Chapter I The Problem and Its Setting Introduction There are several health hazards that are around

the world and it is very much alarming. One of the major health hazards that are present and widespread as air today is the water

environmental

pollution

such

pollution,

pollution, and land pollution. Environmental pollution is defined as the contamination of the physical and biological components of the earth or atmosphere system to such an extent that normal environmental processes are adversely itself into to is the defined as the that

affected.

While of or

pollution contaminants discomfort

introduction cause harm

environment or other

humans

living

organisms, or that damage the environment. Conditions in our environment have failed to improve and they are getting worse. There are not only future threats but also a real crisis. The modern practices have seriously interfered with the nature. Health hazards and reduction of food production are blamed on the environmental pollution. Some pollution of are the harmful effects diseases of and the environmental

communicable

non-communicable

diseases. It is said that these diseases are still some of

the major health problems worldwide. Infectious diseases, also known as communicable diseases, contagious diseases or transmissible diseases comprise are clinically signs

evident illness examples and/or symptoms of disease

characteristic medical from

resulting

the infection,

presence and growth of pathogenic biological agents in an individual host organism. diseases course. may be In certain for much cases, or all infectious of their

asymptomatic

Infectious

pathogens

include

some viruses, and

bacteria, fungi, protozoa,

multicellular parasites,

aberrant proteins known as prions. These pathogens are the cause of disease epidemics, in the sense that without the pathogen, no infectious epidemic occurs. On the other hand, a non-communicable disease, or NCD, is a medical condition or disease which long duration is non-infectious. and generally NCDs are diseases of

slow

progression.

They

include heartdisease, stroke, cancer, asthma, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, osteoporosis, Alzheimers

disease, cataracts, and more. While often referred to as "chronic diseases", NCDs are distinguished by their noninfectious cause. In contrast, some chronic diseases such as HIV/AIDS, caused by while also lasting medical They conditions, are similar are in

transmissible infections.

that they also require chronic care management. But when

the people try to think of the roots of these environmental pollution diseases, and communicable is Waste all diseases because and of non-communicable improper defined waste as

this

managements.

management is

the collection, transport, processing or disposal, managing and monitoring of waste materials. The term usually relates to materials produced by human activity, and the process is generally undertaken to reduce their Waste effect on health, is a

the environment or aesthetics.

management

distinct practice from resource recovery which focuses on delaying the rate of consumption of natural resources. The management of wastes treats all materials as a single

class,whether solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive substan ces, and tried to reduce the harmful environmental impacts of each through differ different methods. Waste management nations, and Management for

practices

for developed and developing areas,

for urban and rural

for residential and industrial producers.

non-hazardous waste residential and institutional waste in metropolitan areas is usually the responsibility of local government authorities, while management for non-hazardous commercial and industrial waste is usually the

responsibility of the generator.

This study will compare the different waste management techniques that are present in ten different universities around Manila area. This will help the people to be

informed on how to manage wastes properly. Statement of the Problem This study aimed to compare the different waste management techniques and environmental programs in different universities in Manila. Specifically, this study sought to answer to the following problems: 1. What are the different waste management techniques and environmental programs present in different universities in Manila? 2. How do the different waste management techniques and environmental programs affect the cleanliness and orderliness of the universities? Significance of the study This study will have a great significance to (a)

environment,(b)humankind,(c)

garbage

collectors,(d)

environmentalists, (e) future researchers and students.

First of all, this study will have a great impact and contribution on the environment. A better care and

protection will be given on the environment. Through this study, people will be aware and concern about the condition of the environment. Of course, humankind will benefit as well with this study because this will inform them on the different

programs and movements that they could join in order to help the environment. This study will also help them how to manage their wastes (garden waste, industrial waste, human waste and domestic waste). Environmentalists will also benefit in this study

because this will help them on their researches and studies with regards to the environment. Future researchers especially with researchers related with this study may use this study as basis for their field work and they can be guided with the recommendations.

Students especially Biology or Ecology students will learn a lot from this study and this can lead to or brought up to new ideas and studies. This will also help them to be aware with the present environmental programs on the different universities that they can participate with.

