UPDATE OF HARMONIC STANDARD IEEE-519 IEEE RECOMMENDED PRACTICES AND REQUIREMENTS FOR HARMONIC CONTROL IN ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS

Copyright Material IEEE Paper No. PCIC-88-7

C.K. Duffey, Member, IEEE R. P. Stratford, Fellow, Power Technologies, Inc. Schnectady, New York
Abstract - In 1973 two events occurred that changed the way that utilization equipment is applied on Industrial Power Systems. The first of these was the oil embargo that increased the cost of energy; and the second was the coming of age of adjustable speed drives using static power converters. To minimize electrical energy costs, which are made up of demand and kilowatt-hour charges, users began to apply capacitors to their systems to lower the demand charges from utility companies. With the increased use of static power converters that require harmonic currents from the power system, the stage was set for trouble. The Static Power Converter Committee of the Industrial Applications Society recognized the potential problem and started work on a standard that would give guidelines to users and engineer-architects in the application of static power converter drives and other uses on electric power systems that contained capacitors. The result was IEEE 519-1981, "IEEE Guide for Harniotiic Cotitrol atrd Reactive Since all Conipematioti of Static Power Cotiverters". standards are reviewed every five years, a review of IEEE 519-1981 has been in progress for the last two years. The revision is expected to be submitted to the IEEE Standards Board in 1988. This paper reports the changes that are included in the revised standard and includes examples on the application of IEEE-519. INTRODUCTION When the Static Power Converter Committee of IAS initiated the work on IEEE 519-1981, in general, industry and utilities were not particularly interested in the problem of harmonic currents on their systems. U p until the early 1970's. the major users of static power converters had developed techniques to minimize harmonic currents into the power grid. The electro-chemical and electrometallurgical industries were the largest users of static power converters and they had developed multi-pulse operation of their installations that cancelled harmonic currents used in their processes. Large metal rolling mills had also adopted these techniques. These industries had electrical engineers who with the electrical engineers of the major manufacturers of static power converters understood the problem and took steps to minimize harmonic currents. With the maturing of static power converter technologies, based on the new silicon power thyristors, economical small and medium sized adjustable speed drives became available from many manufactures. Each drive by itself, did not present much of a problem with harmonic currents. However, with the proliferation of many drives, all operating independently, the problem became more complicated. Since it is not economical, nor desirable, to eliminate the harmonic currents from individual drives, analysis must be performed to determine whether or not there is going to be a problem caused by the harmonics on the power system. Many users of these new equipments do not have electrical engineers that can recognize the problems and correct them before they cause excessive Costs and failures of equipment. Standard IEEE 519-1981 was developed to aid in the application of these new equipments so as to minimize the problems associated with these non-linear loads.

IEEE

During the five years after the standard was issued, it proved to be a useful document for all those applying adjustable speed drives. It was also picked up by electric utilities that started to be concerned about the number of static power converter loads that began appearing on their systems. Within the IEEE-PES (Power Engineering Society) a Working Group on Harmonics was established as part of the Transmission and Distribution Committee ( T & D Committee). The membership of this working group was made up of mainly individuals from the electric utility industry and academics who recognized the potential problems. There were also some members that had participated in the original IEEE 519- 1981 document. When the time came to review IEEE 519-1981, it became apparent that there should be a joint effort between the Working Group on Harmonics of the Power Engineering Society and the Static Power Converter Committee of the Industrial Applications Society. This was accomplished through a co-chairmanship of the new Task Force. On 23 January 1986, the PAR (Standard Project Authorization) was submitted to IEEE headquarters Since that time, and was approved on 13 March 1986. work has been progressing with six meetings being held between January 1986 and May 1988. The membership of the Task Force includes engineers from industry, electric utilities, manufacturers, consultants, and universities. For continuity, several of the participants who worked on the original document are contributing to the revision. DOCUMENT CHANGES The document has had enough acceptance that it is now up-graded to a "Recommended Practice". In fact, the new title of the document is:

IEEE

Reconinietided Practices arid Requirenietits Harniorric Cotitrol in Electric Power Systems in both

/or user

This will give it a higher standing applications and the electric utility service.

The need for changes in the document became apparent during the first meeting. The original document was good in that it brought to the attention of power engineers the problems associated with non-linear harmonic producing loads. However, it did not address the concern that many electric utilities had about one user using up all the capacity of their system to absorb harmonic currents. The voltage distortion criteria in the 1981 edition could not be used to distribute among users the ability of the utility system to absorb harmonic currents. This problem is addressed in the revision. There are now two criteria that are used to evaluate harmonic distortion. The first is a limitation in the harmonic current that a user can transmit into the utility system. The second criteria is the quality of the voltage that the utility must furnish the user. The interrelationship of these criteria shows that the harmonic problem is a system problem and not tied just to the individual load that requires the harmonic current.

