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OVE.. LYING
FLOW UNIT
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1
UPPER PART OF FLOW UNIT
A
A, Chitled and fractured flow top
A 2 Spinifell
LOWER PART OF FLOW UNIT
., FoCieted Ittetetat olivine
2-
1..
Medium to fine grained peridotite
83 KftObby peridotite
0
,
2 3 Feet
I I I J
i .
i i
112
, Meter
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'---
--"--"
UNDERLYING
FLOW UNIT
c........_ avAllt'jl" lla:4h1UrlCl Flow(after Pyke, Nlklrelt and(ekstrand, 1'73).
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.Fig'. 2.1 ' NOMENCLATURE OF THEOAAK ROCKS
"-..
- MAflt: rf) \A tA.Afk.
r
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O

. Anorthosite
.
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OLIV --------,
Dunite
..1.........,
.
'0
....,'
gabbro
.QO
&Gabbronorite
-
g
:=
&Olivine nertte
&LherzoUte
Generalized nomenolature tor .atio and ultramafIc rooks oomposed of
cClDblnatlons of plagioolase teldspar,011vine. anel '-2 pyroxenes.
(Extraot trom a chapter by G.C. Wilson In PLATINUM IN ONTARIO. an Open FUe
(-') Report to be releasec1 .by the ONTARIO GEOLOGICAL SUaVEY in 1987).
"--"
CPX
Clinopyroxenite
keJ.1Ot..U Ie.
r ,j
1M \fb 1.0' ,W 1).J;l.r;ti' Id.p,
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No.5
k",
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( ".
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..LAYEROFDEEP..SEA SEDIMENTS'
. (Radiolarian Cherts)
<'
MAFIC, commonly pillowed,
commonly
C?
.f:? .
host
. VOLCANIC FLOWS
to Cu sulphidgs
(commonly Na-rich ... spilites)
(eg. Cyprus, Nfl
'SHEETED'
DIABASE
GABBROIC
COMPLEX
(layered @ base)
.Possible MOHOROVICIC
t If-totti.I!.
,
DISCONTINUITY
ULTRAMAFIC LAYERED
)
commonly
'PERIDOTITE'
serpentinized
(Harzburgites, Wehrlites,
Lherzolites - 'MantIe' material)
-.
HIGH TEMPERATURE
CONTACTAUREOLE
, ~ .
, ,
()
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,.
tte
1
(\ FeO + Fe203 + Ti02
',-,I


C)
Rock sample colour
(approximate')
Black
Figure1 - Jensen Cation Plot involving the cation percentages of Al2 03. FeO + Fe: 0
3
+ Ti0
2
and MgO.
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- '1i6N
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F 1. Idealized

.II . .._
.inclusions in a crystal.
Table 1. List of the more common phases present in aqueousfluid inclusions at
0
room temperature
Liqwitls Solids Gasa loru
Water NaC Water Odoride
CarbOn dioxide KO Carbon dioxide Sodium
Petroleum CaSO. Methane Potassium
Fe phases Nitrogen Sulphate
Argon Calcium
Iron
{Bi)carbonati
F a The sizeof
Jarae (100fUll)and
medium-sized (10 fUll)
fluid inclusions in
relation to a pin beset.
The amoUDt of material
available foranalysisof
components at the 1%

(above) and 100ppm
(below) levds in the
.inclusion fluid are shown

",><>,-)
at thesidesof the
sketches.
o
o
_:
[ Q.


j /
()
',.
-6".
. F.4. Mass spectrum of
materialreleased by laser
ablation overa I-mm
2
area(see inset)intothe
arson canierps of an
ICP-M$ system from an
inclusion-rich area of
quartz some 1mm
across. TheSe exploratory
. results were obtained
usina theICP-MS system
in the laboratory of Alan
Grayat the University of
Surrey. Isotopes possibly
responsible forpeaks are
alsoshown.

n
iii
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e
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y
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Abbreviated DIAMOND Notes
fO
Recall that Diamond is hard but brittle; therefore, placers get a higher
proportion of gem-quality material.
Size & Grade: - vary in size from microscopic to> 3000 carats (1 carat =200 mg)
- A macrodiamond (as opposed to a microdiamond) is >0.45 mm cj)
- Total world production (1985) was 98.8 m carats of which only
40% were gems and near-gems (although 80% of the value)
- on a world-wide basis (discounting the N.W.T., until more results'
are known), ' I _ :' '", , _ (';'0;;"
- The grades at the Argyle mine in NW Australia are the richest in
the world (-730 ctl100 tonnes). but only 10% are true gem
quality (45% is one includes near-gems)
- prices vary from U.S.$ 2.00 per carat for boart to U.S.$ 65000.00
per carat for high quality gems. In 1989. the average for the
Botswana production was U.S.$ 88/ct
Producers:
- Russia, Yakutia, etc. (Mir, Udatchnaya, etc.)
- Botswana (Orapa)
-Zaire
o
- Tanzania (Williamson - Mwadui), Lesotho. Angola. Namibia.
Sierra Leone. Ghana
- Brazil. Venezuela, Guyana
- India {cheap labour)
-1
- Artificial production. since G.E. invented process in 1955
. (5000
0F
and .1.5 X 106 psi)
\

Gem-cutting:
Kimberlite: - Olivine/serpentine dark to yellowish green
- Phlogopite mica' brown. bronze .
black - Magnesian ilmenite

- Enstatite (pyroxene)
- Perovskite (CaTi03) yellow brown or black
&;1/65 ...
- Cr. Spinel .' Wish to greenish brown
.:
plus numerous xenocrysts macrocrysts .
,- .'
MUir.,. I

