are changing with time. Along with the above line, when we consider (x, t) and (y) to be =1+ 0.3 tanh[5(x t)] + 0.25 tanh(2x 3t) + 0.1 tanh[2(x 2t)] , [1 + 0.1 tanh(2x 3t)]2 (48)

= 1 0.1 tanh(y),

(49)

for the physical quantity G (45), then we obtain another new type of fusion solitary wave, which possesses an apparently dierent property compared with Figure 1. From Figure 2, one can nd that three solitons fuse into one soliton nally. The fused single soliton remains stable for subsequent times while running the program for a rather long time (t = 106 ). In addition to the ssion and fusion of the above localized excitations with the increase of time, some solitons will be annihilated under some appropriate initial and/or boundary conditions, like other physical particles. For instance, when prescribing (x, t) and (y) as = 1 + 0.3 tanh(x2 + t), = 1 0.1tanh(y 2 ) (50)

, for the physical quantity G (45), we nd an interesting annihilation phenomenon of solitons for the physical quantity G (45). The corresponding prole is presented in Figure 3. Naturally, if we consider other selections for the functions and , such as Jacobian functions or the solutions of the well-known Lorenz chaotic system, then we may derive some novel solitary wave solutions with double periodic properties or chaotic behavior. For example, if we choose them to be [29, 30]
M N m n

=a+
i=1

[Li (x + ci t)] +
i=1

[Pi (x + di t)], = b +
j=1

lj (y) +
j=1

pj (y),

(51)

where a, b, ci , and di are constants, Li and lj are localized functions conducive to engendering solitary waves and Pi and pj are quasi-periodic functions leading to quasi-periodic background waves, then we can reveal a complex wave of the physical quantity qr in the GSS system, this is not discussed in our present paper. Actually, because there exist some arbitrary characteristic functions and in the physical quantity G, any exotic behavior may be engendered along the above mentioned lines.

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Fig.1a

Fig.1b

0.02 G 0.01 0 20 x 0 10 0y 10

0.02 G0.01 0 10 0 x 10 10 0y 10

Fig.1c

Fig.1d

0.02 G0.01 0 10 0 x 10 20 10 0y 10

0.02 G 0 20 0x 20 10 10 0y

Fig.1e

Fig.1f

0.003 0.002 G 0.001 0 30 20 x 0y 10 0 10 10

6 G 4 2 0 25 x30 35 10 0y 10

FIG. 1: The evolutional prole of one soliton ssion into two solitons for the physical quantity G (45) under the conditions (46) and (47) with the following parameters: X1 = 0.1 exp(x + t), M = N = L = K1 = S1 = C1 /5 = 10D1 = 1 /2 = 1, and y0 = 0 at dierent times: (a) t = 5, (b) t = 1, (c) t = 5, (d) t = 10. (e) The stable left travelling soliton at t = 15. (f) The unstable right travelling soliton at t = 15. IV. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION

In summary, starting from an extended mapping approach and a special Painleve Bcklund transformation, respectively, two families of exact solutions to the (2+1)a

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Fig.2a

Fig.2b

0.04 G 0.02 0 10

0.04 G 0.02 0 10

y0 20 x 10

y0 0 10 10 5 x

10

Fig.2c

Fig.2d

0.15 0.1 G 0.05 0 5

0.15 0.1 G 0.05 0 5

y0 10 x 9

11 5

y0 100000 x 99999

100001 5

FIG. 2: The time evolutional plot of three solitons fusing into one soliton for the physical quantity G (45) with conditions (48) and (49) at dierent times: (a) t = 10, (b) t = 3, (c) t = 10, (d) t = 106 .

dimensional GSS system are successfully obtained. Then analytical investigation of the (2+1)-dimensional GSS system shows the existence of abundant stable localized coherent excitations such as dromions, lumps, peakons, compactons, and ring soliton solutions, as well as rich fractal and chaotic localized patterns, in terms of the derived variable separation solutions, when we consider appropriate boundary and/or initial conditions. Finally, based on the derived exact solution with arbitrary functions, we presented some novel localized excitations, soliton ssion, fusion, and annihilation phenomena in the GSS system. Here one may ask: are there indications in nature for nonelastic interactions among solitons? The answer is positive. Conventionally, it is considered that the interactions among solitons are completely elastic, due to the amplitudes, velocities, and wave shapes of the solitons being completely preserved after a nonlinear interaction. However, for the localized excitations reported here, it happened that their interactions lead to new physical properties, such as fusion, ssion, and annihilation, similar to a real nuclear reaction or an electron-positron interaction. In special cases, the soliton collisions are nonelastic or completely nonelastic, since their amplitudes and the wave shapes of the solitons are changed or eliminated after their nonlinear interactions. From the brief analysis in the present paper, we can see that soliton ssion, fusion,

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Fig.3a

Fig.3b

0.05 G0 0.05 5

0.01 G0 0.01 5

y0 0x 5 5

y0 0x 5 5

Fig.3c

Fig.3d

1e06 G0 1e06 5

5e11 G0 5e11 5

y0 0x 5 5

y0 0x 5 5

Fig.3e

Fig.3f

1e14 G0 1e14 5

1e14 G0 1e14 5

y0 0x 5 5

y0 0x 5 5

FIG. 3: A time evolutional prole of soliton annihilation for the physical quantity G (45) with condition (50) at dierent times: (a) t = 5, (b) t = 0, (c) t = 5, (d) t = 10, (e) t = 15, (f) t = 20.

and annihilation are intriguing phenomena, which can occur in a higher dimensional soliton system if we choose appropriate initial conditions or boundary conditions; these phenomena are similar to some work in (1+1)-dimensions reported by several authors [10]. Although we have presented some soliton fusion and ssion phenomena in (2+1)-dimensions, it is apparent that there are still many signicant and interesting problems waiting for further discussion. Just as the authors have pointed out in (1+1)-dimensional cases [10], what is the necessary and sucient condition for soliton ssion and soliton fusion? What is the

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general equations for the distribution of the energy and momentum after soliton ssion and soliton fusion? How can we use the soliton ssion and soliton fusion of integrable models to practically investigate the observed soliton ssion and soliton fusion in experiments? These are all pending issues. Actually, our present short note is still an initial work; because of the wide potential applications of soliton theory, to learn more about the soliton ssion, fusion, and annihilation properties and their applications in reality is worthy of further study in the future.

Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Professor S. Y. Lou, Professor J. P. Fang, Professor H. P. Zhu, Dr. Z. Y. Ma, and Dr. S. H. Ma for their helpful and fruitful discussions, and also expresses sincere thanks to the anonymous referees for their positive comments and constructive suggestions. The project was supported by Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (Grant Nos. Y604106, Y606181), the Foundation of New Century 151 Talent Engineering of Zhejiang Province, the Scientic Research Foundation of Key Discipline of Zhejiang Province, and the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Lishui University (Grant No. KZ06002).

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