89CH2792-0/89/0000-1618$0l.MI 0 1989 IEEE

Table 1 - Harmonic Current Limits for Non-Linear at the Point-Of-Common-Coupling with Loads, at Voltages of 2.4 to 69 kV.

Loads Other

MAXIMUM HARMONIC CURRENT DISTORTION IN Yo OF FUNDAMENTAL

i
~

currents and voltages and how to evaluate the measurements. The appendix of this paper lists the Introduction and Scope of the document and also gives an outline to the document's content. The references and bibliography have also been updated. APPLICATION EXAMPLES In order to better understand what the standard means in practical terms, the following two applications of the standard are discussed.

HARMONIC ORDER (ODD HARMONICS)

2.5 4.0 5.0

1.0 1.5 2.0

0.5
0.7 1.0

8.0 12.0

of Large Example Transmission Voltage

Industrial

Plant

Furnished

at

Even harmonics are limited to 25% of the odd limits above.

iarmonic

*All power generation equipment is limited to these values of current distortion, regardless of actual Isc/lL. Where I = Maximum short circuit current at PCC And I F = Maximum load current (fundamental frequency) at PCC For PCC's from 69 to 138 kV, the limits are 50 percent of the limits above. A case-by-case evaluation is required for PCC's of 138 kV and above. Table 1 lists the harmonic current limits based on the size of the user with respect to the size of the power system to which he is connected. The ratio of Isc/IL is the short circuit current available at the point of common coupling (PCC), to the nominal fundamental load current. Thus as the size of the user load decreases with respect to the size of the system, the larger is the percentage of harmonic current the user is allowed to inject into the utility system. This protects other users on the same feeder as well as the utility which is required to furnish a certain quality of power to its customers. The second limitation specifies the quality of the voltage that the utility must furnish the user. Table 2 lists the amount of voltage distortion that is acceptable from a utility to a user. This table is similar to the one in the present edition of IEEE 519-1981. To meet the power quality values listed in Table 2, cooperation among all users and the utility is needed to insure that no one user deteriorates the power quality beyond Table 2. The values in Table 2 are low enough to insure that equipment will operate correctly. Table 2 - Harmonic Voltage Limits for Power Producers (Public Utilities or CO-generators) HARMONIC VOLTAGE DISTORTION IN % AT PCC 2.3-69kV 69-138kV >138kV Maximum for Individual Harmonic Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) Note: High voltage systems can have up to 2.0% THD where the cause is an HVDC terminal that will attenuate by the time it is tapped for a user.

Figure 1 shows a large industrial plant such as an oil refinery or chemical plant being serviced from a utility transmission voltage at 115 kv. The demand on the utility system is 50 MVA and 50 percent of its load is twelve pulse static power converter load. Table 3A shows the equivalent harmonic current distortion characteristic of this load. At the 115 kv PCC, the load current, IL, is 250 amperes, and the static power converter's (SPC) current is 125 amperes. The amount of each of the harmonic currents is based on the factors that are listed in the Table AI (Appendix). In Table 1, the Standard has classified the percent allowable harmonic current distortion in accordance with the harmonic order. Thus for a short circuit ratio R of 40, the allowable distortion caused by harmonics less %an the eleventh, is 3.5 percent. (Because the supply voltage is 115 kV, the allowable current distortion is one half the values in Table 1.) From the eleventh to the seventeenth, 1.8 percent is allowed, etc. In the case of the example, the distortion of the 12-pulse characteristic harmonics ( 1 1 , 13, 23, 25, 35, etc.) are higher than allowed even though it is within the limits for the fifth and seventh harmonics and other categories. In the example, the distortion of the load with the eleventh and the thirteenth harmonic currents are higher is above 100. than Table I allows for 115 kV even if R However, the system's ability to absorbSC the harmonic currents without exceeding the voltage distortion is shown in Table 3B. In this particular case, a review with the utility could be made to see if the excess current distortion is acceptable as long as the voltage distortion is within limits. Table 3B lists the resulting harmonic voltages associated with the harmonic currents listed in Table 3A. The harmonic voltages depend upon the impedance in the system through which the harmonic currents must flow. The listing in Table 3B shows how the harmonic voltages decrease with the size of the system. It is evident that the harmonic currents from this plant do not distort the

1
*50 MVA

115 KV

\I/
OTHER LOADS 25 MVA Figure 1 12.5 12.5

In addition to the changes listed above, (these are the real meat of the standard), there is additional application information that aids in the understanding of static power converters and their effect on the power system. Information on the effect of harmonic voltage on different power system components is included; and there is a more detailed description of how to measure harmonic
1619