" . ~ .
o
o
(.
Origin: - Kimberlite pipes can occurin ipes, with the
diameter of the clusters It is unusual to have
{:J
more than one econ
here the.diamonds start to crystallize at depfnas
'phenocrysts'). If the chambers are >150 krn, then the regions are
within the stability fields of diamonds, and are, therefore, more
likely to be diamontiferous..
- the pipes start as intrusions up through a series Of deep-seated
tension fractures. in which the kimberlitic material starts to
consolidate as dykes. Eventually, the highly gas-charged magma
breaks through explosively to surface at points.of weakness, such
as cross-cutting fractures.
Associated features: - Deep-seated fractures of the right type are often formed by
the rifting of continents, therefore, in rift valleys.
- the fractures often serve as conduits for the outpouring of basic
materials; therefore, the kimberlites are commonly near basic sills
and dyke swarms and flood basalts
- pipes are also found on gentle uplifts reflected by regional warps
.... or the intersection of anticlinal structures (domes)
- commonly associated near or with carbonatites
.: - ultramafic peralkaline rocks rich in.Ba
. - found in W. Australia, in Arkansas, India, & Ivory Coast .
- these vents, unlike theice-cream cone shapes of kimberiiteslllillt
~ cross section.
r'-)
\, . _._" J
).
o
'", ."";> ,
.,
i
KIMBERLITE: A SIMPLE DEFINITION
. ,
\
'.:J/ .'
1)
2) Commonly occurs i
3) Strongly inequigranular texture, often with abundant country rock
and mantle derived xenoliths
4) Hybrid rock:(I) Mantle-derived materials, including:
A - lherzolite, harzburgite
- wide variety of eclogite
- metasomatised peridotite xenoliths (K-rich .
amphibole/phlogopite)
- glimmerites (phlogopite-rich xenoliths)
(j
- MARIO suite xenoliths (Mica-amphibole
rutile-Hmenite-diopside)
B) (Crystals derived from the
disaggregation of xenoliths} including
Cr-diopside, enstatite, chromite, Cr-spinel, ilmenite, rutile, kyanite, corundum,
amphibole, phloqoplte and DIAMOND. .
L
ese are large,' > 1 em di,
commonly single
Cr-diopside, phlogopite, zircon, pyroxene-ilmenite intergrowths. (Megacrysts
are believed bysome researchers tobe phenocrysts that crystallized at high
pressure from a kimberlite magma when it was still in the mantle.)
.
r:
)

\
)
(j
. t,;"
;: "i:' ' .., ' : ~ .
c ".t.
. .:,... - .. ;
.'"y
c
6
.,
.
KIMBERLITE: A SIMPLE DEFINITION CONCLUDED
CJ'
(III) Primary Phases:
Phenocrysts/Microphenocrysts G r 0 U n d mas s
. Minerals
Olivine Olivine
Phlogopite Phlogopite
Chromite/spinel Ti-spinels
Perovskite
Ilmenite
Diopside
Monticellite
Apatite
. Calcite
Serpentine
NOTE: 1) Kimberlite does not crystallize feldspars, feldspathoids,
crustal pyroxene or amphibole.
2) Kimberlite can not be identified solely in handspecimen or thin
section
. 3) Highly evolved, Ct-rich kimberlites may not contain many of the
xenoliths, xenocrysts, phenocrysts or groundmass phases of less
evolved kimberlites. .
c:
o
5
, ,
THE RECOGNITION OF KIMBERLITE (or so you hope)
o
Kimberlite s H!!
LOOK FOR:
1)
calcic to sub-calcic, low Tl-Al-Na-Or-olopslde
2)
,,,nd
- contrasts to coarse euhedral olivines in lamprophyres, mica
peridotites and lamproites
rnacrocrysts; smaller microphenocrysts
- compositionally very distinct to micas in lamproites, alnoites and
minettes which are Ti-Ba-rich and contain minor Na
4) Groundmass diopside contains <1 wt. % of Ti0
2
, AI
203
, Na
20
and
Cr
203
; contrast tomonchiquites, carnptonites and alnoitic rocks
5) Groundmass spinels which evolve along two distinct compositional
trends; trends are distinct from those displayed bylamprophyric spinels
EE mpared to tl
as knopite, tatrapplte, .

7) Calcite < 1 wt. % MgO and < 0.5 wt. % FeO; exsolutlon not present.

<----- ')

8) Calcite-rich kimberlites lack pyrochlore, bastnaesite, synschisite,
monazite, alkali amphiboles and pyroxenes..
D
3)
6)
perovskites from carbonatites; minerals suc
dysanalyte, lueshite andloparite are absent in kimberlites .
9) Primary
10)
,.. ... '
-)
11) . Primary and secondary andradite-schorJomite garnet are absent.
)
,l.. "
. . ~ ;- , , ,
. ,:.: ;:..
o
..
YOU ARE IN THE FIELD:
JJ
IS YOUR HAND SAMPLE A KIMBERLITE????
This question can not be adequately answered in the field. As mentioned
previously,
.e."'Lookfor the following:
- reddish-purple and,'.Jili.,.,,,*,,,c4tfj&,N.sometimes with
brown alteration rims . . ..
Cr-diopside) grains
amoeboid, frosted (glassy on the broken surface)
.....zI:61IIL.ll_ .
- rounded to ovoid .
'lliMLT _
I
- rounded structures that appear to be cored by rock fragments .
or large mineral grains (Le. nucleated autoliths and pelletallapiUi
6
which areparticularly characteristic of the volcanic process which
has emplaced kimberlite into the earth's crust
.. coarse, > 1 mm single grains and grain aggregates of garnet
and/or ilmenite and/or Cr..diopside andlorolivine
CAUTION: Other, .mantle-derived melts such asthosethat crystallize to form
ultrabasic lamprophyres can also contain mantle-derived xenoliths.
Weathered kimberlite often looks like a green-yellow earthy mass. This
i
material can easily be disaggregated by hand. Try panning the
\
disaggregated rock, separate the magnetic fraction and look inwhats left for
red-purple and wine-red coloured garnet, octahedral spinels and chromite
which are more resistant to chemical and physical weathering that olivine,
Cr-diopside or mica. If these The presence of serpentine and calcite is not
indicative of a kimberlite magma. Many lamprophyres alterto serpentine and
calcite-rich assemblages.
r'l
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.