Scope and Limitation This study only focused mainly on the different waste management within techniques and environmental universities programs in present The

the

different

Manila.

researchers randomly selected ten (10) universities around the area. The ten (10) universities selected are Philippine Normal University (PNU, Taft Avenue, Manila), Technological University of the Philippines (TUP, Taft Avenue, Manila), Adamson University (AdU, Taft Avenue, Manila), Far Eastern University (FEU, Recto, (UP, Manila), Gil, University Manila), De of the

Philippines-Manila

Pedro

LaSalle

University-Taft (DLSU, Vito Cruz, Manila), Lyceum of the Philippine University (LPU,Manila), Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Manila (PLM, Gil, Gil, Manila), Philippine Christian University Manila), Manila). Philippine The Womens University an

(PCU, (PWU,

Pedro Pedro

researchers

conducted

adopted survey regarding the waste management system and environmental programs present in the universities selected specifically with the ten (10) randomly selected students of each university. These students served as

representatives of the universities.

Definition of Terms Environment - refers to the surroundings of an object, or the Natural environment, all living and non-living things that occur naturally on Earth. Environmental programs are programs that aims to save the nature and for the benefit of the environment. Disposable - is a product designed for cheapness and shortterm convenience with rather most than medium to long-term for single

durability,

products

only

intended

use. The term is also sometimes used for products that may last several months. Recycling is processing used materials (waste) into new products to prevent waste of potentially useful materials, reduce the consumption of reduce fresh raw air materials, pollution

reduce energy usage,

(from incineration) and water pollution (from landfilling) by reducing the need for "conventional" waste disposal, and lower greenhouse gas emissions as compared to virgin

production. Recycling is a key component of modern waste reduction and is the third component of the "Reduce, Reuse, Recycle" waste hierarchy.

Survey- a method for collecting quantitative information about items in a population; a method that companies use to collect consumer opinions about a product by paying consumers for participating in the survey Waste - also known as rubbish, trash, refuse, garbage, junk, litter; is unwanted or useless materials. In biology, waste is any of the many unwanted substances or toxins that are expelled from living organisms, metabolic waste; such as urea, sweat or feces. Waste Disposal- is the management of waste to prevent harm to the environment, injury or long term progressive damage to health. Disposal of waste is where the intention is to permanently store the waste for the duration of its

biological and chemical activity, such that it is rendered harmless. Waste Management is the collection, transport, processing or disposal, managing and monitoring of waste materials. Waste Segregation - means division of waste into dry and wet waste. Dry waste includes paper, cardboard, glass, tin cans etc. Wet waste, on the other hand, refers to organic wastes.

Conceptual Framework There are lots of Methods of Waste Disposal such as Landfill, it involves burying the waste, and this remains a common practice in pits. can of be in most countries. or Landfills were often

established or borrow landfill method

abandoned A a

unused quarries, mining voids designed and and well-managed inexpensive poorly

properly hygienic of waste

relatively

disposing

materials.

Older,

designed or poorly managed landfills can create a number of adverse environmental impacts such as wind-blown of vermin, and generation of of litter,

attraction Another

liquid leachate. is gas (mostly

common

byproduct

landfills

composed of methane and carbon dioxide), which is produced as organic waste breaks down anaerobically. This gas can create odor problems, gas; kill is surface vegetation, is a and is

a greenhouse method in

second solid

incineration wastes are

disposal to

which

organic

subjected

combustion so as to convert them into residue and gaseous products. This method is useful for disposal of residue of both solid waste management and solid residue from waste water management. This process reduces the volumes of solid waste to 20 to and 30 other percent high of the original waste volume. treatment

Incineration

temperature

systems

are

sometimes

described

as

"thermal

treatment". materials

Incinerators

convert

waste

into heat, gas, steam and ash. Incineration is carried out both on a small scale by

individuals and on a large scale by industry. It is used to dispose of solid, as a liquid practical and gaseous of waste. It is of as

recognized

method

disposing (such

certain hazardous

waste materials

biological medical waste). Incineration is a controversial method of waste disposal, due to issues such as emission of gaseous pollutants. Incineration as Japan where land is is common more in as countries these such

scarce,

facilities

generally do not require as much area as landfills. Wasteto-energy(WtE) or energy-from-waste (EfW) are broad terms for facilities that burn waste in a furnace or boiler to generate heat, is steam not or electricity. perfect in and Combustion there in an

incinerator concerns

always

have

been from

about

pollutants

gaseous

emissions

incinerator stacks. Particular concern has focused on some very persistent may organics be created which is such may the

as dioxins, furans, PAHs which have serious environmental

consequences;

third

recycling. Recycling refers to the collection and reuse of waste materials such as empty beverage containers. The

materials from which the items are made can be reprocessed into new products. Material for recycling may be collected separately from general waste using dedicated bins and

collection vehicles, or sorted directly from mixed waste streams. Known as kerb-side recycling, it requires the

owner of the waste to separate it into various different bins (typically wheelie bins) prior to its collection. The most common as consumer beverage products recycled as

include aluminum such

cans, copper such

wire, steel food and aerosol cans, old steel furnishings or equipment , polyethylene and PET bottles, glass bottles and jars, paperboard cartons, newspapers, paper, and corrugated magazines and light

fiberboard boxes.

