Name of the experiment: California Bearing Ratio Test Aim of the experiment: The California bearing ratio test

is penetration test meant for the evaluation of sub grade strength of roads and pavements. Apparatus required: 1. Cylindrical mould with inside diameter150 mm and height 175 mm, provided with a detachable extension collar 50 mm height and a detachable perforated base plate 10 mm thick. 2. Spacer disc 148 mm in diameter and 47.7 mm in height along with handle. 3. Metal rammers. Weight 2.6 kg with a drop of 310 mm (or) weight 4.89 kg a drop 450 mm.

Fig. CBR apparatus

4. Weights. One annular metal weight and several slotted weights weighing 2.5 kg each, 147 mm in diameter, with a central hole 53 mm in diameter. 5. Loading machine. With a capacity of at least 5000 kg and equipped with a movable head or base that travels at an uniform rate of 1.25 mm/min. Complete with load indicating device. 6. Metal penetration piston 50 mm diameter and minimum of 100 mm in length. 7. Two dial gauges reading to 0.01 mm. 8. Sieves. 4.75 mm and 20 mm I.S. Sieves. 9. Miscellaneous apparatus, such as a mixing bowl, straight edge, scales soaking tank or pan, drying oven, filter paper and containers.

Test Procedure: 1. Preparation of test specimen Undisturbed specimen We attach the cutting edge to the mould and push it gently into the ground. We then remove the soil from the outside of the mould which is pushed in. When the mould is full of soil, we remove it from weighing the soil with the mould or by any field method near the spot. Remoulded specimen We prepare the remoulded specimen at Proctors maximum dry density or any other density at which C.B.R> is required. Maintaining the specimen at optimum moisture content or the field moisture as required. The material used should pass 20 mm I.S. sieve but it should be retained on 4.75 mm I.S. sieve. We prepare the specimen either by dynamic compaction or by static compaction. 2. Dynamic Compaction (i) (ii) We take about 4.5 to 5.5 kg of soil and mix thoroughly with the required water. Then we fix the extension collar and the base plate to the mould. Insert the spacer disc over the base. Place the filter paper on the top of the spacer disc. (iii) We compact the mix soil in the mould using either light compaction or heavy compaction. For light compaction, compact the soil in 3 equal layers, each layer being given 55 blows by the 2.6 kg rammer. For heavy compaction compact the soil in 5 layers, 56 blows to each layer by the 4.89 kg rammer.
1. We remove the collar and trim off soil. 2. Then we turn the mould upside down and remove the base plate and the displacer disc. 3. We weigh the mould with compacted soil and determine the bulk density and dry density. 4. Then we put filter paper on the top of the compacted soil (collar side) and clamp the

perforated base plate on to it. 5. Static compaction We calculate the weight of the wet soil at the required water content to give the desired density when occupying the standard specimen volume in the mould from the expression. W =desired dry density * (1+w) V Where W = Weight of the wet soil w = desired water content V = volume of the specimen in the mould = 2250 cm3 (as per the mould available in laboratory)

6. We take the weight W (calculated as above) of the mix soil and place it in the mould. 7. Then we place a filter paper and the displacer disc on the top of soil. 8.

We keep the mould assembly in static loading frame and compact by pressing the displacer disc till the level of disc reaches the top of the mould.

9. We keep the load for some time and then release the load. Remove the displacer disc.

The test may be conducted for both soaked as well as unsoaked conditions. If the sample is to be soaked, in cases of compaction, put a filter paper on the top of the soil and place the adjustable stem and perforated plate on the top of filter paper. For Penetration Test
1. We place the mould assembly with the surcharge weights on the penetration test machine. 2. Then we seat the penetration piston at the centre of the specimen with the smallest possible

load, but in no case in excess of 4 kg so that full contact of the piston on the sample is established.
3. We set the stress and strain dial gauge to read zero. Apply the load on the piston so that the

penetration rate is about 1.25 mm/min.

4. We record the load readings at penetrations of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 7.5, 10 and

12.5 mm. Note the maximum load and corresponding penetration if it occurs for a penetration less than 12.5 mm. 5. We detach the mould from the loading equipment. Take about 20 to 50 g of soil from the top 3 cm layer and determine the moisture content. 6. The C.B.R. values are usually calculated for penetration of 2.5 mm and 5 mm.
Penetration of plunger (mm) Standard load (kg)

2.5

1370

5.0

2055

Generally the C.B.R. value at 2.5 mm will be greater that at 5 mm and in such a case/the former shall be taken as C.B.R. for design purpose. If C.B.R. for 5 mm exceeds that for 2.5 mm, the test should be repeated. If identical results follow, the C.B.R. corresponding to 5 mm penetration should be taken for design. C.B.R. = {Test load/Standard load}* 100

Name of the experiment: Aggregate Impact Value Test Aim of the experiment: This test is done to determine the aggregate impact value of coarse aggregates to check the toughness of the aggregates. Apparatus required: Impact testing machine, IS Sieves of sizes 12.5mm, 10mm and 2.36mm, A cylindrical metal measure of 75mm dia. and 50mm depth, A tamping rod of 10mm circular cross section and 230mm length, rounded at one end and Oven.