PSEUDOKIMBERLITES
<:J
BEWARE PHLOGOPITE-SPINEL-OLIVINE-CALCITE-PYROXENE ROCKS
often confused for kimberlites, especially in N. America
- problems withmineral chemistry, especiafly phfogopites,
pyroxenes, late MgO-poor, Mn-rich
ilmenites and spinel evolutionary trend
- possible nephelinitic or alkali basaltic relatives
--""'-Mg-rich, ollvlne-phyrlceruptive and rocks
. groundmass of pyroxene, mica,monticellite,
nepheline, titanomagnetite,perovskite, serpentine,
chlorite,. calcite and/or melilite.
- probably related to alkaline ultrabasic complexes
(5
Central Complex Kimberlites - AlnoiticRocks(damkjernite)
- used to describe micaceousbasic to ultrabasic rocks and
plugs found near or in some alkaline rock-carbonatite
.complexes lie Bizard, Montreal)
- ".... rocks with phenocrysts of phlogopitic. mica,
titanomagnetite, olivine,. dfopslde or. calcic
amphibole in a matrix of phfogopite,
titanomagnetite, perovskite and apatite; some
varietes contain melilite, andraditlcgarnet,
picotite and chromite" (Kreston, 1979)
- distinct from kimberlites petrographically, mineral
compositional trends of pyroxenes, spinels and
presence of titanianpargasite, melilite, nepheline.
and andraditic-schorlomitic garnet
.: - related to nephelinite-melilitite volcanism
..':...
8
. ..
" "
f
DESCRIPTIVE TERMINOLOGY
Discrete
- Discrete nodules is the original nomenclature for a group of
single crystals - 1 to 20 cm in diameter - incluind'f'!IIiIS3So..
__.... lI(commonly sub-ealcic),
I I I 3 I ". also olivine), diopside-ilmen,ite
intergrowths, inclusions of one phase in another and rarely
. coarse multigrain aggregates
- strong compositional variation suggests they crystallized from
a differentiating melt
cS
- possibly high T, high P phenocrysts, origin uncertain but quite
likely are cognate phenocrysts in kimberlite
genetic impHcations .
- These area DEFINITIVE indicator of kimberlite magmatism;
are mineralogically and compositionally distinct to the suite
found In alkali basalts, nephelinites and alnoites.

",
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o
Pelletal Lapifll and Nucleated Autoliths
Pelleta Lapilli 1-10 mm diameter, pronounced sphericity
- commonly cored by single, relative large euhedral crystals
(olivine) or crystal fragments; rarely country rockfragments
- formed of very fine grained,. microphenocrystal kimberlite
with euhedral olivine and phlogopite; matrix with spinel,
perovskite, rarely phlogopite and diopside
- margins are altered, replaced by secondary serpentine
- prismatic minerals are concentric
o
Autoliths and Nucleated AutolUhs
Autoliths - angular to sub-angular kimberlite fragments, similar or
different in texture and mineralogy to peffetal lapilfi, but
lacking phenocrysts with preferred orientatlon
- derived from bodies of fragmented kimberlite
Nucleated Autoliths
- spheroidal fragments, up to 8 cm
- commonly composed of a central country rock fragment
with a thin kimberlite coating
(
. J
)
()
,,: r
./
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()
.tJ\<tL
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+ .400 M.40cr$_
",&
.....TSAN. ..E '1'&1\'"
(LUOTHO)
+ 86'0 Mc+ers
:r"GER$F'ON'TtW PaPE.
+ 200 Metera
..""" $1 .... I
r
7 :
SHALES
... . lCO,.,.IF-.. "PI;
'"''"''' &'''''" c(}. '" = ... 0 W\cte.... "t
SHALf:S ,.......T : J. <J 0'VI: :; )
- 100 Me......./
JF..MfS!<AMlNb..
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QUARTi!ITE
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-
500 Met..eS
SluARTi
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6Nf.'S$ W,,."
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1000 Metre.
-
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COMPOSITE MODEL OF " KIMBERLITE PIPE
Pipes -"'r'oc.cd \" C...tcac:.e.o". Perioc:l
2-./5/.' I'.J.8.
()
r
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0. iAt:tc.q,.:f
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n(.... f',
......"<\I ....
;.
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I I + 1'00 M.,+tW'.s
+
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'400 M6+Ct'1
ORAPA ",&
L.E,TSft... L.E ""',,,
'lilt' (LI.aoTHO)
850 M....er'
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+ 200 M.tef'a
SOO Metre$
,_ 1000 Met....
COMPOSITE MODEL. OF A KlMBERL.IT PIPE
Pires .mr'oCoccl '" C"c..t&Co&O&AS "''''ocl
'2../5/.' f.J.8.
r..,.... __.......,.. "...... -..._...,.",,,_...
i

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Z.6 Summary o(comments on methodsusedin kimberlite exploration ({rom Nixon, 19KII)
'"0
.....
."..,1'1"/
I
-
mineral
General applicability
(xxx.or, indispensable
x, ojlimited use)
xxxx
Remarks
Wide varietY of ,indicator' minerals. some of which are found in
other rocks. Both stream sediment and interfluvial soils applic
able. Wide dispersion by water and wind. Low valuesnear some
in-filled C1'3tets. fairly labour-intensive method.

x Samples easily collected during heavy mineral . Nb
characterizes kimberlite and a fewother alkalinevolcanics. Other
elements. e.g, Cr. Ni, Sr. Ba, may be used if background is
appropriate. Occasional observedchange in proportion of some
species on pipes may refleCt the rock composition.
e.g. high P.
s.:inriUometer
x .Some kimberlites slightly radioactive, some dykes especially rich
in phlogopite(K). Overburden masksradiation.
5.lrcllite imagery
xxx Good for structural analysis; many kirnberlites too small to be
observed directly. Easy and cheap toobcain but sophisticated
electronic processing can increase COSts. Spectral bands unlikely
to be precisely diagnostic but one particular climatic c:ondirion
may 'fit' better thanothers.
.Nt photography, etc.. xxxx Scale oft:30000 recommended. Basic: tool for studying sttUaunl
environment of kimberlite and identification of intrusions.
o
particularly dykes. Fractureanalysis may aid location ofkimber
lites. Colour photography may be of little additionalassiscance in
poorlyexposedareas.
.\irbome multispectral
"anning
xxx? Requires rigorouspreliminary field refteccance studiesover known
Uitrusions underspecified climatic conditions to obtaina significant
spectral signature.
ground and
airbornemethods
xxxx Applicable in areasoflow 'magnetic' background. e.g. limeStones
and other sedimentary rocks, granites. eec., preferably in areas
with uniform overburden. Reduced anomalies over sediment
infilled kimberlite craters and weathered kimberlites. Useful for
both dykes and pipes on the ground. Used successfully in the air.
but topographicirregularities maygivefalse anomalies.
Rniscivity
xx Kimberlices generally conductive compared with host country
rocksand large bodies can be delimitedon the ground. Airbome
radiophue methodswill theoretically detectsuchbodies.

