Introduction Summary of Results Survey of earlier results Dimers on the kagome lattice Generalization to higher dimensions Orientational correlations

Concluding Remarks

Exact entropy of dimer coverings on some lattices in three or more dimensions

Deepak Dhar and Samarth Chandra
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Mumbai, INDIA

E S I , Vienna, May 18-31, 2008

Deepak Dhar and Samarth Chandra

Exact entropy of dimer coverings on some lattices in three or m

Introduction Summary of Results Survey of earlier results Dimers on the kagome lattice Generalization to higher dimensions Orientational correlations Concluding Remarks

Outline
Introduction Summary of Results Survey of earlier results The Kasteleyn Method Correlation functions Height representation Dimers on the kagome lattice Generalization to higher dimensions Orientational correlations Concluding Remarks
Deepak Dhar and Samarth Chandra

Exact entropy of dimer coverings on some lattices in three or m

Introduction Summary of Results Survey of earlier results Dimers on the kagome lattice Generalization to higher dimensions Orientational correlations Concluding Remarks

How many ways can we cover an m n chessboard with 1 2 tiles?

Problem can be generalized to other lattices, higher dimensions.

Deepak Dhar and Samarth Chandra

Exact entropy of dimer coverings on some lattices in three or m

Introduction Summary of Results Survey of earlier results Dimers on the kagome lattice Generalization to higher dimensions Orientational correlations Concluding Remarks

A geometrical model of phase transitions Hard core models e.g. Percolation, Hard spheres in a box

Nonspherical molecules (needles, discs , stars, bananas ..) can show a variety of ordered structures. e.g. in liquid crystals, many phase-transitions Iso.liq Nem.liq SmecA SmecB Solid Simplest nonspherical shape is dimers.
Deepak Dhar and Samarth Chandra

Exact entropy of dimer coverings on some lattices in three or m

Introduction Summary of Results Survey of earlier results Dimers on the kagome lattice Generalization to higher dimensions Orientational correlations Concluding Remarks

No. of dierent covers exp(CN) [ We can set up bounds 2N/4 2N/2 ] C is called entropy of dimer coverings per site. Assuming all dimer coverings are equally likely, we can study dimer-dimer orientation correlation functions Gxx (R), Gxy (R), Gyy (R)

Deepak Dhar and Samarth Chandra

Exact entropy of dimer coverings on some lattices in three or m

Introduction Summary of Results Survey of earlier results Dimers on the kagome lattice Generalization to higher dimensions Orientational correlations Concluding Remarks

Outline
Introduction Summary of Results Survey of earlier results The Kasteleyn Method Correlation functions Height representation Dimers on the kagome lattice Generalization to higher dimensions Orientational correlations Concluding Remarks
Deepak Dhar and Samarth Chandra

Exact entropy of dimer coverings on some lattices in three or m

Introduction Summary of Results Survey of earlier results Dimers on the kagome lattice Generalization to higher dimensions Orientational correlations Concluding Remarks

In a classic paper in 1961, Kasteleyn showed how the entropy of dimer coverings can be determined for arbitrary two-dimensional planar graphs. For three dimensional lattices, few exact results are known. We show that one can determine C exactly for a class of lattices with dimension 2. Using elementary arguments. Correlation functions can be calculated exactly. Short ranged. Some examples of lattices for which we can determine the entropy are given here.

Deepak Dhar and Samarth Chandra

Exact entropy of dimer coverings on some lattices in three or m

Introduction Summary of Results Survey of earlier results Dimers on the kagome lattice Generalization to higher dimensions Orientational correlations Concluding Remarks

Figure: The kagome lattice

C = 1 log 2 3
Deepak Dhar and Samarth Chandra

Exact entropy of dimer coverings on some lattices in three or m

Introduction Summary of Results Survey of earlier results Dimers on the kagome lattice Generalization to higher dimensions Orientational correlations Concluding Remarks

Figure: A 3-dimensional lattice with corner-sharing triangles

C = 1 log 2 3
Deepak Dhar and Samarth Chandra

Exact entropy of dimer coverings on some lattices in three or m

Introduction Summary of Results Survey of earlier results Dimers on the kagome lattice Generalization to higher dimensions Orientational correlations Concluding Remarks

Figure: The unit cell of the Na4 Ir3 O8 lattice. There are 12 Iridium atoms per unit cell (shown in red or blue). Sodium and oxygen atoms are not shown. Atoms belonging to other unit cells are shown in dark red or black. Here also C = 1 log 2 3
Deepak Dhar and Samarth Chandra