Fig. Instrument used in the AIV test

Test Procedure: Preparation of Sample i) The test sample should conform to the following grading: - Passing through 12.5 mm IS Sieve - Retention on 10 mm IS Sieve ii) The sample should be oven-dried for 4hrs. at a temperature of 100 to 110oC and cooled. iii) The measure should be about one-third full with the prepared aggregates and tamped with 25 strokes of the tamping rod. A further similar quantity of aggregates should be added and a further tamping of 25 strokes given. The measure should finally be filled to overflow, tamped 25 times and the surplus aggregates struck off, using a tamping rod as a straight edge. The net weight of the aggregates in the measure should be determined to the nearest gram. iii) The cup of the impact testing machine should be fixed firmly in position on the base of the machine and the whole of the test sample placed in it and compacted by 25 strokes of the tamping rod. iv) The hammer should be raised to 380mm above the upper surface of the aggregates in the cup and allowed to fall freely onto the aggregates. The test sample should be subjected to a total of 15 such blows, each being delivered at an interval of not less than one second. Reporting of Results i) The sample should be removed and sieved through a 2.36mm IS Sieve. The fraction passing through should be weighed (Weight B). The fraction retained on the sieve should also be weighed (Weight C) and if the total weight (B+C) is less than the initial weight (A) by more than one gram, the result should be discarded and a fresh test done.

ii) The ratio of the weight of the fines formed to the total sample weight should be expressed as a percentage. Aggregate impact value = (B/A) x 100%

iii) Two such tests should be carried out and the mean of the results should be reported.

Name of the experiment: Los Angeles Abrasion test Aim of the experiment: (i) to determine the Los Angeles abrasion value. (ii) to find the suitability of aggregates for use in road construction. Apparatus required: (i) Los Angeles Machine: It consists of a hollow steel cylinder, closed at both the ends with an internal diameter of 700 mm and length 500 mm and capable of rotating about its horizontal axis. A removable steel shaft projecting radially 88 mm into cylinder and extending full length (i.e.500 mm) is mounted firmly on the interior of cylinder. The shelf is placed at a distance 1250 mm minimum from the opening in the direction of rotation. (ii) Abrasive charge: Cast iron or steel balls, approximately 48mm in diameter and each weighing between 390 to 445g; six to twelve balls are required.

Fig. Los Angeles machine

(iii) Sieve: 1.70, 2.36,4.75,6.3,10,12.5,20,25,40,50,63,80 mm IS Sieves. (iv) Balance of capacity 5kg or 10kg (v) Drying oven (vi) Miscellaneous like tray Test Procedure: The test sample consists of clean aggregates dried in oven at 105 110C. (i) We select the grading to be used in the test such that it conforms to the grading to be used in construction, to the maximum extent possible. (ii) We take 5 kg of sample for gradings A, B, C & D and 10 kg for gradings E, F & G.
Grading A B No of Steel balls 12 11 Weight of charge in gm 5000 25 4584 25

C D E F G

8 6 12 12 12

3330 20 2500 15 5000 25 5000 25 5000 25

(iii) Then we choose the abrasive charge depending on grading of aggregates. (iv) We place the aggregates and abrasive charge on the cylinder and fix the cover. (v) We then rotate the machine at a speed of 30 33 revolutions per minute. The number of revolutions is 500 for gradings A, B, C & D and 1000 for gradings E, F & G. The machine should be balanced and driven such that there is uniform peripheral speed. (vi) The machine is stopped after the desired number of revolutions and material is discharged to a tray. (vii) The entire stone dust is sieved on 1.70 mm IS sieve. (viii) The material coarser than 1.7mm size is weighed correct to one gram.

OBSERVATIONS: Original weight of aggregate sample = W1 g Weight of aggregate sample retained = W2 g Weight passing 1.7mm IS sieve = W1 - W2 g Abrasion Value = {(W1 - W2 ) / W1 }*100

Name of the experiment: Bitumen Softening Point Test Aim of the experiment: This test is done to determine the softening point of bitumen i.e. the temperature at which the bitumen softens. Apparatus required: i) Ring and ball apparatus ii) Thermometer Low Range: -2 to 80oC, Graduation 0.2oC High Range: 30 to 200oC, Graduation 0.5oC

Fig. Ring and ball apparatus set-up

(i)

Ring and ball apparatus:

RingsTwo square-shouldered brass rings Pouring PlateA flat, smooth, brass plate approximately 50 by 75 mm (2 by 3 in.). BallsTwo steel balls, 9.5 mm (38 in.) in diameter, each having a mass of 3.50 6 0.05 g. Ball-Centering Guidestwo brass guides for centering the steel balls, one for each ring, conforming to the general shape and dimensions BathA glass vessel, capable of being heated, not less than 85 mm in inside diameter and not less than 120 mm in depth from the bottom of the flare. An 800-mL, low-form Griffin beaker of heatresistant glass meets this requirement. Ring Holder and AssemblyA brass holder designed to support the two rings in a horizontal position. The bottom of the shouldered rings in the ring holder shall be 25 mm (1.0 in.) above the upper surface of the bottom plate, and the lower surface of the bottom plate shall be 16 mm from the bottom of the bath. (ii) Thermometers: A Low Softening Point Thermometer, having a range from 2 to + 80C or 30 to 180F and a High Softening Point Thermometer, having a range from 30 to 200C or 85 to 392F The appropriate thermometer shall be suspended in the assembly as shown in Fig. 1 (d) so that the bottom of the bulb is level with the bottom of the rings and within 13 mm (0.5 in.) of the rings, but not touching them or the ring holder. Preparation of sample: i) The sample should be just sufficient to fill the ring. The excess sample should be cut off by a knife.