xx Groundmeasurements useful in definingextent ofkimberliteand
shapeofdykes. Airborneinput EM feasible.
Q
Q
"
00
Seismic
Cra\ity
-.
x
:ex
Of little use except in oceanographic surveys where reflection
studiesarecapableoflocatingpipes.
Bouguerprotilemay be a characteristic: negativesuperimposedon
a large anomaly over weathered kimberlitepipes. Useful
for detecting'blind' kimberlites or extensions to existingpipes.
/,
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C)
loration
Geological
.' .
Geological
~
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c:>
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~
00
Method Sub-Method Remarks
associated with the
structural and
ali9nment
/'
-==n

-especially in dunite zones
underlying gabbros
-best results to date based on
combination of both methods
although anomalies are not
dramatic
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Lepidolite L;".'I\''14. Me.dia.\ Zone.
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FIGURE 5 Typicill cross
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Haileybury School of Mines
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Summary of Exploration Methods for Deposits
Method Categm Remarks
Geology stratigraphic mapping
structural mapping
" Geophysics aeromag
LP.
gravity
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Geochemistry stream sediments
soil Geochem
lithogeochemistry
-
-
'C
Q
Q
t; -
-recognition of
between established camps and
new areas (ego Viburnum Trend in
S.E. Missouri from Old Leadbelt)
-extension of major lineaments
from areas of known
mineralization into virgin
terrain (eg. Pine Point area)
define faulting and
variations in PE basement
topography below carbonate
sequence (both exert ore controls
in SE Missouri)
-effective in outlining concealed
Pb-Zn deposits @Pine Point
-follow-up technique to I.P.,
as I.P. method not normally
affected by sphalerite
-high Pb and Zn values led to
Bonnet:Plumelaiscovery in
Yukon
-follow-up to geophYsics @Polaris
-multi-element analysis on the
insoluble residue of carbonates
(from rock chips obtained as
the result of drilling for
water) revealed potential and
anomalous metal trends in S.E.
Missouri
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ELLIOT LAKE oQ ZONES
A C'
1111II S _lASE Of IAMSAY lAKE CONGIOMllAli FUT
SCAII'I'126.720
o 2 ' 6M9LlS
-.-.. .....-. --_.:::
U_. :::-:-:-:- _9 _ -;r_- - 500
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SCHIMATIC ClOSS - SECTION A - - C
IKAMlctiiSiTIT (f68)

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ZONES Of
LEGEND
MINERALIZATION " LIST Of WORK_NGS


Matinenda Formatton


I. Moon Lake t Quirke 1 Mine 7 Can-Met Mine

I. QuOe Z Quirke 2 Mine Stanleigh Mine

Iron foe II'ICI outcrop ,
.. Nordic I Denison Mine Milliken Mine
Huronian- Archean
Uranium
110. Pardee Spanish to Lacnor Mine '

o
contoet at surface 4 A '
merlcan
M'
Ine
tv. Pecon '11 Buckles Mine '
1--1 Fault
S Panel Mine ,
c=J Granite V. Whiskey .j; t2 Nordic Mine
StanrockMine
, VI. Comer Lalce
t3 Pardee Adit .18/81

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CHLORIDES AND
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Two commonly occurring minerals come under this heading, rock ",
salt and fluor spar.
CL(&tS."" '
,. NaCl = l D tK A. J...T .. 32.. 1
.: -. '.-,; .O,?
Taste g*.... TY
Solubility - K'A17ll.'(
Crystal system - UbPflE.R. SfotApe txUCArti-
Cleavage
, Structure
Impurities
- see Fig's. 4.3" " " ,
, tH.fE:t\ C [0011.. ..
- crystals; also found in gran61ar cleavage masses; comr>act,llfA-VJlfS,
-
Common colour
H-
S.G. - '2,.'2.
,.,Q,ccurrence i.,
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<:> 1. In N.S. t
halite frequently contains some magnesium chloride;",M9C'2' whichjff.
to deliquescED. Deliquesce "to!> 41. ..$0...." ..
. " ' '. A u:a.
- colourless or white when pur, but it also occurs in various
shades of yellow, red, and other colours.
and. N.B. salt nccurs to the Carboniferous (tHss1ssipian) system
"'
of the Paleozoic group.
01'-
2. In Man., Alta., and Onto salt is found in the Silurian system of the
Paleozoic group.
3. In Ontario the salt is in the Salina formation of the Silurian system
(Goderich and Sarnia).-At..k.itIlJT ,vAfoOItATe.
tNA
Geological History
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",
()3'2.11 I 1'?l):J S3$n
..... "\

t"., 't fi " f'" \ .... 1 "
t' ::,'.
, ,::.
}l '\I d - P)/ '311 /\1 J- 5
t .
:1\
" t. I i . -".1 .:. .:
.... ....
.,
\ ':; t-,: ,:.: L'
,
r V'<1 r.
i.. :j
- 2 ..

