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Shearing Bridge

Determination of cable loss angle by means of the Shearing Bridge Arm 1 is a variable resistance, standard capacitor in parallel with a non-inductive, variable standard resistor. Arm 2 is a non-inductive, standard resistor. Arm 3 is a standard capacitor. Arm 4 is the cable under test. D is the detector arm. E from the secondary of a high voltage transformer.
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The impedances are so chosen that the voltage across arms 1 and 2 are low compared with those across arms 3 and 4. The adjustable arm is only at 200 to 300 volt with respect to earth whilst the cable has rated voltage at rated frequency applied to it, the bridge is balanced when:

2 1 ac

3 4

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Z2/Z1 = Z4/Z3 1/Z1 = 1/-jC1 + 1/P = j C1 + 1/P , Z2 = Q 1/Z3 = j c , Z4 = 1/j Cx + Rx Q( j c1 + 1/P ) = (1/j Cx + Rx ) j C J c1 Q + Q/P = C/Cx + j C Rx Q/P = C/Cx , Cx = CP/Q C 1Q = C Rx , Rx = C1Q/C C x is balanced by adjusting P R x is balanced by adjusting C1 is the phase angle is the loss angle of the cable and very small.

Cos = VRx / V4 Cos =sin = tan = in radians =CxRx The total dielectric loss = V4 I4 Cos
V 4 I 4 cos = V 4 * = V 42 C x V4 Xc

The loss due to the leakage current flowing through the insulation resistance can be calculated. The remainder is the dielectric hysteresis loss.
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Capacitance of three-core, belted cable

The three-core 'H' type cable is equivalent to three separate single core cables as far as stress and capacitance are concerned. There are capacitance of Cc F between conductors and Cs F between each conductor and the sheath.

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Paper-Insulated Cables Three-core belted cables use impregnated paper wherein each of the conductors is insulated for half of the line voltage. Then extra insulation is applied as a circumferential belt over the three cores to provide sufficient insulation to withstand the phase voltage between each conductor and the sheath.

A serious difficulty that occurs with belted cables is due to the electric field distribution throughout the insulation. The electric field is no longer radial to the conductor as in the case of single-core cables.

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In the delta, capacitance between R, W =Cc + Cc /2 =3 Cc /2 In the star, capacitance between R, W =C /2 i.e. C = 3 Cc

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thus the cable is equivalent to a star system of capacitances each of value of Cs F in parallel with a second star system of capacitances of 3 Cc F. The effective capacitance to neutral is (Cs + 3 Cc) F and is measured by the Schering Bridge. One core is connected to the sheath and the capacitance between the other two cores is then measured as shown.

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One core is connected to the sheath and the capacitance between the other two cores is then measured as shown.

The capacitance between W and B=

Cc +

Cs + Cc Cs + 3Cc = 2 2

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Half the effective capacitance to neutral. If the individual values of Cs and Cc are required, a further test is performed in which three cores are connected together and the capacitance between them and the lead sheath is then measured. Cc are shorted out and the three capacitances Cs are connected in parallel. The value measured is 3Cs.

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