A.P. Chem W.S. 1 Chap. 7-key 1.

Name__________________________

a. The spectrum of atomic hydrogen contains a sharp red line. In general terms, how is this line produced? Electrons gain enough energy-either electrical of heat-and goes to a higher energy level and then returns to lower energ y levels. b. The red line in the hydrogen atomic spectrum is much brighter than any other line. How can you explain this in terms of electron "jumps"? This energy change is is happening more often, so there are more red photons produced which makes the red line brighter than the other spectral lines.

2. What color of light in the visible spectrum has the greatest energy? The least? ROY G BIV Red has the lowest energy (lowest frequency) and violet has the greatest energy (highest frequency). 3. The atom in the diagram below has a yellow line, a green line, and a violet line in its visible spectrum. Which energy change corresponds with the violet line? the green line? the yellow line?

A-violet B-yellow C-green 4. The longest wavelength of light with enough energy to break the Cl-Cl bond in Cl2(g) is 495 nm. a) Calculate the frequency, in s-1, of the light. = 6.1 x 1014 sec-1 v = c/ = 3.0 x 108 m/s 495 nm/(109nm/m) b) Calculate the energy, in J. of a photon of the light. E = hv (6.63 x 10-34 J sec)(6.1 x 1014 sec-1)= 4.0 x 10-19 J c) Calculate the minimum energy, in kJ mol-1, of the Cl-Cl bond. (4.0 x 10-19 J/Cl-Cl) (1 kJ) (6.02 x 1023 Cl-Cl)= 240 kJ/mole (1000 J) (1 mole Cl-Cl) 5. Which orbital has the highest ENERGY? a. 1s b. 3d c. 4p d. 4s e. 2s 6. Which energy level consists of 3 sublevels? n=3 7. Which is the lowest energy level containing a d sublevel? n=3 8. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p5 is the electron configuration for what element? Br 9. How many outer (valence) electrons are there in the atom in #8? 7 10. How many unpaired electrons does an oxygen atom have? How many paired electrons does it have? 2 unpaired, 4 paired 11. How many orbitals in the 3rd enrgy level? 9 12. How many d orbitals are in each energy level above the second? 5 13. What is the maximum number of electrons in a p orbital? d orbital? 2,2 14. What is the maximum number of electrons in the third energy level? the fourth? 18 e-, 32 e15. The p sublevel can accomodate how many electrons? How many in the d sublevel? 6 e-, 10 e-

16. Which two are in the same principal energy level? a. 1s 2s b. 2p 3p c. 2s 3p d. 4f 4s 17. Which orbital of each of the following pairs has the lower energy? a. 2s 3s b. 3s 3p c. 4s 3d d. 4d 4p e. 2s 4d 18. Give the electron configuration for the following atoms: a. Si 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2 b. Sb c. Fe 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p3 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 4s2

19. What is the electron configuration for an iron (III)-Fe+3- ion? 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 20. Which groups of elements are filling there s sublevel? I & II 21. Which groups of elements are filling their p sublevel? III - VIII (except He) 22. Which groups of elements are filling their d sublevel? transition metals 23. Which groups of elements are filling their f sublevel? rare earth metals 24. The element having a configuration : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 5f3 is a member of what group of elements? rare earth metals Questions 25 - 27 refer to the following electron configurations for neutral atoms. J = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 K = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 L = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 M = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 N = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4 25. The largest first ionization energy would be expected for ___M_____. 26. The lowest second ionization energy would be expected for ___J_____. 27. A noble gas would be represented by _____M_______. The ionization energies in Kj/mole for 5 elements are listed below: A : I1 = 1200 I2 = 2300 I3 = 3846 B : I1 = 450 I2 = 800 I3 = 4230 C : I1 = 736 I2 = 1451 I3 = 7725 D : I1 = 400 I2 = 4850 I3 = 6095 E : I1 = 2150 I2 = 4125 I3 = 6270 28. Which of these are most likely to be an alkali metal? ____D______. 29. Which of these are most likely to be an alkaline earth metal?____C or B____ 30. Which of these are likely to form a +2 ion? ________C or B_______. 31. Which of these are most likely to form a +1 ion? ______D_________. 32. First ionization Energy Covalent Radii, (kilocalories/mole) Li 124 1.34 Be 215 0.90 B 191 0.82 C 260 0.77 N 336 0.75 O 314 0.73 F 402 0.72 The covalent radii decrease regularly from Li to F, whereas the first ionization energies do not. For the ionization energies, show how currently accepted theoretical concepts can be used to explain the general trend and the two discontinuities. Z increases as you move across each period. More protons are added to the nucleus, but the number of eff shielding electrons remains the same. This causes an increase in the amount of energy needed to pull off an electron. Ionization energy decreases from Be -> B due to the partial shielding of the 2p electron by the 2s sublevel electrons. For N -> O, the 2p electron in O is easier to ionize due to e- repulsion of the paired electrons.