1. .. o L. tJ i I o oJ M I tJ II...!" -. .......r ,.. "",,-'A_ As .........
2. U!64 Mil-lf.Jl:c ... R'OD..., f i
Flame Colour Test
Some elements are volatile in the blowpipe flame. They impart characteristic
colours to it. Hurlbut SE TA&L. /qS
Merwin's flame - colour Screen.
Clean the platinum wire to give a colourless flame by alternately
dipping in HCl acid and heating in the O.F. Then dip the straight wire carefUlly
in the powder to be tested, then in HCl, then 'heat again in the O.F.. The fol
lowing flame is produced for sodium:
&'" 0 Na - yellow (ibright persistent).
iJf} '2. 64)". .
'. ,Fluorite, CaF
2
= Fluor spar - calcium fluoride Hurl but, 24
Crystal forms - cubes, octahedrons, etc.
Cleavage - perfect octahedral cleavage.
CUB.t; I 0 (,TA HEO R.otJS
p, 4q
r if:, ,'2 J -(j,)
o
DiS 1oR160 MArL. f:oRME-P
p[RfE-t.l
b 0 tA. TR,L c 'f f( A' ME" t-l"\ .

RAG M"'r-Jl
Colour - the colour varies from green, purple, yellow and brown, also colourless
; to white. AL(..b
Streak - WH iT
.. Lustre - vitreous
'S.G. - ;.2
H - 4>.'
Flame Colour' Test: Ca - flame: reddish flame; red 'to yellow (flashes of red,
in yellow).
Fragment on charcoal the fragment decrepitates when heated = crackles and
. flies to pieces.
r>,
Heati ng gently prevents this soma.

Awhite enamel may result.
See Fusibility Table - Hurlbut.
/
:' ;11'1.
1.. 'i' '
,;;.
C. I s., r:
, J','
, c
;.; ... i ::../; ..
- ...
...... i.,.:
,
,.,
.. ..
: l

,\
t i. ..
!" (''''
':., :! ' .
"\": '."., ,","
: I . ...... ':,
...... ,
I'; ',. "
',1. j"
,.j
, ::'-", ,',1,"
f
C'.:")
i r"
',i l
t'
. ",
'r->;,
:j . '.,',1,,_ ; ..
,
.'.. -'
", .k, ,f . ",":'i'
",.;,'
:'t ".
r-c
- 3 ...
:%' Mi x fl uori te mi nera1 powder- wi th a few drops of concentrated
' Spread the mixture over a glass that has previously been coated with H
2S04-'
paraffin and scratched with a pointed instrument. After allowing to stand for
(:J
5 minutes or longer'wash Off the mixture, and heat the glass in boiling water '
to melt the paraffin. Polish the glass and observe the
,Common Association

..

(l) Fluorite occurs w4th ores of 1 si 1ver-, and zi nc 'in mi nera1 vei ns as
a gangue mineral.
(2) Fluorite occurs in commercial quantity in cavities and fissures in 1ime
stone, etc.


If up ro It ,$U.IU4U ION TH.6
Uses
, h.#tf' $l..M:a FTr
. (1) Used as a fluxdin produci.n9..,...slteel." Mg, & A1'. S nAU --e PC4"" ElQ.
(2) Opal escent enamels. Lo c.,. \..Q'AlI.S.
(3) Manufacture Of HF (hydrofluoric) acid.
(4-)
c f c S
(1) ,
S.E. Onto - Renfrew Co, &Hastings Co. See recent geological map of
Southern Ontario. MA DOC.
(
(2) B.C. - Rock Candy mine still has reserves. ,
(3) Newfoundland - the most of Canada's supply comes from there.
VI i p. "td. T6 f: V AN i r&s" 'A, (...l,e. 17 $6""

_
o
Quartz, 5i02 - Silicon dioxide (silica) U lll':HJ A L. Hurlbut,
MIN EftA\, LN To 44;
Quartz is ansessentf al constituent of granite (Hurlbut/'41Q ), sand';'
stone (Hurlbut"1 ), and quartzite (Hurlbut,'rS-Ol ). It is also
frequently found in the massive form, filling fissures in rocks, and is then
known as vein quartz (Hurlbut, ).
Veins: How formed? A brief discussion will follow using the following as
references: Moore p.206, Fig.ISO, &p.208, Fig.152; Testbooklet #1,
p.96, Fig.33.
-Phys i ca1 Properti es
Cleavage: it may have a sort of parting in some sheared quartz veins.
Fracture: conchoidal =curved surfaces with concentric markings.
(Vitreous'; some 1ike jasper are dull.
H: 7 0N IVIOH s (l c..Acl.t
'Fusibility - infusible (Hurlbut,
- you will do a test on fusibility after the several varieties of
quartz have been studied.
Colours: 'quartz has a variety of colours - colourless, white, black; pink,'
etc. 'MiA Ti{,i:
S.G.: 2.f,r;
Crystal - the crystals, often consisting of a hexagonal priswapped by a
f,")' dipyramid With, six faces aid in its identification.
\,. See Hurlbut Pj 44:'0
, I,
t
:, 9 C'

';.
.,
i..;:
:
t." J:; f.. S dr:, ,
.'(',; i,.: ..'
.-.
,.... ()
:.,.' ';'
\"
-.'.,
" ..,
.;.
o
t) ;jc, !.. , r:' ';r
.::'j '1;1,
;
(
:( )
,'r"
C/: : i,,!'
I
-';
l
'. } i . : .,'
I ....
.; <;. :",; ;:'0
;: :; L' ,,
;'.,
,';, ,..' . 1 ...I ', ;
.. j
"t '
.J i
-"I .. ;-, J : :t: ,;'
.
.
'J"
! ..
\. ..
"
t
f (L .. .'.>L
g ;:.j {i
,',
'."
. /1.
.! i.'" ,.'
,", ,j -. (: " "
f. :' '
;.;"\
. I xr: '.I ..' '.,."
: .' .,
.1.J
q,',
.. 4 ..
f,p.'lt i tt\ tt -------;.
o . L..
.7' /'0"\
Perfect Distorted
geometrical quartz
form crystal
IIiJ1iW;{tinction from Carbonates
(1) Quartz is not acted on by ordinary acids HC1. HN0
3
H
2S0 4

