av,1 Ptf. 1 I,ve.

Math

15 .Seer
.I5c\

199 7

FkiAct GPI

tke_

.2 e 6)3 0 1

.rt

r e
r

1")

IT Y1

= L

Err j

-e =

LALF4i

r1

421

Trk

L.4 rl

bcw,J PerkA;e11

kIC

;110f-re7 c t c.
f-c., a (c+ct+ i o

re/

coord.;,ic,.f-e

cu 4-7 s tj Ltefryn a s
x x

YYI j2 1 " 71

i41 Gt x(-(:)x);') -

G
.C. oo . de
toe C
-1.r

tt5
c,) .7(A)

X +

t-ck,

S
1Paas

c1/41- the rtig icicew,-e4 t

X X 4

-3 ,j

A rt. L a

Louk'

kvi

z rt ni

w X2

c4

0 Jr c.c . c' . r 5, C.

r 0

rcQse

t0

(Ai

`:c

` t

w cat

6.;

rs

ckt

r /2.

c"\v

11

od. e t

ct

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t
z

al
11

q.,
,

I
R

(J LA:, 0

r S; 0 0

L; e Cc,,, e I

r cc,e ri ..,0
-->
LAJ

y,

(.....% ., ....\ k.i....; A z j __

0
Y'S.,

r.:

(A)

r'. n

+ 0

6'

Dcw. , (A

fie.vu,t)e)l

i ;v tut1;(.1,
1 zl . 1Z >1,

coo +01,, r

is
Ti,1,

C i rcie

ciie -4,0-2c1
Cclt,i cit,j

/,_J

IL,,d-:
n s

1 , y- fc ..}-

U(St 047 1 - he

vl 'te@r A t

flA eort b-)

me j .-ti.
.-ii..)

; 0 t.e 5,-,:, 1

AA ct j ile cot c.1

, t ,,.
tA <,.)

ev,..1'1,46,1.4

-1- Ycle16--ccr AA; A 6)

p, I , r

Ce;',.;rit, "1.:A re' .3'

.i,,,ie.>=
e

,,(6t).1tn)

re

-r

da

(6,-) +2 .rt
L

'

ct(0-t.)

z2

r c

e ire

A (64.i.11,/t)

L 61( a /-2..1iK)

r e
here r 7-: 1

re

,1(0-arm)
I

coo G (3 z- e;
gr 21r'7)) =

e d
+5/4

L(e2-fro)

e - th Ee' 1J 1
.2/1
t

. r-
- ,4

ir, C Z

+11]

--.) -../.,,, L23

t 112

-e

r -7 1 v. - O I .1

-. -

J
Tr/i. r 3 3,j3:1
/

1.41_ e fi
r

r
C LA L'-e

+(J

Li Le

bay: 3 i (.40 c)
.i

eert,,Je

t.`2

.... 0

us,

crAlc,k,s

f re.s4Les

ZL1-2.

, (v1 -) ) ckz
Zo

[(-2-L)Af.()
4
e-IG(

Fern

e 9ra.cl bras p,tes

0 c' or,:t er f2

S:r1Ce

;5

1-;

1;

( z -a)/

'

1.3

2(tri

C
Zti

c 2(es

tosed)

-1.1= cR

(L) ----- 0

CA.n1)(.1

I'Lle1C.:+;04 1.0,revd-

C: (a .) ccw,
e

eApclAded,
1/1
n-n

se r,e,s (.1,:u}

or
C -

tin Vie
c- f e c

co

tsctrecA1,

rk
the aim e

c-
c

( 7

1-11, S fLoic+0).1
3

2
:s-

;5

1- e c

re

0,4

t-e 4E r

re x e
A 4.

-r -

4-

2
f(i) r"
I

evl #it

(Lcinti

.2 I,

.1

_ +

66+ 1,1 (:(04)

LI

a !
-=
A

I
3
4_ (

(eh) t
-

Li
I _bevi (GA)

6 0.)

3!

.( ,c44)
,i

((' 0 0 )4
Y,1 S

5 -t- -

1),c\v,J

Pert e 11

c c4

Z = F -fr
f(Z) S'l

-Rea I

prt

IRLC3,T- t* CO S ft\ 5,4Z )

-F()

5
i

71

1 - I

r1
i
3

/\

6i

r-
'11

(-

7!

f z

ill
=0

m.c.,_17

I R .., ,
(/ RZ

1 +31 ,_
,v,

Li

IR

4_

R, ,1

-1 )

_3 -1-R.

