CONSTANTS 1 mol = 6.022E+23 molecules Electron charge = -1.

602E-19 coulombs STP = 273K & 1 atm

760 mmHg = 1 mol (ideal gas) = 1 cu. ft. =

CONVERSIONS 1 atm = 101.325 kPa 22.4 L 28.317 L

P = pressure V = volume n = # of mols Real gases have mass and perform less like ideal gases at R = gas constant pressure increases T = temp. 1 M = 1 mol / 1 L M = molarity pH = -log [H+] pOH = -log [OH-] pH + pOH = 14
Ideal Gas Law Partial pressure

FORMULAS PV = nRT

Molecular Speed

Values of R 0.082057 atm * L / (mol * K) 8.3145 kPa * L / (mol * K) 62.3637 mmHg * L / (mol * K)
Oxidation: Reduction: q= lose electrons gain electrons (cations) (+) (anions) (-)

(fastest at top)

Helium Molecular Oxygen (O) Molecular Flourine (F) Argon Carbon Dioxide K.E. = mv

[C] [D] [A] [B]

P[TOTAL] = P[1] + P[2] + P[3] ... r1 / r2 = (M2 / M1) diffusion rate

Atomic mass = protons + neut. & Pr. = Element #

for a A + b B --> c C + d D e.g. oxidation: Zn --> Zn(2+) + 2 e(-)

Nitrate, NO Chloride, Cl Sulfate, SO Carbonate, CO Hydroxide, OH

SOLUBILITY RULES ALL NITRATES ARE SOLUBLE all soluble exc. AgCl, HgCl, PbCl most sol exc. BaSO, PbSO, SrSO INSOL exc. NH4(+) & Group I INSOL exc. Group I, Ba(OH), & Sr(OH) ... Ca(OH) = slightly Sulfide, S INSOL exc. Group I/II & NH(+) COMMON INSOLUBLE COMPOUNDS Bromides: Ag, Hg, Pb Chlorides: Ag, Pb Chromates: Ag, Ba, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn Iodides: Ag, Hg, Pb, Cu Carbonates: Ag, Ba, Ca, Cu, Ni, Hg, Pb, Zn Hydroxides: Ag, Cu, Fe, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn Phosphates: Ag, Ba, Ca, Hg, Pb, Zn Sulfates: Ba, Pb Sulfides: Ag, Cu, Fe, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn

TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS Synthesis (2+ into 1) : 2 H(g) + O(g) --> 2HO(l) Redox : Zn + 2 HCl --> ZnCl + H Combustion : CH + 2 O --> CO + 2 HO Single Replacement : Mg + 2HCl --> MgCl + H Neutralization : HCl + NaOH --> NaCl + HO Double Replacement : AgNO + KCl --> AgCl + KNO Precipitation : AgNO (aq) + KCl (aq) --> KNO (aq) + COMMON ATOMIC MASSES (g/mol) MORE ATOMIC MASSES (g/mol) Density @ STP oxygen gas (O) Nitrate (NO) 31.9988 .00143 g/cc 62.0049 2 atoms combine ... water (HO) 18.0153 1.0000 g/cc 60.0089 ... energy is released Carbonate (CO) carbon dioxide (CO) 44.0095 .00184 g/cc 59.044 Acetate(CHO) chlorine gas (Cl) 70.906 .00321 g/cc 98.078 Sulf Acid(HSO) Cation examples Anion examples H(-) F(-) Cl(-) Br(-) I(-) O(2-) O(2-) Al(3+) Cr(2+ or 3+) S(2-) N(3-) HSO(-) SO(2-) Ca(2+) Fe(2+ or 3+) NH(+) Cu(+ or 2+) ClO(-) ClO(-) ClO(-) OCl(-) H(+) HO(+) Pb(2+) PO(3-) HPO(2-) HPO(-) NO(-) NO(-) CN(-) MnO(-) K(+) Ag(+) Na(+) Li(+) Sn(2+ or 4+) NO(+) CHCOO(-) Hg(2+) Hg(2+)
Decomposition (1 to 2+) : CaCO(s) --> CaO(s) + CO(g)

AgCl (s)