(2) The carbonate minerals (calcite, dolomite. etc.) effervesce (fizz) in ordinary
acids.
(3) Quartz will not scratch with a knife; the carbonate minerals are readily scratched.
(4) t.. tALC-iTt - RffbMelc
"Varieties of t\A.l - ,
(l ) Rock crystal = i oR to f.,SS If T2. c. fJMMDtJ l.Y IN X It-$ r
ts
(2) Smoky-quartz (cairngorm) = "I'4OIl'f 1 .. \(
CR.'(sp.l,.. OMoIlu"t. To R.ACIiDACT'V1T t :
(a) Amethyst = t u p l,e "It Co (,oIlAED, &oillMbtJLY 45 4 r.YSTAI6
v - . 1 F tot ItttH" vJ "" 1 ( .)
0
4 ) Mi-lky qlta-rtz = I-ttIV"V vII-ale tlJ Cotout2. Of fl,t.410 {Nc.(.IlSIO&>s Cw..,..q,.JL-iltS
- . l" [ ,
(5) Rose quartz is ,t. phd< 4 114tJ ':AP6 ,,"wqH
vi1UtlllS X tAU.
(three = red, green, brown) .. jasper is found with iron ores.
(6) Red jasper - a cryptocrystalline quartz, usually red from ferric oxide
. (hematite) impurities.
(7) Green.jasper (prase) - green in color, but otherwise similar to red jasper.
(8) Brown jasper - 1's a brown color.
,
;.fiI'ltiIlJilIA'QOI<lihe\r9- occur embedded as nodules or masses (concretions) in various lime
stones and chalk formation. Flint is duller in color and not quite so opaque as
jasper. .
.(9) Fracture - it breaks with a prominent tapering conchoidal fracture" giving
. sharp edges; it.is thus Itadily chipped into arrow-heads or hatchets ;
Color - usually a dull gray to brownish black color.
(10) Chert: is an impure flint. Chert pebbles areused in some hall mitl"", S f f)E,JC!'Tt
\lI\'jI91l.\MJI HotJOf/li(; 1ypieA W( O.F . I 4-'4OI.W("
There are several varletles of mlnerals composed of slllca, 5'
2
, but In the amor
phous or imperfectly crystalline form. Among these are the jaspers, flint and ,
chert, chalcedony, agate, and onyx.
Ck\. sAil]
(11 )\lJhal eedony: the lustre i sMwaxy
Colour: usually white, gray, or brown.
r--)
Structure: mammillary, botryoidal, stalactitic.
.: Study Moore p.69 (bottom) to p.75 inclusive.
t .
)
,
'... ": .. i .:
. '-' ,", .
, i
'..;!" (" ,... t "
;,)' '.' .,; ';>
,--","
<>. F t< ','
"'. . ... Y, i ' " ....., ,'.
I'

:.', > I: \' -,i ..
'.
: , Ii . r:: ': ,. ';' ,,: .:::,
.r ..
.,' G\.
.;} ,.:
,
. :i) :>'.
. (,'"
'\ i, I;' , -; .
. .-
I);: \.: O! +:, '.', ..j- i /
'\." 1 -.
0.'" :.i'.' "\" .
./ , 1 : .:. .",':"
:. : } ; -.:,)/'
. \
,", .: ".
(.
{"(;.' '..'
'-'. ,
;. t>
;', : j f .! to.. :."
ri ',' f '
,., .. ,!
j'"
rr z.
"l -.
'j ,l,..;: \ '\....... " '. - .....,:
.i. :'
I ;. ( '"
p ..\
;:>:';-- .' " , .:
',f',
," ",
.... ,\. . :''; ,.
. r\. .
,t' ..
.::' 0' ;..
"
"" " .. ,",
\ ' "j <,
"
:1., .

'!: I
. (',
i ,_.:;...
. :, c: ; ,.,',:, ._ .... ...> ;c....:.' :'
....',:;
"0,
Wi
r.
:'''
1
'. "" .
..1':
... 5 ..
At. sic. f(" f t) R. AJII gTHY T F. MA T' 0 rJ
&L.OSG To Prt
0
Tt lt o2. oic. / A
r:)
fA uI:f 1.otJ's .
OURCo6S or; s! ACTiviTY
.?f: t" (. ess eF $ t (.. I' G4 p. Il. t seNT ItJ R oeK Y T /.1S

It E Qc.( rtAtJiT6S . .
. (15)
S.G. = 2 aooaoximately -

...
r...
C>
C>
o
Hurlbut p.. .
ThlS variety is a variegated chalcedony with bands of different colors
arranged parallel one to another. The bands are more or
(13l1111111 is similar to agate, but its parallel coloured bands ar , .
. 1nstead of being curved as in agate. jJo
. Distinguish between "onyx" and IIMexican onyx", Mexican onyx = onyx
See Moore p. 74. . .
(l4)"-Si0
2.nH20.
Opal is composed of silica, together with a small percent
In being thus hydrated-- it differs from the other varieties of
quartz which are anhydrous.
It has a great
l
variety of" colours - II:Jrlbut p.

Precious opal exhibits a beautiful play of colors - reds, greens and blues.
Among the most highly prized varieties is fire-opal, so-called from the red
flashes of light shown by it. .
H = 6 approximately - a little less than quartz proper
a little less than quartz proper.
... i l'eA
Petrified forests of Arizona, .
Migrating solutions - silicic acid + silica,
Ancient volcanoes - thousands of years ago - volcanic ash.
Replacement molecule by molecule.
Wood tissues - annular rings - medullary rays.
Cell eetail (microscopic examination)
. ------,
lh,AC,K
e rA(...
OPAL. \t1E.'X.\Cr>
A. "'S1 RA
I
o flJ(..J
:)
Ii'
.
"
,
f:
'-.J
"
,0
t"'
c .'" ',,'
.i
;(', (i.' '.
.: ! (,.
-:,
./ \ .;.'.',.'
. ,; .. ':,. '"
", .
J.
..t,
1 ;"
;/
l ...
: ..'
'
..
.
'
", .Y
: '.j
..'-..... ;
. , ..", i.
.. -.., ,.' ;",,'
1.,
. ,., \
: ,J
. :!:" ..
'.
.. '-.',,:,
..:
I;' , 'I ..
.':.
.. .
',;,;
"',i'
.
;....
;:.,
;.' r ,
r -.

