1. Oil immersion objective lenses are used to further magnify a specimen.

The lens requires more light rays to pass through it since it has more mirrors inside, requiring the use of the oil. The oil functions to refract the light rays towards the center of the lens (the normal line of the specimen). By refracting the light towards the center, more rays of light enter the objective, allowing you to see the specimen in a much higher resolution (higher magnification). 2.

Bright field microscopy is the simplest of all the optical microscopy illumination techniques. Sample illumination is transmitted (i.e., illuminated from below and observed from above) white light and contrast in the sample is caused by absorbance of some of the transmitted light in dense areas of the sample. Bright field microscopy is the simplest of a range of techniques used for illumination of samples in light microscopes and its simplicity makes it a popular technique

DIFFERENCE MAGNIFICATION

Dissecting microscope A dissecting microscope is a low power stereoscopic microscope that is used in many applications such as in the field of biology, diagnosis as well as a wide range of other applications especially in the industrial field. This microscope is mostly used in animal dissecting laboratory experiments so it became known as dissecting microscope.

LIGHT SOURCE

SIZE

POWER

3. Differentiate the following: a. Bright field microscopy is the simplest of all the optical microscopy illumination techniques. Sample illumination is transmitted (i.e., illuminated from below and observed from above) white light and contrast in the sample is caused by absorbance of some of the transmitted light in dense areas of the sample. Bright field microscopy is the simplest of a range of techniques used for illumination of samples in light microscopes and its simplicity makes it a popular technique. The typical appearance of a bright field microscopy image is a dark sample on a bright background, hence the name. b. Phase contrast microscopy is an optical microscopy illumination technique of great importance to biologists in which small (invisible to the human eye) phase shifts in the light passing through a transparent specimen are converted into (visible) amplitude or contrast changes in the image.A phase contrast microscope does not require staining to view the slide. This type of microscope made it possible to study

the cell cycle.When light travels through a medium other than vacuum, interaction with this medium causes itsamplitude and phase to change in a way which depends on properties of the medium. Changes in amplitude arise from absorption of light, which is often wavelength dependent and may give rise to colours. The human eye measures only the energy of light arriving on the retina, so changes in phase are not easily observed under optimal bright field illumination, yet often these changes in phase carry much important information.

c. Classical interference microscopy (also referred to as quantitative interference

microscopy) uses two separate light beams with much greater lateral separation than that used in phase contrast microscopy or in differential interference microscopy (DIC).In variants of the interference microscope where object and reference beam pass through the same objective, two images are produced of every object (one being the "ghost image"). The two images are separated either laterally within the visual field or at different focal planes, as determined by the optical principles employed. These two images can be a nuisance when they overlap, since they can severely affect the accuracy of mass thickness measurements. Rotation of the preparation may thus be necessary, as in the case of DIC.

d. Dark field microscopy (dark ground microscopy) describes microscopy methods, in

both light and electron microscopy, which exclude the unscattered beam from the image. As a result, the field around the specimen (i.e. where there is no specimen to scatter the beam) is generally dark.

e. An electron microscope is a type of microscope that uses a beam of electrons to

illuminate the specimen and produce a magnified image. Electron microscopes (EM) have a greaterresolving power than a light-powered optical microscope, because electrons have wavelengths about 100,000 times shorter than visible light (photons), and can achieve better than 50 pmresolution[1] and magnifications of up to about 10,000,000x, whereas ordinary, non-confocal light microscopes are limited by diffraction to about 200 nm resolution and useful magnifications below 2000x.