gChapter 41 Animal Nutrition Nutrition- process organism takes in and uses food Herbivore- eats plant or algae Carnivore-

eat mostly other animals Omnivore- eat plants and animals -most animals would eat outside of their diet if environment change -animals eat for cell functions Essential nutrients- materials that animals need but cannot synthesize on their own and must consume it -4 classes: essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals Essential amino acids -proteins in animal products are complete- provide all essentials in proportions -proteins in plant products are incomplete- lacking one or more Essential fatty acids -certain fatty acids that contain one or more double bonds, thus unsaturated -deficiency in fat is rare Vitamins- organic compounds needed in small amounts -13 essentials for humans -water-soluble or fat-soluble Minerals- inorganic materials needed in small amounts Human Essential Vitamins: Water-soluble B1 beriberi B2 skin lesion B3 skin lesion B5 fatigue, numbness B6 irritability, convulsion, muscular twitching, anemia B7 scaly skin inflammation, neuromuscular disorder B9 anemia, birth defect B12 anemia, numbness, loss of balance C scurvy Fat-soluble A dark green and orange veg blindness, skin disorder, impaired immunity D dairy rickets in children, bone softening in adults E seeds, nuts nervous system degeneration K vegetable defective blood clotting Minerals Ca- bone and tooth formation, blood clot, muscle function P- bone and tooth formation, nucleotide synthesis, acid-base balance Fe- hemoglobin I- thyroid hormones Malnutrition- failure to obtain adequate nutrients, supplying less chemical energy body needs (lack certain nutrients) Undernourishment- long term lack of adequate energies (common to human when food supplies disrupted) Epidemiology- study of human health and disease at the population level Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, Elimination Ingestion- eating or feeding Digestion- break food down into small enough molecules for cell use, mechanical and chemical -enzymatic hydrolysis- breaking bonds of food molecules in addition of water Absorption- cells take up digested, small molecules

Elimination- excrete undigested components Suspension Feeder- eats small organisms or food particles in water Substrate Feeder- animals that live in or on food source Fluid Feeder- sucks nutrient-rich fluid from a living host Bulk Feeder- eat fairly large pieces of food Intracellular Digestion -enzymatic hydrolysis, pinocytosis, phagocytosis Extracellular Digestion- breaking down food outside of cells -many animals simple body plan with single opening -gastrovascular activity- digestion and distributes nutrients Earthworm: Mouth, Pharynx, Crop, Gizzard, Intestine, Anus Crop- where food is stored and moistened Gizzard- pulverizes food Grasshopper: Foregut: Mouth, Esophagus, Crop Midgut: Gastric Cecae- digestion and absorption Hindgut: Rectum, Anus Bird: Mouth, Esophagus, Crop, Stomach, Gizzard, Intestine, Anus Alimentary Canal- single digestive tract consisting of mouth and anus Peristalsis-smooth muscle contractions to push food down alimentary canal Sphincters- muscles controlling opening of passage between compartments in alimentary canal Oral Cavity- beginning of alimentary canal Salivary Gland- lubricates food and help digest food Amylase- enzyme in saliva that hydrolyzes starch and glycogen into smaller polysaccharides Mucus- protects mouth lining from abrasion, lubricates food for swallowing, buffers, antimicrobial agents Bolus- lubricated ball of food, shaped by tongue and saliva Pharynx- area in throat, opens to trachea and esophagus -epiglottis separates air and food down the passageway Stomach- stores food and digests protein, secretes gastric juice -food + gastric juice= chyme -HCl+ pepsin- gastric juice -Pepsin- enzyme in gastric juice, hydrolyzes proteins -Parietal cells secrete H+ and Cl- separately -Chief Cells produce pepsinogen, inactive form of pepsin, active when mix with HCl -stomach lining secretes mucus to protect from self-digestion -churning aids in chemical digestion -sphincter between stomach and esophagus normally opens when bolus arrives Small intestine- small diameter, main site of digestion and absorption Duodenum- first section of small intestine -chyme mixes with digestive juices from pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and gland cells from intestine wall Pancreas- secretes alkaline solution that neutralizes chyme and act as buffer Liver- secretes bile, which aids in digestion of fats and lipids, stored in gallbladder -most digestion complete in duodenum; ileum and jejunum mainly absorb nutrients and water -small intestine is folded into villi, to increase surface area of absorption -each villi has microvilli, projections that increases even more surface area

Large Intestine- has colon, cecum, rectum Colon connects small and large intestine together -reabsorbs water produced with digestive juices -houses bacteria that produces vitamins as nutrients Cecum aids in fermenting plant materials, connect where small and large intestine meets Appendix extends from cecum, minor role in immunity Feces, waste, becomes increasingly solid down the colon Rectum stores feces until eliminated -two sphincters between anus and rectum to control bowel movement Dentition- animals assortment of teeth -teeth arrangement reflects diet -in general, herbivore and omnivore have longer alimentary canal to digest plants -many herbivores have chambers that microorganisms help digest plants, and even produce vitamins -most elaborate is ruminant, multiple chambers specialized to process herbivorous diet -overnourishment causes obesity