5-

4- I

j-

fIC,-, 3

.1
-7=
z C. ref)fesev, ij

I-4er e
r%t yA ln e

1- 14
. A LA to

474

c-1- ci

; Al "

`I a r.1)

el
;n

t-s
I

fc

the

ti 3.1,e

Ja v d
C5 , thus:

i'oiL,;e:11

fi

47

7;

c1zk
3;

(5 - R K - IR -I- th

'7
.4.

5i

\'1
A
3_3
55 .
7

'7!

-4--

E l
iC ;

71

n
_ r \ tic

= cU

)!,

av; Ci ?e01,,,e,"

(,..c.-1-)
F(7) - (a,=

re

Le

ire to

(r
1- 4. rue,.

)3

. ,

&Pt /

(0)

, (i-)

-i)

P1

-0)

tL)

it

re -

mod )).

-r

re

.
IL

l 2) =

i. r- -re -k- L -r(.92 r 3

ar
,

r0

r0

4-re

r13

-L:r___QZ-

l. LLViCt .";
ir.. (A

ce f( 3 e

O 1

-ke

ci

tke

-pitto

041.3

IC: isn

-EC r

= AtL

I (N.

1 1. '"i L

nA t-Cec= 6 1 t

c k

the

n-sr ; ...4

tvtr

7-p'ciiie

L7-1 2

X 1 LI L
-2. \
I X

V=

44C?1 ---:

rlri t'l

c) te

f Aal- -co( r
r

IA > X v< vj >

r < I

k.

iN 4 z

11

As

1 . 71

c
t- c; rc (c

W, (2) .=
K tile

x
Ltie

o.
'r;t h.") ,C`ckNete

1 -

4-1-tct

tr,A.

.1,

1.!

CA th

-k,;( .5

vt J E

t-

ieA ) th

Jt'

HQ

d0

(2.4-cles _

i-e(e(

_ (Jr,

}-rcios

sA/2_ (2)

= zz

2t,

1L

j
L

(A -,:n)
X 4-

2. 7.

A (-I

r2

Liz -

ce,,f erec t

t.tt

the

v=( \

r I X

(2+1.

r
1

v
U < X

ki

tkta

r-eci;LIn

we_ , e.t
kA t fsL ti4e

0 fri.,>2
2..),

ilA6j
r LA, e ct

c,,te-
CI.
kl 3

Sfr.

kt

IA

The

1))Ma Ft (1,...;e11

-t-ke

fraviSfc
2

k o ..;

ccorJ,A.de
let ave

+lie

p4tae

oa co As-+rcA

ci- ed .

/ e (at
e

(.0)

-a

(A)

we t
e

iir (ezi.() =

(e

(A) - ex e'')

iv =

p
i

e'e

(-t e

x' e
z
L-1

2.x

(A)

e2x
e

e x
E

-e `y)

-e
t i f x/

e
e' i-e")
-1

(e + e
(e(3-e3)

Zx
a

e
1 4- e ZW
A A

az

2x
C'

-e

-)ce x 5:4
4.) ex cc-

(222e:j
a

to
-x

zn

w-:.

S Ay

-e
A

(.
vs y

_ t -tez-tJe4ca.;i

-X

-e -

/ x X - LS,A -e :01

teA )

co,

(e x 4-e-')

7.3
CA1 - 5,4k X 5,.1
t COS ..j

s, k

nt e

Cc4t1 Z

co, A t

4 L.

el

Ck 5, Vdel CC -A A --

A 3

s n y cost.X ."C"3

a s, C. t".

co. in

C-CS

We ,1 (..\.ve

re (2,4- eck ck 8. (O a r C c,:rct; nate _ S^Stew1, .

rea(

'tit'

CI t2

a- 2
Cvre Kit c,..,4
re) ?

ti,e
itA e

cccr,-t,/tAke.
CA (

-+k

ct

. 1-11 e

trail

ryK at 611

eii 4c4;

OA 5

(Are

X=

a
CC :;

S n II 'Z

C0t)

C L.:n L rt.

(..\v, a

P tev, .e.t1

2, '7

3 c,,t)
IA
Grj er

-1-t

See ko,..

cccr-cl -a-te.
X

AeS -Fr-A A.> -f-vri,1

t:Ae .
. Cn

Co:rd.

t,

61 =G)

cl,.1(4.-e4t13

=
CA

(citu+v.-61 v
(Oci- LA -iv

2. (..% V - LA -
A- LA -A-

-V Z

2. -

-tau tau

e
(

V `-LA 2
a 1" IA ) V

\ V -r,.)1-#%/1

Re(

X e

1 - v

1.ne

,e. X=G}

(at.)t-rvi

2.

(Cyr,.t1

; 1. /ct 4 1- L4 *V

2 1. = CA - v

Z LA.

2.