Exact entropy of dimer coverings on some lattices in three or m

Introduction Summary of Results Survey of earlier results Dimers on the kagome lattice Generalization to higher dimensions Orientational correlations Concluding Remarks

2 1

Figure: Unit cell of another 3-dimensional lattice obtained by 1 decorations. Here C = 10 log 12.
Deepak Dhar and Samarth Chandra

Exact entropy of dimer coverings on some lattices in three or m

Introduction Summary of Results Survey of earlier results Dimers on the kagome lattice Generalization to higher dimensions Orientational correlations Concluding Remarks

The Kasteleyn Method Correlation functions Height representation

Outline
Introduction Summary of Results Survey of earlier results The Kasteleyn Method Correlation functions Height representation Dimers on the kagome lattice Generalization to higher dimensions Orientational correlations Concluding Remarks
Deepak Dhar and Samarth Chandra

Exact entropy of dimer coverings on some lattices in three or m

Introduction Summary of Results Survey of earlier results Dimers on the kagome lattice Generalization to higher dimensions Orientational correlations Concluding Remarks

The Kasteleyn Method Correlation functions Height representation

Summary of Kasteleyns method Arbitrary planar graph Assign arrows to each bond so that each elementary loop has odd number of counterclockwise bonds.

Figure: Assigning arrows to the planar graph.

Deepak Dhar and Samarth Chandra

Exact entropy of dimer coverings on some lattices in three or m

Introduction Summary of Results Survey of earlier results Dimers on the kagome lattice Generalization to higher dimensions Orientational correlations Concluding Remarks

The Kasteleyn Method Correlation functions Height representation

Dene N N matrix A so that Ai ,j = +1(1), if there is a forward (reverse) bond between i and j, 0 otherwise. Number of confs= Det(A) For the M N square lattice one gets
M N

=
m=1 n=1

[cos(

m n ) + i cos( )] M +1 N +1

(1)

For translationally invariant graphs, the entropy per site has the general form
2

C=
0

d 2

2 0

d log DetM(, ) 2

(2)

Deepak Dhar and Samarth Chandra

Exact entropy of dimer coverings on some lattices in three or m

Introduction Summary of Results Survey of earlier results Dimers on the kagome lattice Generalization to higher dimensions Orientational correlations Concluding Remarks

The Kasteleyn Method Correlation functions Height representation

Relation to other models

The similarity to Ising model partition function is not accidental. The Ising model problem in 2d can be rephrased as a dimer model with some weights on a suitable graph. Relation to free-fermion models. Quantum dimer models : antiferromagnetic spin systems resonating valence bond approximation = dimerpairings ({pairing })

Deepak Dhar and Samarth Chandra

Exact entropy of dimer coverings on some lattices in three or m

Introduction Summary of Results Survey of earlier results Dimers on the kagome lattice Generalization to higher dimensions Orientational correlations Concluding Remarks

The Kasteleyn Method Correlation functions Height representation

Correlation functions

Heilmann and Lieb proved that for all densities = 1, all correlation functions decay exponentially. On square lattice, for full packing, Gxx (R) R 1/2 on triangular lattice, exponentially damped even at close packing. In higher dimensions, on bipartite lattices, Huse et al have argued that one gets a power-law decay of correlations in all dimensions.

Deepak Dhar and Samarth Chandra

Exact entropy of dimer coverings on some lattices in three or m

Introduction Summary of Results Survey of earlier results Dimers on the kagome lattice Generalization to higher dimensions Orientational correlations Concluding Remarks

The Kasteleyn Method Correlation functions Height representation

Height Representation
For planar lattices, dimer coverings can be put in one-to-one correspondence with a conguration of heights on the dual graph. This is illustrated here. Choose edge labels periodically as shown. Assign a height h = 0 to some chosen site (origin).
1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0

2 1 3 2

2 1

2 1 1

Figure: The edges are labelled 1 or 2 as shown. Height assignment for a dimer conguration.
Deepak Dhar and Samarth Chandra

Exact entropy of dimer coverings on some lattices in three or m

Introduction Summary of Results Survey of earlier results Dimers on the kagome lattice Generalization to higher dimensions Orientational correlations Concluding Remarks

The Kasteleyn Method Correlation functions Height representation

If an edge belongs to boundary of a dimer, then moving along it in the +x or +y changes height by +1( 1) if it is label 1 (2). In the continuum limit, the height eld has gaussian correlations. h(r )h(r ) K log |r r | (3)

This result is very useful in discussing the continuum limit of this theory. Conformal invariance.