MW

MW

One line diagram of large industrial plant fed from transmission voltage used in calculation of current and voltage distortion.

lll Il I I I

I l l l I 11 I l l l l I 11

Il 1 I

TABLE 3A -

CURRENT DISTORTION CALCULATIONS FOR A LARGE INDUSTRIAL PLANT AT 115 KV Ratlo Load Demand SPC Load Harmonic Current Ih

'SC

IcI s'L

*L
(Amp)

Is

' 5 2.4

'7

'1 1

'3 1

'7 1

'9 1

I '23

'5 2

'9 2

"31 13 '5

THD
%

Current in Amperes

50

250 25 125

1.651 9.12

7 1 10.44 0.34 12.50 2.00 .2 2.84 0.13 0.14 13 . 23 . 2.0 28 . 2.5

18 .

0.17 0.151 1 3 .7

2000
1; 3 .:

10.0 117.6 25.1 100

I ;: 1

Current Distortion X
0.96 0.66 3.63

IEEE - Limits X IEEE - Limits % , IEEE - Limits X

35 .

1.00 0.80 0.07 0.06 0.55 0.5 0.25 0.8 0.35 1 .o 0.5

4.96
4.0

6.0 75 .

Note: Current Distortion Llmlts are one-half of those listed in Table 1 because of 115 kV level Ih
=

Current Distortion in percent

Where:

Is i s rated current of static power converter

fh i s harmonic factor in per unit of Is ITHD =

VZ: 1
IL

x 100

TABLE 38

- VOLTAGE DISTORTION CALCULATIONS FOR LARGE INDUSTRIAL PLANT AT 115 KV

435
I

18.2

8.7

23 .

0.571 0.552 4.795

Distortion at 1 . kV Bus 38 4.426 0.360 0.307 2.750 2.390 0.096 0.221 2.294 7.88

50 .

10 MVA Base

voltage greater than what is recommended in the standard. If there are other users on this line, however, the utility system may be distorted greater than what is allowed by the standard and if that is the. case, this user must correct his harmonic current to be within the limits recommended in the standard. Note that on the 13.8 kV bus, the voltage distortions are greater than recommended. A properly sized harmonic filter applied on the 13.8 kV bus would reduce the current distortion and the voltage distortion to within the current limits to the utility and the voltage limits on the 13.8 kV bus. Example of Several Users on a Single Distribution Feeder Figure 2 shows a utility distribution feeder that has four users along the feeder. Each user sees a different value of short circuit or system size. Tables 5 through 8, Case A, list the current distortion from each of the Users as a function of its SPC load. Note that User # I (Table 5) is well within the limits as specified by Table 1 of the Standard, User #2 (Table 6 ) is marginal, and Users #3 and #4 (Tables 7 and 8) are both well over the recommendations. Table 9, Case A, shows the resulting voltage distortion on the feeder due to the four users. In all cases the voltage distortion is above the five percent limit shown in Table 2. There are two possible solutions to this problem, and The Table 4 tabulates the cases that will be discussed. first solution would be for the utility to place a harmonic filter near User #3 to absorb the harmonic currents coming
1620

0.02857
MVA 350

0.22

0.1 1

300

[+--F-T+i
4.16 K V

0.625

MVA

0.055

2.5 MW

STH FILT
k

3.6 MVAR 5TH FILT

5 .o

MW

'r ,T,* . _
I 1

2.7 MVAR

MVA

\L
3.75 MW

5TH FILT

Figure 2

One line diagram of distribution system feeder used in calculation of current and voltage distortion.

TABLE 5. USER 21

HARMONIC

CURRENT LOAD FLOW a DISTORTION

HARMONIC CI

?ENT (AMPS)

5
PLANT S P E C I F I C A T I M

7 3.43 3.33 2.49 0.94 2.39 2.67 0.76 2.57 2.36 1.08 2.26 12%

11

13

17 0.91 0.87 0.73 0.18 0.70 0.74 0.17 0.71 0.70 0.22 0.67

19 0.70 0.67 0.56 0.14 0.54 0.57 0.13 0.55 0.53 0.16 0.51 0.52 0.50 0.42 0.10 0.40 0.43 0.09 0.40 0.40 0.12 0.38 0.42 0.40 1.34
0.08

31 __ 0.36 0.35 0.29 0.07 0.28 0.30 0.06 0.29 0.28 0.08 0.27 0.31 0.30 0.25 0.06 0.24 0.25 0.06 0.24 0.24 0.07 0.23

-- r ! THO
0.29 0.28% 0.23
0.05

TO SYSTEM
% DISTORTIOh

350 MVA. 14.6 KA SC 2.5 MVA, 104 A LOAD 25% SPC's 26 A SF'C LOAD CURRENT
'SC'ILOAO
= 1 4 '

4.99 4.80 2.49 2.49 2.39 3.50 1.48 3.77 2.50 2.49 2.40

1.90 1.83 1.49 0.40 1.43 1.53 0.37 1.47 1.42 0.48 1.36 -.