; ,


'.
l<
\;
;
1
l
:
"-1
t:
"
"
'"
<
-, ...
, \
:....
'...
"'\ {.+.......
q .. \ :(' .':
j
"
6
(16) Piezoelectric quartz: Hurlbut p, 2 \(0
quartz are given special names on in
and other characteristics:- cat's
()
agate, carnelian, sardonyx, chrysoprase. FRoMUJ2c.
Hydrous silica, consisting of the frustules of diatoms arid the skeletons
of certain microscopic animals, is called tr-i pol t te or diatomaceous earth.
(Hurlbut, p,
1.
2.
3.
() It is an
Infusibility bead test for quartz
1. Make a sodium phosphate (microcosmic salt) bead. Grind the microcosmic salt
fine in an agate mortar before using.
2. Touch the hot bead to powdered quartz.
3. Note the insoluble moving patticles of quartz (skeleton) whirling around in
the molten bead. '
This is a characteristic bead test the infusibility of the mineral quartz.
Hurlbut, p, 302.
d
This mineral contatns ally 1tJlpper cent iron.
It has a great variety in form and appearance.
Colours: black or grayish blac.k; red to
Lustre: the black variety when compact 0 ay have a brilliant
metallic lustre; however, when laos in form the reddish
variety is usually dull.
Name: the name hematite is derived from the Greek word for blood because the
mineral frequently has this color; and the fact that all varieties have
a dull-red streak.
Streak: all varieties have a dull red streak.
Specular hematite (specularite) - ht metallic varieties are known as . specular
tore - this is frequently or foliated.
H but some of the scaly and arieties are soft and unctuous (clayey).
$.G. =
Structure: reniform, mammillary; earthy, micaceous; crystals of the
. are rare.
, Occurrence: firstyear sheets for "trcn" under native elements.
81 (,wpi pe
1. Heated in the R.F. the powder becomes magnetic.
:'.'
3FezOs + C + 2Fe
s
04 + CO t
3Fe
zOs
+ CO' + 2Fe
s
04 + CO
2
+
-, (
)
6Fe20S + C 4Fe
s
04 + COZt
........-./
2. Make a clear transparent borax bead.
Observe the color of the bead when using the O.F.
Observe the color of the bead when using the R.F.
See Hurlbut:
". 'r _'!I__,.'l'",.
'. L
t ;'Gq
'.. '. .
:J L Uj
,:'"
.:;. r"'. " -t"' i. '.j
'.:; v,
!, .1. .. , t ", r::
"
""
.
"
",::C!' -r
,
" .. .' ,
,.:
.= .
',.','
; .. QJ..,L! ( ..
,i j'
).",
",:"
.; '. \f
;
C.1 (",; -, ;.... ...'
, ;
i
-: c. ,f. i-
",'. (;C'. '! ;\c<.'
i '
"',';',
'.oi,.
,'r.,

1/\ .11,!
i
+'l..'
i '0JI,(j
.....
.' .r
;. j .. !,,<, '.?, .,,-,..
, .; :' :.",:;'
! .
" n
'.:',.' ' .... .:.
;", .
Iii" JDr' f; b
:;' ....
.' \ .
','.:-..-.
:!'
:. ,
'.;':
.... '
c.:
. ,.;:'
.' i', ' " .
" = .." r : :.
'.',:, ..... L
" :.1,':
. " "
.-'.: " " !...:
.;.' . :..:j l:. f'
, ....
.: L
, .
.: "
j .:
.. 7 ..
Borax head test for Iron
o
R.F. flame) O.F. (Oxidizing flame)
Hot:
bottle-green} bottle-
Hot:
deep yellow toJ: amber
orange-red yellow
{reen
Cold: yellow . (fades) Cold: pale bottle- fades)
green .
The exact bead color depends on whether much or little powder is used.
I.-. ..... ,
. ...
Hurlbut p. 3 L0
FeO.
Fe
2
0
3 - t t, 0 M E, 1Iti c..
frequently as well form an
crysta 1s ,
@/
ITs SuP eo sET e
o Dt 1A t 0
R 0 it: I'){) 0 cA Ift. OQN ,
A D If 0 l) IUD M A S i \it .
H =
I'" .
S.G. =
'" e
o
Lustre: brilliant.
00
l'-
Color: I L-'\'l,l<.. Streak: &
Composition: iron content is 1'1. per cent. ,
Distinguishing features: 1. 4T R
2. I,Al-K.J
Undesirable impUr)'ties in the ore are
f l, (),tJt, A. fAT iTt .
?'9 P '( k LTe. p'Y 1-1: 0 1 i Tt
It "$il I I.- - C
Bessemer steel M6"'ITe
AD IlO,-\ - '(OIt.Ii- (J.4I<.P.140JQA
J)ep03 i J
Where mined: 1. Mineville. near Port Henry. N.Y. 'State.
Sweden .. largest deposits in the world.
3. $ I.( Pf lUOP.. C?, f)#.3
I . ..... --0......0---"--......:.=- ALLS __...:- :-
t () MMo N evtJ9T iT ut tJT BL-Ac/< 9AtJP.

\ -../
'-_.-/
_
('
\ )
t)'...t -
,.
"
, " J\
I ... ,,', ',I' '1 . ,J ".' t: '\ ,: u: t
!.: {": ',;'
co.0.ibr:
:1
,-, .
f" '" -t ;"1'
, ,.:";
i.. :
.;- I 'n
,\., )
,..'
,.'". >:! : '"
.. "-. - ..
....'; .
L ,:(
.._.... ,.. ...",,,,
13 C 1
,0
'"\ '" i
J :< ' :'\
..J r
\ ,h
<, _ 1 ",i{:
.. 8
I'
Hu r1bu t p. l 'i .
-
o
Common name = .
Where commonly , n swampy hence the above name. It is
frequent y ound near the or small masses, more or less
. mixed with earthy materials. . '
Recall the gossans from pyrite. mispickel, chalcopyrite, etc.
Uses: (a) Indicator of ore (gossan
(b) settlers to form kettles and stoves. ' . by earl
Structure: stalactitic; it is not known in crystallized form; .
U 1 may be found a_... 1'"0 C/"'D>-.-ljC
H = 6 To ;112. i'. t4A.RT
i
r
t
"
S.G. = """'" (/E.,
Streak: . .
Colour: brown, brownish black. . .
Reactions in Closed Tube (Water Test) - Hurlbut p, 1tl4
. The presence of water can 'be detected in hydrous minerals by this test.
The tube should be thoroughly dried by heat before the experi'ement is
begun.
Brown ochre =an earthy form of limonite.)
Red ochre = a variety of hematite. )
Uses of ochre: DYes, P i , / .
On what does the colour of ochre depend? II l. r- t
I NftJ
/J
t
'r6. To