PVC, LDPE, PP,

and PS (see resin identification code) are also recyclable. These items are usually composed of a single type of

material, making them relatively easy to recycle into new products. The recycling of complex products (such as

computers and electronic equipment) is more difficult, due to the additional dismantling and separation required. The type of material accepted for recycling varies by city and country. Each city and country have different

recycling programs in place that can handle the various types of recyclable materials. However, variation in

acceptance is reflected in the resale value of the material once it is reprocessed. The business' Companies management ability are to of waste is a key component in a

maintaining to

ISO14001 their

accreditation. environmental

encouraged

improve

efficiencies each year. One way to do this is by improving a companys waste management with a new recycling service. (such as recycling: glass, food waste, paper and cardboard, plastic bottles etc.) Waste materials that are organic in nature, such as plant material, food scraps, and paper products, can be recycled processes using biological composting matter. and The digestion resulting

to decompose the

organic

organic material is then recycled as mulch or compost for agricultural or landscaping purposes. In addition, waste

gas from the process (such as methane) can be captured and used for generating electricity and heat (CHP/cogeneration) maximising efficiencies. The intention of biological

processing in waste management is to control and accelerate the natural process of decomposition of organic matter.

There

is

large

variety

of

composting

and

digestion

methods and technologies varying in complexity from simple home compost heaps, to small town scale batch digesters, industrial-scale domestic waste enclosed-vessel (see Mechanical digestion biological of mixed

treatment).

Methods of biological decomposition are differentiated as being aerobic or anaerobic methods, two methods also exist. Anaerobic digestion of the organic fraction of MSW though hybrids of the

Municipal Solid Waste has been found to be in a number of LCA analysis studies to be more environmentally effective, than landfill, incineration though or pyrolisis. be used for The resulting

biogas

(methane)

must

cogeneration

(electricity and heat preferably on or close to the site of production) and can be used with a little upgrading in gas combustion engines or turbines. With further upgrading to synthetic natural gas it can be injected into the natural gas network or further refined to hydrogen for use in

stationary cogeneration fuel cells. Its use in fuel cells eliminates the pollution from products of combustion. An example of waste management through composting is the Green Bin Program in Toronto, as Canada, scraps where Source and plant

Separated

Organics (such

kitchen

cuttings) are collected in a dedicated container and then composted. The energy content of waste products can be harnessed directly by using them as a direct combustion fuel, or

indirectly by processing them into another type of fuel. Thermal treatment ranges from using waste as a fuel source for cooking or heating and the use of the gas fuel (see above), to fuel in for boilers to generate steam and

electricity two related

a turbine. Pyrolysis and gasification are of thermal to treatment where waste with

forms

materials

are

heated

high

temperatures

limitedoxygen availability. The process usually occurs in a sealed vessel under high pressure. Pyrolysis of solid waste converts the material into solid, liquid and gas products. The liquid and gas can be burnt to produce energy or

refined into other chemical products (chemical refinery). The solid residue such (char) can be further refined into and

products

as activated arc

carbon.

Gasification used to

advanced Plasma

gasification are

convert

organic materials directly into a synthetic gas (syngas) composed of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The gas is then burnt to produce electricity and steam. An alternative to pyrolisis is high temperature and pressure supercritical

water decomposition (hydrothermal monophasic oxidation).