1.48 1.42 1.18 0.30 1.13 1.20 0.28 1.15 1.12 0.36 1.07 __

6.421

TO SYSTEM TO FILTER % DISTORTIOFi TO SYSTEM TO FILTER % DISTORTIOFi

0.33 0.34 0.08 0.33 0.32 0.10 0.31

0.22% 0.24

4.001

CASED
---

TO SYSTEM TO FILTER % DISTORTIOh

IEEE-S19l&MITS TABLE 6. USER 22 HARMONIC CURRENl LOAD FLOW

5.5%

5.0% _~
?ENT (AMPS)

2.0%

DISTORTION

11
PLANT SPECIFICATIONS 300 MVA. 12.55 KA SC SMVA. 209A LOAD 50% SPC's 105 A SPC LOAD CURRENT ISC'ILOAD = 60

13 5.99 2.87 4.56 1.43 2.18 4.68 1.31 2.24 4.27 1.72 2.04

17 3.68 1.76 2.84 0.84 1.36 2.89 0.79 1.38 2.66 1.02 1.27

19 2.84 1.36 2.20 0.64 1.05 2.24 0.60 1.07 2.06 0.78 0.99 4.0%

23 2.10 1.00 1.63 0.47 0.78 1.66 0.44 0.79 1.53 0.57 0.73

25 1.68 0.80 1.31 0.37 0.63 1.33 0.35 0.64 1.23 0.45 0.59

29 1.47 0.70 1.14 0.32 0.55 1.16 0.31 0.56 1.07 0.39 0.51

31 1.26 0.60 0.98 0.28 0.47 1.00 0.26 0.48 0.92 0.34 0.44 0.85 0.31

20.2 TO SYSTEM 9.67 % DISTORTION

TO SYSTEM TO FILTER % DISTORTION TO SYSTEM TO FILTER % DISTORTION

13.9 6.65 9.44 4.41 4.52 10.3 3.6 4.93 8.79 5.07 4.21

7.66 3.67 5.76 1.90 2.76 5.94 1.72 2.84 5.38 2.28 2.57

8.42 11.8 4.03 13.2 7.01 6.32 8.43 11.8 4.03

lTABLE 7. USER I3 PLANT SPE C1F 1 CAT IONS 175 MVA. 7.32 KA SC 10 MVA. 418 A LOAD 50% SPC's 209 A SPC LOAO CURRENT

CASE 0

TO SYSTEM TO FILTER % DISTORTION

1.5%

HARMONIC CURRENT LOAD F l U

I---CASE A

DISTORTION

13 11.9 2.85 0.01 40.1

0.00

17 7.31 1.75 4.44 2.87 1.06 3.64 3.67 0.87

1 9 5.64 1.35 3.45 2.19 0.83 2.83 2.81 0.68

23 4.18 1.00 2.58 1.60 0.62 2.12 2.06 0.51 2.24 1.94 0.54

25 3.34 0.80 2.07 1.27 0.50 1.70 1.64 0.41 1.80 1.54 0.43

29 2.93 0.70 1.82 1.11 0.44 1.50 1.43 0.36 1.58 1.35 0.38
~

31 2.5 0.60 1.56 0.94 0.37 1.28 1.22 0.31 1.35 1.15 0.32
~~

35 2.3 0.55% 12.8% 1.44 0.86 0.34% 1.18 1.12 0.28% 1.25 1.05 0.30% 0.3X

TO SYSTEM % DISTORTION

ISC/ILOAo 17.5

TO SYSTEM TO FILTER % DISTORTION TO SYSTEM TO FILTER % DISTORTION

12.5 15.1 2.99 9.73 17.9 2.33 10.3 17.3 2.46 4%

8.78 6.52 2.10 7.10 8.20 1.70 7.50 7.80 1.79

7.03 4.87 1.68 5.73 6.17 1.37 6.05 5.85 1.45 2.0

0.02 40.1
0.00

CASED

TO SYSTEM 0.04 TO FILTER hO.l % DISTORTION 0.00

I :::: I
0.92 2.99 2.65 0.72 1.5X
Hm Am

3.68 5.0%

IEEE-519 L I M I T S
TABLE 8 . USER 04 HARMONIC CURRENT LOAD FLOW

0.6%

DISTORTION

11
P L M SPECIFICATI(F(S 125 MVA. 5.23 KA SC 5 MVA. 209 A LOAD 75% SPC'S 157 A SPC LOAD CURRENT Isc'ILoAD

13 8.95 4.28 5.30 3.66 2.54 3.76 5.19 1.81 4.55 4.40 2.18 3.5%

17 5.50 2.63 3.34 2.16 1.60 2.40 3.10 1.14 2.89 2.61 1.38

19 4.24 2.03 2.59 1.64 1.24 1.87 2.37 0.89 2.25 1.99 1.08 2.5%

23 3.14 1.50 1.94 1.20 0.93 1.40 1.74 0.67 1.68 1.46 0.80

25 2.51 1.20 1.56 0.96 0.75 1.12 1.39

0.54

29 2.20 1.05 1.37 0.83 0.66 0.99 1.21 0.47 1.19 1.01 0.57 1.0%

31 1.88 0.90 1.17 0.71 0.66 0.85 1.03 0.41 1.02 8.86 0.49

35 1.72 0.82% 1.87 0.65 0.51% 0.78 0.94 0.37% 0.93 0.79 0.45% 0.5%

CASEA TO SYSTEM
% DISTORTION

30.1 14.4
0.00

20.7 9.90 9.39 11.3 4.49 6.17 14.5 2.95 7.72 13.0 3.69 7%

11.5 5.50 6.60 4.90 3.16 4.64 6.86 2.22 5.64 5.86 2.70

19.3%

25

TO SYSTEM TO FILTER % DISTORTION TO SYSTEM TO FILTER % DISTORTION

30.1
0.00

6.57%

0.01 30.1 0.00 0.03 30.1 0.01

D
CASE

TO SYSTEM TO FILTER X DISTORTION

1.35 1.16 0.65

5.53%

IEEE-519 L I M I T S

1-

--

Ill Il llll

I 1/1/ /I Il1I l l l l I Il 1

I Il I

Table 9. Harmonic Voltage Distortion for Distribution System Exan le

v23

THD
7.13 3.93 2.94 3.48 8.25 4.53 3.37 3.99 12.62 6.39 4.34 5.47 14.43 8.02 4.69 7.12