ii)We heat the material between 75 and 100oC. Stir it to remove air bubbles and water, and filter it through IS Sieve 30, if necessary. iii) Then we heat the rings and apply glycerine. Fill the material in it and cool it for 30 minutes. iv) We remove excess material with the help of a warmed, sharp knife. Procedure to determine Softening Point of Bitumen A) Materials of softening point below 80o C: i) We first assemble the apparatus with the rings, thermometer and ball guides in position. ii) Then we fill the beaker with boiled distilled water at a temperature 5.0 0.5oC per minute. iii) With the help of a stirrer, we stir the liquid and apply heat to the beaker at a temperature of 5.0 0.5oC per minute. iv) Then we apply heat until the material softens and allow the ball to pass through the ring. v) We record the temperature at which the ball touches the bottom, which is nothing but the softening point of that material. B) Materials of softening point above 80oC: The procedure is the same as described above. The only difference is that instead of water, glycerine is used and the starting temperature of the test is 35oC.

REPORTING OF RESULTS Recorded temperature at which the ball touches the bottom is the softening point of the bitumen.

Name of the experiment: Bitumen Penetration Test Aim of the experiment: To determine the consistency of bitumen sample so that they can be classified into standard grades. Apparatus required: 1. Penetration Apparatus 2. Needle 3. Container 4. Water Bath 5. Thermometer for Water Bath 6. Stop watch

Fig. Penetration apparatus

Penetration apparatus details: Consists of a vertical pillar mounted on a base provided with levelling screw The head together with dial gauge rod and cone (or needle) slides on a pillar and can be clamped at required height. A rack and pinion and pointer assembly provides adjustment of needle or cone tip to sample. It incorporates a slipping clutch mechanism which makes reading of penetration and subsequent resetting a simple and accurate operation .The dial is graduated in 400 1/10th mm sub-divisions, and the red needle pointer against black figures makes for easy reading. It measures the hardness or softness of bitumen by measuring the depth in tenths of a millimeter to which a standard loaded needle will penetrate vertically in 5 seconds.

We, 1. Heat the sample until it becomes fluid. 2. Pour it in a container to a depth such that when cooled, the depth of sample is at least 10mm greater than the expected penetration. 3. Allow it to cool in an atmospheric temperature. 4. Clean the needle and place a weight above the needle. 5. Use the water bath to maintain the temperature of specimen. 6. Mount the needle on bitumen, such that it should just touch the surface of bitumen. 7. Then start the stop watch and allow the penetration needle to penetrate freely at same time for 5 seconds. After 5 seconds stop the penetration.

8. Result will be the grade of bitumen. 9. Take at least three reading.

Name of the experiment: Elongation index test for aggregates Aim of the experiment: To classify the aggregate elongation by measuring the individual length. Apparatus required: Elongation gauge -- A metal gauge of the pattern shown in figure.

Fig. length gauge used for determining Elongation Index

Test Procedure:

1. The sample of aggregates to be tested is sieved through a set of sieves and separated into specified size ranges. 2. The aggregates from each of the size range are then individually passed through the appropriate gauge of the length gauge with the longest side in order to separate the elongated particles. 3. The gauge length will be 1.8 times the main size of the aggregate. 4. The portion of elongated aggregate having length greater than the specified gauge from each range is weighed. 5. It is expressed as a % of the total weight of the sample, to get the elongation index. In other words, it is the % by weight of particles whose greatest dimension or length is greater than one or four fifth or 1.8 times their mean dimension. This test is applicable to aggregates with sizes larger than 6.3 mm only.

Name of the experiment: Flakiness index test for aggregates Aim of the experiment: To classify the aggregates w.r.t. their flakiness. Apparatus required: Flakiness gauge A metal thickness gauge of the pattern shown in figure.

Fig. thickness gauge used for determining Flakiness Index

Test Procedure:

1. The sample of aggregates to be tested is sieved through a set of sieves and separated into specified size ranges. 2. Now to separate the flaky material, the aggregates which pass through the appropriate elongated slot of the thickness gauge are found. 3. The width of the appropriate slot would be 0.6 times the average of the size range. 4. The flaky material passing the appropriate from each size range of test aggregates are added up and let this weight be w. 5. Let, the total weight of sample taken from different size ranges is W. 6. Then the flakiness index is given by (100w/W) %. In other words, it is the % of flaky materials, the widths of which are less than 0.6 times the mean dimensions. This test is applicable to aggregates with sizes larger than 6.3 mm only.