Resource recovery (as opposed to waste management) uses LCA (life cycle analysis) attempts to offer alternatives to

waste management. For mixed MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) a number of broad studies have indicated that administration, source separation of the and collection followed by reuse energy and and

recycling

non-organic

fraction

and

compost/fertilizer production of the organic waste fraction via anaerobic digestion to be the favored path. An important method of waste management is the

prevention of waste material being created, also known as waste reduction. Methods of avoidance broken include items reuse of of

second-hand

products,

repairing

instead

buying new, designing products to be refillable or reusable (such as cotton instead of plastic shopping bags),

encouraging (such remains as

consumers to avoid using disposable products disposable cutlery), cans, removing any food/liquid

from

packaging and designing products that

use less material to achieve the same purpose (for example, light weighting of beverage cans). In Europe and a few other places around the world, a few communities as Envac, use a proprietary refuse collection via system known

which

conveys

underground

conduits

using a vacuum system. Other vacuum-based solutions include the MetroTaifun single-line and ring-line systems. In Canadian urban centres curbside collection is the most common method of disposal, whereby the city collects waste and/or recyclables and/or organics on a scheduled basis. In rural areas people often dispose of their waste by hauling it to a transfer station. Waste collected is then

transported to a regional landfill. In Taipei, the city government charges its households and industries for the volume of rubbish they produce. Waste will only be collected by the city council if waste is disposed in government issued rubbish bags. This policy has successfully reduced the amount of waste the city produces and increased the recycling rate. In Israel, the ArrowBio collection materials the Arrow Ecology takes company trash organic has developed from

system, trucks and

which

directly and

separates

inorganic and of

through

gravitational shredding. The

settling, system

screening, is capable

hydro-mechanical

sorting huge volumes of solid waste, salvaging recyclables, and turning The the rest into is biogas in and rich agricultural Australia,

compost.

system

used

California,

Greece,

Mexico,

the

United

Kingdom

and

in

Israel.

For

example, an ArrowBio plant that has been operational at the Hiriya landfill site since December 2003 serves the Tel Aviv area, and processes up to 150 tons of garbage a day. The researchers will conduct an adopted survey with corresponding questions specifically to the ten different universities in Manila with ten randomly selected students of each university.

PNU Waste Management Technique

TUP

AdU

LPU

UP-

DLSU-

PCU

PWU

PLM

FEU

MANILA TAFT

Environmental Programs

Figure 1: Represents the Paradigm of the Study

Chapter III Methodology Kind of Research A descriptive research was used in this study.

Descriptive research, also known as statistical research, describes data and characteristics about the population or phenomenon being studied. Descriptive research answers the questions who, what, where, when, "why" and how.

Descriptive method of research is a fact-finding study with adequate and accurate interpretation of the findings. It describes with emphasis what actually exist such as current conditions, practices, situations or any phenomena. Although the data description is factual, accurate and systematic, situation. the Thus, research cannot describe what be caused used a to

Descriptive

research

cannot

create a causal relationship, where one variable affects another. In other words, descriptive research can be said to have a low requirement for internal validity. The description is used for frequencies, averages and other statistical calculations. Often the best approach,

prior survey aim

to

writing

descriptive

research,

is

to

conduct

investigation. description

Qualitative research and researchers may

often has follow-up

the with

of

examinations of why the observations exist and what the implications of the findings are. In that short be descriptive research counted and studied. deals with everything But there are always

can

restrictions to that. The research must have an impact to the lives of the people around you. In identify this the study, the researchers waste present and aimed to know and and

different programs in Manila

management in only ten ten

techniques (10)

environmental universities

different each

students

universities participated. Participants of the Study Ten (10) universities in Manila were randomly selected to participate in the study. The ten universities were

Philippine

Normal

University (PNU, Taft Avenue, Manila), of the Philippines (AdU, (TUP, Taft Taft

Technological Avenue, Manila), University

University Adamson

Manila), Far of

University

Avenue, Manila), Gil,

Eastern the

University

(FEU,

Recto, (UP,

Philippines-Manila

Pedro

Manila),

De

LaSalle

University-Taft

(DLSU,

Vito

Cruz,

Manila), Lyceum of the Philippine University (LPU,Manila), Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Manila (PLM, Manila), Philippine Christian University (PCU, Pedro Gil, Manila), Philippine Womens University (PWU, Pedro Gil, Manila). In each universities there were only ten (10) students randomly selected which serve as representatives of their universities. survey form. Random Sampling was used to select the participants of the study. It refers to taking a number of independent from the same probability distribution, This representatives answered the given

observations

without involving any real population. The sample usually is not a representative of the population of people from which it was drawn this random variation in the results is termed as sampling error. In the case of random samples, mathematical theory is available to assess the sampling

error. Thus, estimates obtained from random samples can be accompanied by measures of the uncertainty associated with the estimate. This can take the form of a standard error, or if the sample is large enough for the central limit theorem to calculated. take effect, confidence intervals may be

Research Instrument The research instrument used in this study was the survey form. This survey form consists of two parts, part one it had Solid Waste Management Attitude Scale and for

the part two it had a Solid Waste Management concerns. The ten (10) randomly selected students the answered the survey the

form.