v26

v29

v3,

v35

1.56 1.03 0.77 0.92

1.36 0.90 0.67 0.80 1.57 1.04 0.77 0.92

1.38 1.26 0.92 0.84 0.68 0.62 0.82 0.75 1.60 1.06 0.78 0.94 2.44 1.52 1.05 1.32 2.79 1.87 1.14 1.67 1.46 0.97 0.72 0.86 2.23 1.39 0.96 1.21 2.55 1.71 1.04 1.53

1.31 0.87 0.65 0.78 1.51 1.01 0.75 0.90 2.31 1.44 1.00 1.26 2.64 1.77 1.09 1.59

I 1
x2
Note:

3.77 0.41

3.63 1.86

3.16 1.96

2.91 1.85

2.34 1.52

2.02 1.32

C 10.41 1.34 11.72 1.35 1.12 0.64 1.60 1.43 1.631 1.35
5.77 0.39 0.00 6.59 0.82 0.33 0.83
A

1.81 1.19 0.88 0.97 1.06 1.17

5.55 1.64 2.07 6.35 3.31 1.73 2.86

4.84 1.87 2.37 5.53 3.47 2.02 3.07

4.45

0.00 2.52 2.78 2.63

3.58 3.08 2.18 1.89 1.78 1.49 1.29 2.26 1.88 1.64

2.77 2.40 1.71 1.49 1.17 1.03 1.48 1.29

5.09 3.27 1.94 2.90

4.09 3.52 3.16 2.75 2.69 2.33 2.10 1.83 1.62 1.41 1.28 1.12 2.39 2.08 1.88 1.64

A = Syst B = System with 4.1 MVAR 5th harmonic filter at User X3. 13.8 kv bus. C = System with 5th harmonic filter at User's 13 & 54, 4.16 kv bus. 0 = System with 5.8 HVAR 5th harmonic filter at User X3, 13.8 kv bus.
from the larger sources, Users #3 and #4. Since approximately 4 Mvar (Case B) of capacitors are needed to furnish the vars for these loads, a filter with this value of capacitance incorporated can be furnished, and the cost borne by the users that are above the recommended limits on current distortion. Table 9, Case B shows that the voltage distortion is within limits for Users #1 and #2, but still above five percent for Users #3 and #4. Current distortion and Total Harmonic Distortion (THD), are all within prescribed IEEE-519 limits except for Users #3 and #4, 11th to 22nd harmonic. The second alternative, is for the two Users #3 and #4, to furnish filters on their systems (Case C). These filters would improve their power factor above the penalty point and also keep the current distortion within limits. The economic incentive for the users to correct the problem is the lower power cost because of power factor improvement. If the utility has no penalty, there is little incentive for the user to make the correction rather than the utility. Table 9, Case C, lists the improvements in the voltage distortion with the users furnishing filters on their 4.16 kv buses. In Case C, the voltage distortion values as well as the current distortion values are within the Standard. Case D was calculated to see the effect of increasing the size of the utility furnished filter. Even a forty percent increase in the utility filter still leaves the voltage distortion on Users #3 and #4 above the limits. TABLE 4 ARRANGEMENT OF HARMONIC FILTERS From this example, it is shown that the most effective way to correct harmonic distortion is at the source of the harmonic current or at the user's point of common coupling with the utility. The Table of Contents, Introduction and Scope, of the Standard as well as a Harmonic Current Table and specifications for the filters used are included in the Appendix. CONCLUSIONS The electric power systems in North America have had very good power quality. The increased use of nonlinear loads on these systems threatens to deteriorate the quality of this power. The practices recommended in this revised IEEE Standard 519 will help to insure the high power quality to which all of North America has become accustomed. These limitations will not be a burden on either the producers or the users of electric power.