Deepak Dhar and Samarth Chandra

Exact entropy of dimer coverings on some lattices in three or m

Introduction Summary of Results Survey of earlier results Dimers on the kagome lattice Generalization to higher dimensions Orientational correlations Concluding Remarks

Outline
Introduction Summary of Results Survey of earlier results The Kasteleyn Method Correlation functions Height representation Dimers on the kagome lattice Generalization to higher dimensions Orientational correlations Concluding Remarks
Deepak Dhar and Samarth Chandra

Exact entropy of dimer coverings on some lattices in three or m

Introduction Summary of Results Survey of earlier results Dimers on the kagome lattice Generalization to higher dimensions Orientational correlations Concluding Remarks

Figure: The kagome lattice

Deepak Dhar and Samarth Chandra

Exact entropy of dimer coverings on some lattices in three or m

Introduction Summary of Results Survey of earlier results Dimers on the kagome lattice Generalization to higher dimensions Orientational correlations Concluding Remarks

The kagome Lattice

For the kagome lattice, entropy per site is expressed in terms of a 6 6 matrix M(, ).
2

C=
0

d 2

2 0

d Det[M(, )] 2

(4)

But on evaluating the determinant, we get the remarkably simple result Det[M(, )] = 4 Wang and Wu (2007) tried to nd an alternative 8-vertex formulation, which is not much simpler.

Deepak Dhar and Samarth Chandra

Exact entropy of dimer coverings on some lattices in three or m

Introduction Summary of Results Survey of earlier results Dimers on the kagome lattice Generalization to higher dimensions Orientational correlations Concluding Remarks

We tried a dierent approach. This is somewhat similar to earlier work by Elser [1993]. At each red site of the kagome lattice, for a covering C, dene a variable i = +1,if the other site of dimer covering i is above i . = 1,if below. Select an arbitrary set{i }. How many dimer congurations consistent with this? If for a site j, j = 1, we can delete the two bonds below j Similarly, if j = 1

Deepak Dhar and Samarth Chandra

Exact entropy of dimer coverings on some lattices in three or m

Introduction Summary of Results Survey of earlier results Dimers on the kagome lattice Generalization to higher dimensions Orientational correlations Concluding Remarks

1 1

2 3 1

Figure: On deleting two edges from each red site, the kagome lattice breaks into disconnected chains. The values of the variables at some of the red sites are indicated by numbers in parantheses.

The lattice breaks up into mutually disconnected chains. Assume free boundary conditions on the right edge: Vertices at the right edge may be covered by dimer, or left uncovered.
Deepak Dhar and Samarth Chandra

Exact entropy of dimer coverings on some lattices in three or m

Introduction Summary of Results Survey of earlier results Dimers on the kagome lattice Generalization to higher dimensions Orientational correlations Concluding Remarks

With this choice of boundary conditions Each chain can be covered by dimers in exactly one way. There N/3 red sites, and 2N/3 choices of {}. Hence the number of dimer congurations = 2N/3 , and C= 1 log 2. 3

Deepak Dhar and Samarth Chandra

Exact entropy of dimer coverings on some lattices in three or m

Introduction Summary of Results Survey of earlier results Dimers on the kagome lattice Generalization to higher dimensions Orientational correlations Concluding Remarks

3 1 2 3 1 2

3 1 2 3

3 1 2 3

3 1 3 2

3 1 2 3

Figure: Three dierent weights of bonds for the the kagome lattice.

If we attach a weight z1 ( z2 ) with a bond coming to a red vertex from above(below), and z3 to horizontal vertices, we get = (z1 + z2 )N/3 z3 or, C=
Deepak Dhar and Samarth Chandra

N/6

1 6

log[(z1 + z2 )2 z3 ].

Exact entropy of dimer coverings on some lattices in three or m

Introduction Summary of Results Survey of earlier results Dimers on the kagome lattice Generalization to higher dimensions Orientational correlations Concluding Remarks

Outline
Introduction Summary of Results Survey of earlier results The Kasteleyn Method Correlation functions Height representation Dimers on the kagome lattice Generalization to higher dimensions Orientational correlations Concluding Remarks
Deepak Dhar and Samarth Chandra

Exact entropy of dimer coverings on some lattices in three or m

Introduction Summary of Results Survey of earlier results Dimers on the kagome lattice Generalization to higher dimensions Orientational correlations Concluding Remarks

The argument can easily be extended to higher dimensional lattices. Consider a 3-dimensional simple cubic lattice, with bonds only in the z-direction. This is a collection of 1-dimensional chains. We make this into a three dimensional lattice, by adding links between the vertical lines.