1 Aco4 -4Dv 2 - 0

Ain \z / =

( 1;.ci)

iS fife efctqfic63

C; -c e

C eil.+e r e61 en

4 i1

- e

4 -CXX n S

b av, 61 Pet,A;e0
13
Livc --' cos t:
CIA LA

c S:
k -

.11 't

s.-n 17.5-r,-h4fe

el...,;4,4+;x9 1.

5,4
\2

x
Lk):ckt

C1Cc4

(-12- CS cl

cosAr6e are

circles

cevi ffer-e 61 0.4 t

Vcvxrs.

C1

rl fe VA A+

,
(x

ccik r1-)

kj-

ct Z csch

- .

1)

a 4 (.1 ?en well

LCAtj

\400.1e

fOiar".

rikelS

1-14e

01-ec,A:t;c4 .

LC

LA,

lo5

Ct-t-

Tkey,

csve

11' P444-r

ilnayt,c-cSrk6v1Sn:A.

a-

C-,Ar

42e6..,,it, CA

.s

"forw%

1 0.5

I
--1-ke (A; reLt;c4A ver

tAi

4i4)

ktsptEct-; 0 ,,

we sec
fr"I p45

,App;

, Aver,k,4

T
WC. S

0A-1"

( rl.ck g,ec.wr

s Ac IN ;

e GeS

,&s

rc,5;0AAik

,r2

ot.

aus

v<

2.9 BIPOLAR COORDINATES (,5, z)

87

EXERCISES

2.7.1

Let cosh u

.: iii , cos v ----- (12, -

q3. Find the new scale factors hq, and h". ., ., q i 11 7 ' ' 2 ) It " - a ,

V= =
h., -- a

(qi - 1

or -- 11,

2.8 Parabolic Cylindrical Coordinates (,:=, The transformation equations,

X=
= )0/2

q,

(2.74) (2.75) (2.76) (2.77)

the
li

(2.79)

Z=

generate two sets of orthogonal parabolic cylinders (Fig. 2.6). By solvin g, Eq. 2.79 for and ti we obtain the following: I. Parabolic cylinders, ; = constant.' 2. Parabolic cylinders, iI = constant, 0 Co < <
tl <

3. Planes parallel to the .vi-plane, = constant, From Eq. 2.6 the scale factors are

Co < < CO.

= h 4

II, h It,. -=

+ /12)12, 11 2 ) 1 2 +

(2.80)

major one.
\

\ -/ 1

2.9 Bipolar Coordinates This is an oddball coordinate system. It is not a degenerate case of the confocal ellipsoidal coordinates. Equation 2.1 is not completely separable in this system even for k 2 = 0 (cf. Exercise 2.9.2). It is included here as an example or how an unusual coordinate system may be chosen to lit a problem.
The parabolic e N lindcr c.); constant is invariant to the negati ve to cover negative values of .v.
sign of We must let ,; (or id

(2.78)

hapter 6 s hen

go

41)

88

2 COORDINATE SYSTEMS

The transf(

Dividing Eq.

Using Eq. 2.

Usin g Eq. 2.

From Eqs I. Circula

2. CircuL

3. Planes

When 17 y = 0. Simil to a point, t Eq. 2.84 pa y = 0 are s( The scale

FIG. 2.6 Parabolic cylindrical coordinates. (Top) Cross section

To see h (a, 0), (a

2.9

BIPOLAR COORDINATES (5, 77 , z)

89

The transformation equations are x= =

a

cosh

sinh cos 'C.

(2.81a) (2.81b) (2.81c)

a sin C' cosh q cos

z = z. Dividing Eq. 2.81a by 2.81h, we obtain x

y

sinh sin;

(2.82)

Usin g Eq. 2.82 to eliminate C from Eq. 2.81a, we have (x a coth ) +

2 y2

= 2
C/

CSC112

(2.83)

Eq. 2.82 to eliminate q from Eq. 2.81h, we have

X

2 + (3' -

cot ,;) 2 = a 2

csc2

(2.84)

From Eqs. 2.83 and 2.84 we may identify the coordinate surfaces as follows: I. Circular cylinders, center at i =
a

cot *C, 0 5 C coth CC < 1/ < CC .

= constant, 2. Circular cylinders, center at .v = = constant, 3. Planes parallel to .vy-plane,

= a

27t.

constant,

- SO < < Cf-

when coth q * I and csch q 0. Equation 2.83 has a solution x = a, 0. Similarly, when q cr.>, a solution is .v = a, r = 0, the circle degenerating y= to a point, the cylinder to a line. The family of circles (in the .vy-plane) described by Eq. 2.84 passes through both of these points. This follows from noting that .v = +a, y = 0 are solutions of Eq. 2.84 for any value of C. The scale factors for the bipolar system are
h , h: =

a cosh q cos c a cosh q cos c (2.85)

11, = 11 3 =

-= 1.