APPENDIX TABLE A1 - Per unit of fundamental current for harmonic currents based on Xc = 0.12 and Alpha = 30, Harmonic PU Value 1 1.oo Harmonic PU Value 29 31 35 36 41 43 47 49 0.014 0.012 0.011 0.010

FILTER SIZE

5 7

0.192 0.132 0.073 0.057 0.035 0.027 0.020 0.016

11 13
AT USER #3 13.8 K V BUS 17 19 23 25 4.16 K V BUS 5.8 AT USER #3

ICI
D

0.009 0.008
0.008 0.007

3.6 2.7

The magnitude of the 6-pluse harmonic currents (bold type) in a 12-pulse converter, is normally taken as ten percent of the 6-pulse value.

IEEE RECOMMENDED PRACTICES AND REQUIREMENTS FOR HARMONIC CONTROL IN ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS SECTION 1.

OUTLINE OF CONTENTS

Introduction and Scope 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Scope Definitions and Letter Symbols 2.1 Definitions 2.2 Letter Symbols 11. References 3.1 Standards References 3.2 References Converter Theory and Harmonic Generation 4.1 Converters 4.2 Arc Furnaces 4.3 Static VAR Compensators 4.4 Inverters for Dispersed Generation 4.5 Electronic Control 4.6 Transformers 4.7 Generators 12. System Response Characteristics 5.1 Resonance Conditions 5.2 Effect of System Loading 5.3 Typical Characteristics 5.3.1 Industrial Systems 5.3.2 Distribution Systems - Overhead and Underground 5.3.3 Transmission Systems Effects of Harmonics 6.1 Motors and Generators 6.2 Transformers 6.3 Capacitors 6.4 Electronic Equipment 6.5 Metering 6.6 Relaying 6.7 Communications Circuits 6.8 Converters Reactive Power Compensation and Harmonic Control 7.1 Converter Power Factor 7.2 Reactive Power Compensation 7.3 Control of Harmonics - System Design, Filter Design, etc. Calculation Methods 8.1 Calculation of Harmonic Currents 8.2 System Analysis 8.3 Telephone Interference 8.4 Line Notching Calculations (For Low Voltage Systems) 8.5 Distortion Factor 8.6 System Calculations (Low Voltage System) 8.7 Power Factor Improvement Calculation Measurements 9.1 Line Notching 9.2 Harmonic Currents and Voltages 9.3 Telephone Interference 9.4 Flicker 9.5 Power Factor Improvement 9.5 Instrumentation 9.7 Statistical Characteristic of Harmonics Recommended Practices for Individual Consumers 10.1 Description of Standard Impedance Method 10.2 Standard Impedance - Function of System Voltage - Function of Equipment Power Rating 10.3 Voltage Distortion Limits for a Single Customer - Individual Frequency 1623

2.

Distortion - TIF (Balanced and Residual) - Function of System Voltage Level 10.4 Customer Application of Capacitors or Filters 10.5 Effect of Multiple Sources at a Single Customer - Worse Case - RMS - Statistical 10.6 Line Notching Calculations Recommended Harmonic Limits on the System 11.1 Voltage Distortion Limits at Various Voltage Levels - Worst Case Short Time Limits - Statistical Limits 11.2 TIF Limits vs Voltage Level (Balanced and Residual) - Worst Case Short Time Limits - Statistical Limits 11.3 IT Product - Worst Case Short Time Limits - Statistical Limits Recommended Methodology Harmonic Sources for Evaluation of New

3.

4.

5.

13.

6.

Bibliography 13.1 Books and General Discussions 13.2 Real and Reactive Power 13.3 Waveform Analysis and Measurement Techniques 13.4 Standards and Engineering Recommendations 13.5 Waveform Analysis and Means of Harmonic Suppression 13.6 Effects on Components and Systems 1.0 Introduction and Scope

7.

