NORMAL FLORA A. oducing 1. 2. B. 1. 2. a. b. 3. a. b. urbed C. 1. 2. D. 1. 2. E. 1. 2. d 3. ure, 4. F. 1. a. b. 2. 3. a. b. 4. a. 1). 2). b. 1). 2). 5. a. b. c. 1). 2). 3). d. 6.

Definition - microorganisms that normally live in and on body without pr harm Resident flora - always present Transient flora - only present for short period of time Three types relationships between host and normal flora Commensalism (Commensals) - no harm, no benefit to host Mutualism (Mutualistic) Beneficial relationship Both microbe and host benefit Opportunistic (Opportunists) Potential pathogens, Produce infection when host defenses depressed or when normal flora dist Pathogens - parasitic Disease-causing organisms Organism benefits at expense of host Carrier Pathogen occurs in normal flora of host Does not cause symptoms of disease Establishment of normal flora System of newborn free of flora Established (colonize) as infant exposed to organisms - vagina, air, foo Selective process due to physiological conditions in body - pH, temperat O2, nutrients, etc. Takes approximately 1 yr.- 18 mo. to fully establish normal flora Location of normal flora Skin Most in hair follicles Size of population varies with amount of moisture Eyes - transient flora Ears Present in outer ear Middle ear and inner ear free of microbes Respiratory Tract Upper RT Nose, throat (nasopharynx) Contains large # microbes Lower RT Trachea, larynx, bronchii, lungs Free of flora c. Sinuses free of normal flora Digestive tract Oral cavity, throat (oropharynx) - large flora Stomach - transient flora Small intestine Duodenum - transient flora Jejunum - small flora Ileum - larger flora Colon (large intestine) - very large normal flora Urinary tract

a. b. 7. a. 1). 2). b. 1). 2). 8. a. b. 9. A. 1. 2. B. 1. 2. a. b. 3.

Urethra - flora present, some are transient Bladder, ureter, kidneys - free of flora Reproductive organs Male Flora present in urethra Internal organs free of flora Female Flora present in vagina Internal organs free of flora Circulatory system Blood and lymph Free of organisms in healthy individual CNS - no normal flora Microbial Invasiveness - How Microbes Cause Disease Invasiveness Refers to microbes ability to overcome body defenses Invade and cause disease Factors that influence organisms ability to cause disease Size of infecting dose - must be exposed to sufficient # organisms Transmission Spread from host to host Depends on organisms ability to survive outside host Portal of entry - organism must enter body in area in which it can grow,

multiply (colonize) 4. Adherence to target tissue - pathogen must attach to host cells 5. Virulence of organism a. Measure of organisms ability to cause disease, severity of disease. b. Dependent on organisms invasiveness which is 1). Due to organisms physical and chemical characteristics 2). Enable organism to overcome body defenses, invade, produce injury C. Bacteria - virulent mechanisms 1. Capsules - prevent phagocytosis 2. Cell wall components - may also prevent phagocytosis or resist digestion by phagocytes 3. Pili - allow organisms to adhere to m.m. and to each other (to colonize) 4. a. b. 1). 2). 3). 5. a. b. c. 1). 2). d. 1). 2). e. f. 1). 2). g. 1). 2). Toxins - poisonous substances Exotoxins - toxic soluble proteins excreted Endotoxins Cell components released when cell dies Toxic to host when released from decomposing cell Example - lipids in Gram neg. cell walls Exoenzymes - act on host cells, tissues Hemolysins - lysis rbcs Leukocidins - lysis wbcs (phagocytes) Coagulase Coagulates fibrinogen in plasma forming fibrin clot Prevents phagocytosis Catalase Breaks down H2O2 produced by phagocytes into water + O2 Prevents digestion of engulfed bacterium Kinases - breaks down blood clots Hyaluronidase - spreading factor Breaks down hyaluronic acid (loose connect. tissue) Allows organism to invade, spread through tissues Collagenase Breaks down collagen (fibrous connect. tissue) Allows organism to invade tissue

D. 1. 2. a. b. 1) 2) c. d. e. E. 1. 2. 3. 4. F. 1. 2. 3. 4.

Viruses - virulent mechanisms Obligate intracellular parasites Effect on host cells Cytocidal effect - lysis of host cell Lysogeny - latent state Recurrent infections Transformation neoplasms Inclusion bodies in host cells Multinucleated giant cells - infected cells fuse (up to 100 nuclei) Alter structure of host cells autoimmune disease Fungi - virulent mechanisms Tissue damage Mycotoxins Allergies mold spores Delayed hypersensitivity - tissue allergy (due to internal infections) Protozoans, Worms - virulent mechanisms Tissue damage Interfere with normal function Waste products toxic to host Delayed hypersensitivity - tissue allergy