(a,

To see how the bipolar system may be useful let us start with the three points and i ),_ at angles of 0, 0), (a, 0), and (.v, y) and the two distance vectors

90

2 COORDINATE SYSTEMS

FIG. 2.7 Bipolar coordinates

and 0 2 from the positive .v-axis. From Fig.2.8

Pi = (x a) 2 + y2, = (x + a) 2 + y2
and tan 0, = x (2.87)
FIG. 2.8
( 2.86 )

tan 0 2

=
x

+a

We define'
012 =

in

P2

(2.88a)
02.

Pi (2.88b)

= Ol

By taking tan 5 I2 and Eq. 2.87 tan C, 2

=

tan 0, tan 02 + tan 0 1 tan 02

1 , /( x
I

(2.89) a)

a) y/(V

+ y 2 /(X

(1 )( x + ( 1)

1 The notation In is used to indicate loge.

2.9 BIPOLAR COORDINATES

(6,

7) ,

z)

91

From Eq. 2.89, Eq. 2.84 follows directly. This identifies ,; as 5 12 = 0, 0 2 . Solving Eq. 2.88a for p 2 /p, and combining this with Eq. 2.86, we get + +y2 oz , v(2.90) + y2 pi (x Multiplication by e - " 2 and use of the definitions of hyperbolic sine and cosine produces Eq. 2.83, which identifies q as th, = In (0,1p,). The following example exploits this identification.
EXAMPLE 2.9.1

An infinitely long strai g ht wire carries a current I in the negative :-direction. A second wire, parallel to the first, carries a current / in the positive z-direction. Using
dA = dk

47r

(2.91)

.8

find A, the magnetic vector potential, and B, the magnetic inductance. From Eq. 2.91 A has only a z-component. Integrating over each wire from 0 to P and oo, we obtain taking the limit as P
11 1 A_ =-- lim( j. 47r p. (),//); + z2

FIG. rents
P

2.9

Antiparallel electric

Cur-

clz

2
Jo

CI= \ \/ + Z2

(2.92)

A"

lim n-1 47t 1"--

Poi ( lirn 2 In

Rol

1 + \/1) :1, + z 2 )1 0' In(z +

+ (2.93)

P + P +

+ P 2

47

p2

2 In

p,
Pi.

This reduces to
.-1_

/101 1 1 2 P0 I , i 11 = il. 1 _7

(2.94)

p i 27

So far there has been no need for bipolar coordinates. Now. however. let us calculate the magnetic inductance B from B = V x A. From Eqs. 2.22 and 2.85 1l440 (cosh ii cos (;) 2 B=
u 22

Ito

k
7.
('.7

c,
' (IL,"

il -- _.
(. 11

I11

0 (cosh cos
= %,o

0 (2.95)
)TE

92

2 COORDINATE SYSTEMS

The magnetic field has only a 4 0 -component..The reader is ur g ed to try to compute B in some other coordinate system. We shall return to bipolar coordinates in Sections 2.13 and 2.14 to derive the toroidal and bispherical coordinate systems.

EXERCISES

2.9.1 Verify that the surfaces 6

h i and c; are orthogonal by the following methods: (a) Show that the slope of one surface (the intersection with a = constant)-plane) is the ne gative reciprocal of the slope of the other surface. (b) Calculate q. 0 is not completely separable in bipolar coordinates. (b) Show that a complete separation is possible if we require that tb 0(6, 7)), that is, if we restrict ourselves to a two-dimensional system. infinite length, w ith axes parallel and a distance apart.

2.9.2 (a) Show that Laplace's equation, V 0(6, 7),

2.9.3 Find the capacitance per unit length of two conducting cylinders of radii b and c and of

C-
2.9.4

277E0

27reo

7/2

As a limiting case of Exercise 2.9.3, find the capacitance per unit length between a conducting cylinder and a conductin g infinite plane parallel to the axis of the cylinder.

n
2.10 Prolate Spheroidal Coordinates (a, 1 ,, (p) Let us start with the elliptic coordinates of Section 2.7 as a two-dimensional system. We can generate a three-dimensional system by rotating about the major or minor elliptic axes and introducing (I) as an azimuth angle (Fig. 2.10). Rotating first about the major axis gives us prolate spheroidal coordinates with the following nate coordinate surfaces : 1. Prolate spheroids,
=

constant,

0 u

< v4.

2. Hyperboloids of two sheets, c= constant, 3. Half planes through the .7-axis, = constant, 0 2n. 0