8.

1.1 Introduction. The use of nonlinear loads . . ~ connected to electric power systems include: static power converters, arc discharge devices, saturated magnetic devices and to a lesser degree, rotation machines. Static power converters of electric power are the largest nonlinear load and are used in industry for a variety Of purposes, such as electrochemical power supplies, adjustable speed drives, and uninterruptible power supplies. These devices are useful because they can convert ac to dc, dc to dc, dc to ac, and ac to ac. The characteristic of nonlinear loads however, changes the sinusoidal nature of the ac power current (and consequently the ac voltage drop), resulting in the flow of harmonic currents in the ac power system that can cause interference with communication circuits and other equipments. When reactive power compensation in the form of power capacitors are used with these nonlinear loads, resonance conditions can cause high harmonic voltages and current when they occur at a harmonic associated with nonlinear loads.

9.

1.2 Scope. This Recommended Practice applies to all types of power systems where a user of electrical energy is connected to a source of electrical energy. The purpose is to establish limits to the distortion of the sinusoidal ac current a user may induce into a power distribution system which affects other users and communications. It also sets the quality of the power that will be furnished by the producer to the user with respect to the distortion of the sinusoidal ac voltage serving the user. This document is not intended to cover the effect of radio-frequency interference. 1.3 Application of the Standard. This Standard is to be used for guidance in the design of power systems with non-linear loads. The limits set are for steady-state operation and are recommended for the "worst case" conditions. Transient conditions exceeding these limits may be encountered.

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I l l l I 11 I l l l l I 11

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ITEM: 1
1

300 Hertz Shunt Filter Bank

SAMPLES OF HARMONIC FILTER SPECIFICATION ITEMIA - 300 Hertz Shunt Filter Case B
I

Bank

Case D

shunt filter. outdoor, ungrounded wye, rated as follows: Hertzrystem kV nominal kV maximum BIL (kV) high BIL (kV) low Capacitor Tolennw Reactor Capacitor Bank Ambient Temp. 57.480 ufd/phase +4% 4.896 mhry/phase 4.127 Mvar nominal 4oC 9.230 9.230

shunt filter, outdoor, ungrounded wye, rated as f0llOW: Hertz system kV nominal kV maximum BIL (kV) high BIL (kV) low Capacitor Tolerance Reactor Capacitor Bank Ambient Temp. 32.963 1.319 57.472 ufd/phase t4% 3.497 mhry/phase 5.777 Mvar nominal 4oC

60 13.60 14.49
110 110

60 13.80 14.49 I10 110

Capacitor Reactance (ohms) Reactor Reactance (ohms) Current (amp) kV across -itor kV acroll &tor PUvolts acrosscapacitor. Cunent (amps) kV across camcitor kV across &tor PU volts across capacitor.

6onstlZ46.146 1.846

Capacitor Reactance (ohms) Reactor Reactance (ohms)

"""w
6.593

pvry

pvrv
Current (amps) kV across capacitor kV across reactor PU volts across capacitor. Current (amps) kV across capacitor kV across reactor PU volts across capacitor.

. . . . . .

179.843 8.299 0.332

1.103

95.000 0.877 0.877

203.391 rms 9.176 kV 1.209 kV

. .

251.780 8.299 0.332

95.000 0.626 0.626 1.073

105.000

269.105 rms 8.926 kV 0.958 kV

186.635 6.714 0.349

1.164

105.OOO

0.969 0.969 components:

216.063 r s m 9.683 kV 1.316 kV

Pvtv

264.369 8.714 0.349

0.692 0.692 1.131

Iuy 284.456 rms 9.407 kV 1.041 kV

The filter will be constructed from the follow*

A)

The filter will be constructed from the following components

A) 1

Stack n c k capacitor bank with these feaNrtr: 15 300.0 kvar low stress camciton Cat. N . o: Each Rated: 300.0 k w , 11.4959 ufd, at 8320.~010

21

- 300.0 kvar low stress capacitors

Sack rack capacitor bank with these feaNre+. Cat. N . o: Each Rated: 300.0 kvar. 11.4959 ufd. at 8320.volts

Grounding l a d disconnecting switch 8 foot substructure 1 Bus work within rack Single bushing units ( L s t capacitors with ufd d u e s for each location
1 1

Set of Expulsion fusrr E x t n creep bushings Blown fwe indicators in rack) B)

Grounding and disconnecting switch Set of Expulsion fuses 8 foot substructure I Extra creep bushings Bus work within nck Blown fuse indicators Single bushing uniO (List capacitors with ufd values for each location in rack)
I I

B)

Reacton with t h w features Outdoor. Single-phue operating on the system above, Connected on the capacitor line side. And rated as follow% Inducollce at 300 tk Current Reactance at 60 Hr M u lluu Short Circuits Reactor to be mounted on creep insultaton for: Smndwd Q-Factor 160 degree T e r m i d Displacement
4.8% mhry

Reactors with these fCaNrar: Outdoor. Single-phase operating Connected on the capacitor line side, And rated U follow Inductance at 300 H r Current Reactance at 60 H r M u Thru Short Circuits Reactor to be mounted on creep insultaton for: Standard Q-Factor 180 degree Terminal Displacement

on

the

system

above.