Deepak Dhar and Samarth Chandra

Exact entropy of dimer coverings on some lattices in three or m

Introduction Summary of Results Survey of earlier results Dimers on the kagome lattice Generalization to higher dimensions Orientational correlations Concluding Remarks

We dene the added sites as red sites, and assign a variable to each red site. Then as before, there is exacly one dimer conguration, consistent with a given {}. Hence we get C =
1 3

log 2.

Deepak Dhar and Samarth Chandra

Exact entropy of dimer coverings on some lattices in three or m

Introduction Summary of Results Survey of earlier results Dimers on the kagome lattice Generalization to higher dimensions Orientational correlations Concluding Remarks

Moreover The initial set of lines need not be straight. Consider Na4 Ir3 O8 lattice. There are two jagged vertical lines (black) in each unit cell. We can select 4 red sites per cell, such that removing these sites, the graph reduces to disconnected vertical lines. Then as before, there is a unique dimer cover for each {}, and hence C = 1 log 2 3

Deepak Dhar and Samarth Chandra

Exact entropy of dimer coverings on some lattices in three or m

Introduction Summary of Results Survey of earlier results Dimers on the kagome lattice Generalization to higher dimensions Orientational correlations Concluding Remarks

Finally, We are not restricted to bivariate s.

2 1

Deepak Dhar and Samarth Chandra

Exact entropy of dimer coverings on some lattices in three or m

Introduction Summary of Results Survey of earlier results Dimers on the kagome lattice Generalization to higher dimensions Orientational correlations Concluding Remarks

Select a p1 p2 p3 unit cell. A red site is added to body-center of a cube to three or four neighboring vertical lines by two edges each, forming corner-sharing triangles. Here 1 takes 4 values, and 2 takes 3 values. Repeat periodically in space In this case, C =
1 10

log 12.

One can also have dierent weights to dierent edges.

Deepak Dhar and Samarth Chandra

Exact entropy of dimer coverings on some lattices in three or m

Introduction Summary of Results Survey of earlier results Dimers on the kagome lattice Generalization to higher dimensions Orientational correlations Concluding Remarks

Outline
Introduction Summary of Results Survey of earlier results The Kasteleyn Method Correlation functions Height representation Dimers on the kagome lattice Generalization to higher dimensions Orientational correlations Concluding Remarks
Deepak Dhar and Samarth Chandra

Exact entropy of dimer coverings on some lattices in three or m

Introduction Summary of Results Survey of earlier results Dimers on the kagome lattice Generalization to higher dimensions Orientational correlations Concluding Remarks

Calculating orientational correlations

Consider the kagome lattice, for simplicity. The variables {i } at dierent sites are independent random variables. Orientations of dimers at sites in dierent horizontal rows are uncorrelated. By symmetry, on the same row, sites are uncorrelated if distance > 2. Orientations of dimers at sites i and j are uncorrelated, if distance dij > 2. Similar result holds in higher dimensions.

Deepak Dhar and Samarth Chandra

Exact entropy of dimer coverings on some lattices in three or m

Introduction Summary of Results Survey of earlier results Dimers on the kagome lattice Generalization to higher dimensions Orientational correlations Concluding Remarks

Outline
Introduction Summary of Results Survey of earlier results The Kasteleyn Method Correlation functions Height representation Dimers on the kagome lattice Generalization to higher dimensions Orientational correlations Concluding Remarks
Deepak Dhar and Samarth Chandra

Exact entropy of dimer coverings on some lattices in three or m

Introduction Summary of Results Survey of earlier results Dimers on the kagome lattice Generalization to higher dimensions Orientational correlations Concluding Remarks

The {} variables provide a set of independent, local variables for a complete description of the dimer conguration. However, congurations of other dimers are fully xed by {}. This is a reection of the strong correlations in the system. Changing one will aect the dimer conguration very far away. Orientations at other sites are given by variables that are complicated nonlocal functions of these. Our approach is qualitatively dierent from the usual treatment of integrable d-dimensional models in statistical physics. In the standard transfer matrix approach, a d -dimensional system is studied by thinking of it as a set (d 1)-dimensional layers, which then have some conservation laws. Here we break a d -dimensional system directly into 1-d Deepak Exact entropy of dimer coverings on some lattices in three or m chains. Dhar and Samarth Chandra

Introduction Summary of Results Survey of earlier results Dimers on the kagome lattice Generalization to higher dimensions Orientational correlations Concluding Remarks

Reference Deepak Dhar and Samarth Chandra, Phys. Rev. Lett., 100,120602 (2008). [ cond-mat/0711.0971]

Thank You.

Deepak Dhar and Samarth Chandra

Exact entropy of dimer coverings on some lattices in three or m