This

instrument

helped

researchers

answer

main problem and the sub problems of the study. Research Design The researchers used Survey Sampling Methods. This type of design is applicable when the study used a descriptive type of research. It is incumbent on the researcher to clearly define the target population. There are no strict rules to follow, and the researcher must rely on logic and judgment. The population is defined in keeping with the objectives of the study. Sometimes, the entire population will be sufficiently small, and the researcher can include the entire population in the study. This type of research is called a census study because data is gathered on every member of the

population.

Usually, researcher to

the

population to

is

too all of

large its

for

the A

attempt

survey

members.

small, but carefully chosen sample can be used to represent the population. The sample reflects the characteristics of the population from which it is drawn. Sampling methods are classified as either probability or nonprobability. In

probability samples, each member of the population has a known non-zero probability of being selected. Probability methods include random sampling, systematic sampling, and stratified sampling. In nonprobability sampling, members

are selected from the population in some nonrandom manner. These quota include sampling, convenience and sampling, judgment The sampling, of be

snowball is

sampling.

advantage can

probability

sampling

that

sampling

error

calculated. Sampling error is the degree to which a sample might differ from the population. When inferring to the population, results are reported plus or minus the sampling error. In nonprobability sampling, the degree to which the sample differs from the population remains unknown. Random sampling is the purest form of probability sampling. Each member of the population has an equal and known chance of being selected. When there are very large populations, it is often difficult or impossible to identify every member

of

the

population,

so

the

pool

of

available

subjects

becomes biased. The study has ten (10) different universities and each university has ten (10) randomly selected students. Figure 3.1 Research Design

PNU Waste Management Technique

TUP

AdU

LPU

UP-

DLSU-

PCU

PWU

PLM

FEU

MANILA TAFT

Environmental Programs

Figure 3.2: Flow Chart

Selection of ten (10) different universities in Writing a letter of permission to the ten (10) Manila administrative offices of different universities.

Conducting the survey to the ten (10) randomly selected students of each university.

Retrieving of survey forms

Gathering data

Analyzing and Interpreting the results

Statistical Analysis Materials and Methods of the Study Selection of ten (10) different universities in Manila

Ten

(10)

different

universities

in

Manila

were

randomly selected by the researchers to be the participants of the study. The ten universities were Philippine Normal University (PNU, Taft Avenue, Manila), Technological

University of the Philippines (TUP, Taft Avenue, Manila), Adamson University (AdU, Taft Avenue, Manila), Far Eastern University (FEU, Recto, (UP, Manila), Gil, University Manila), De of the

Philippines-Manila

Pedro

LaSalle

University-Taft (DLSU, Vito Cruz, Manila), Lyceum of the Philippine University (LPU,Manila), Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Manila (PLM, Gil, Manila), Philippine Christian University Manila), Philippine Womens University

(PCU,

Pedro

(PWU, Pedro Gil, Manila). There and state are public universities, in the private ten universities selected

universities

(10)

universities in the study. Writing a letter of permission to the ten (10)

administrative offices of different universities. A letter of permission was written for the

administrators of the ten (10) universities. This was used to ask for their permission to conduct the survey to their students.

Conducting the survey to the ten (10) randomly selected students of each university. A survey was adopted and given to ten (10) randomly selected students from each university. These ten (10)

students served as representatives of each university. Retrieving of survey forms As soon as the participants have accomplished

answering the survey forms, they were personally retrieved by the researchers. Gathering data The data which were obtained through the survey forms were consolidated, organized and tabulated in the

distribution tables. Analyzing and interpreting the results The data were analyzed and interpreted using suitable statistical tools.

Statistical Analysis Frequency count, mean, median and mode was used in this study. The researchers used codes to transform the

observations and responses with regards to waste management techniques and environmental programs in a frequency scale. Mean is the arithmetic average of the scores. Median is the score that divides the distribution into half. Mode is the value that occurs most frequently in a data set or a probability distribution. approach Frequency to working count with is the most

straight-forward

quantitative

data. Items are classified according to a particular scheme and an arithmetical count is made of the number of items within the text which belong to each classification

(or type) in the scheme.