23a. amps RMS 1.846 ohmr 3600 sym..mps

110 kV BIL

3.497 mhry 313. amps RMS 1.319 ohms 5000 sym. amps
I IO kV BIL

ITEM: 2 I

- 300 Hertz Shunt Filter Bank

Hertzrystem kV nominal kVmuimum BIL (kV) high BIL (kV) low

case

ITEM3 I

- 300 Hertz Shunt Filter Bank

Hertz system kV nominal kVmuimum BIL (kV) high BIL (kV) low ClPlCitOr Tolerance Reactor Capacitor Bank Ambient Temp.

Case

shunt filter, outdoor, ungrounded wye. rated as follows: Capacitor Tolerance Reactor Capacitor Bank Ambient Temp. 552.622 ufd/phase +4%
0.509 mhry/phase

60
4.16 4.37 75 75

shunt filter. outdoor. ungrounded wye. rated as follows: 414.466 ufd/phase +4% 0.679 mhry/phase 2.704 M w nominal 4OC

60 4.16 4.23 75 75

3.605 Mvar nominal 4oC

?mJiaZ

capacitor Ractance (ohms) Reactor Reactance (ohms) Current (amps) kV across ap8citor kV .~fdol reactor

5%?
0.192

O.%O

0.960 130.000 0.125 0.125

Capacitor Reactance (ohms) Reactor Reactance (ohms)

6onstlZ
6.400 0.256 1.280
100.000

Pvlacosaaio. Uotarscpctr

. .

521219 2.502 0.100

pvty 537.185 rms 2.627 kV 0.225 kV pvty 566.161 rnu 2.766 kV 0.244 kV

0.948 145.000 0.I39 0.139

Current (amps) kV across capacitor kV across reactor PU voln across capacitor

390.915 2.502 0.100

0.949

0.128 0.128

403.501 rms 2.630 kV 0.228 kV

pvor

kV across a m z i t o r kV across reactor PUvolmacrorr capacitor.

547.280 2.627

. 0.105 .

0.998

C u m n t (amps) kV a c m capacitor kV across reactor PU voln acrosscapacitor.

390.915 2.502

0.100

0.949

100.000 0.128 0.128

403.501 rnu 2.630 kV 0.228 kV

pvor

The filter wiU be constructed from the following compnnents

A)
1

The filter will be constructed fmm the following components A)

I 18

Stack mck capacitor bank with t h e features 24 200.0 k w low s t r a Qwciton C8t No.: Each R a M 200.0 k w . 69.0777 ufd, at 2771.VoIts

Stack rack capacitor - 200.0No.:w low stress bmk with these features k capacitors c1 .. Each Rated: 200.0 k w , 69.0777 ufd, at 2771.volts

Grounding l a d disconnecting switch I - llfootrubsmlctlJm 1 Set oi Expulsion fwa Bur work within rack Extn creep b w h i w Sinsla bushing units Blow fwe indicators (Lht c mt n with urd valua for each loation in mck) a io

Grounding and dmnnecting switch 8 foot substructure I Set of Expulsion fuses Bur work within rack Extm creep bushings Single bushing units Blown fuse indicators (Lht ap8citon with ufd values for each loation in ruk)
I I

8)

R e r t o n withtbasefeaturer Outdoor. Sin@-phaac operating on the system above, Connected on the a m i t o r line side, And ne as follows td Inducmncs at 300 tk Cumnt R m m n w at 60 Hz Mu Thru Short Circuits Reactor to be mounted on creep insultaton for: SMdard Q-Futor
0 . m mhry 623. amps RMS 0.192 ohms lo100 sym. amps

Reacton with these feahuac: Outdoor. Single-phue operating Connected on the capacitor line side, And rated U foliowr Inductance at 300 HE Current Reactance at 60 HK Max Thru Short Circuits Reactor to be mounted on creep insultaton for: Standard Q-Factor 180 degree Terminal Displacement

on

the

system

above,

0.679 mhry 467. amps RMS 0.2% ohms 7800 rym. amps
75 kV BIL

75 kV BIL

1624