u frequently found near the surface of the ground. . '
IIIIIIIIIIII. . It is always of secondary origin, formed from iron-hearing-minerals.
constituent of "iron-hat" or gossan, over many weathered sulphide
,,\Vei ns . '6
tp .
IS iSt. PlUMAlt.'( lOG"- \.tV.

Ores of Iron :=.MJkYPIZOUS lYvUAU6 re .
What are the two oxides of iron? Name ,the hydrous iron ore. There is
also an ore of iron Which is'a carbonate, namely. .
Xioes Of fe - H TrTG I M,M:ttJ4 1iT!
HDrlOLt-S l!ttlNtHlt
. c t
, "
Hurlbut, p, l e,
... ----
:;
r-
Distinguished from limonite by its crystalline nature.
e oJtlHORi'\oMj t .
Hurlbut p.
Color: f&LAGK. Dill.
fJ
fOlAtJD)
Streak: ;. ROWIJ. l' r"f
iJ1 To . -{)fl'N WiJlA
..
._ - ALtSO fOlAtJo .(l\\ <;6-.IJQ?
Pt\ftO\Jt;\Ull- q bl''' -IN.
W A1(, - r t,l,6fC-
Diagnost1c features, and Test: Hurlbut, p. liJO,tA.1bit V-iM!Rlt
l
T6. .
jiROM U Ti1

o
U" d ' - ' "1$T'7.. .o<n;-. "n-
'I
;i'
I '-",
?.oj.. ;',.
: (. \
":.'I'i 0,' .
. . ::
h
:,.J
:' f
." , , .. '
, i
.;"le-.\:
t, '
,....'. ','1
.;, C' .'. : ... t.:
Ii.
,) ..
.. (!. .(. l t ,
'I
I
"
" ,- ; ". , :,,:.. '
,......
."".' . ,"
1: ' .. ".. ' '..., ':.
at, ;;',
'r- . ..' :' .i .'
." .. ..:. .. i: :
.: r.,:.:: .In\:,:
.. ; r
.......,
.,:-;
f
. {. ','\.'
.. Y)"\, :J... ,. <'i !
f.
. t:-J \. ,:
. ,j' I'
."";. ..J
.LI.
, ..' .-:'
.,
....,,:
:' ,0\. ,
, .. l'
'''.: .
t, :,'",:
:.t . i
. ,.'
. , ;_:
..,'j'"
.! . , ,
r.: ;.
!. j(', ;.i
, ;
....; c ':(i
, ... ,
'.:0.
.' " f: :

" ..;
,.. ;
.. .!f/\'
+,
'. /- .. ..t
'''.'
.. /'>.
': h
,.....
','
.. 9 ..
FeCr204: (fe.O. tr.. r- I c, .
Hurlbut, P. 3 \ 2.
Color: I f>t,All<' - IJ
O. . Streak: () A t{t( rl 0 wt-J ."*
Lustre: M'TA1....{t To .. , piT c H'(
H == 5S S.G.
Tenacity: k iJ11..f .
Non-magnetic \ KI-111t-A-(,tJ ,1fC.
Often coated W THo e.,H.o tt-i t; f (t pt"1Ti
Diagnostic features and Test: -
Structure .. usually massive.
oc fA c(R,'I srtxl4

, A1
20
g
.... HE-X A G.r 01-.1 A l,...
,Jorl
Hurlbut, p, 300
/" .
Occurrence: t MMO MAC) A. P (MA tt'( M i AJE.rlAL.. '.tJ
t (lOG" '1' l\Le
, .
G l s
MT It s . LllA-I A MA It el-G, M i CA C. '* i 1
,
(:J
1$ FtA.l ttJ TGST,ttJC,
H= ti
It AtLD U(SS
S.G. 4
Infusible -
Not acted on by acids
Crystal system: I{ (.)CA GtotJA,L. fir:
... Crystal forms: fii4'-;-
:-. - - UOf:'i 201-1.1";I'-L
Parting .. 1J4S,i;i
Tenacity .. f,iti11Lf ,
Lustre ... Y1Trt{ouA !APAMANTI",e.
Structure : 1\1 ASSi \tt, tgf'tt. Yt... HiA,GP.
Precious gems: Ruby == TI(AtJ1p
Altf N
1 - \
I (
Sapphf re > C. 1i<ANS t f( Vffl1 f
V
(,fl(-A /

Emery: MI)'"TL,uiG ef tOR-LtlJOUIK mAltNGTlTG a.eftiG'4AlITE
_--/ W l-litt{ is lJ,S60 ,'v OK wH,6,S f tutf2r -f4-flGIt. ',-- ..
Alundum = ) A ,.,( , -p
?leiAroL f.l(AO' a N IAQA({.,o\ rkL.-(,5
VI. I-J 1)V I.A '""
, ,
"
I..;
";.' J I
Cs.'. <
: J r , . ',' !.o(
.. /' I"
...; .
. L
..)'1 ?

':.;;; .
.....
",."
i .. .:.... )
,"
.r i .
'.< .f
,
. i
a
.c.. ;.'
j 0:,. :
. i "f,.
I
- 10 ...
_ Hurlbut, p '3 tq l"
o.Composition: ')t1'\AIt "YOYJ..O All.lM\ T>tt\PE:S. .
A hydrated oxi de of a1umj num. /!.. sc N./ollotf; iN e.Lu 01 6. (e 6 i T,8' .
Use - lM!-1t\l /1r: Al .. &! A
Appearance - DL.I } ... .. .
.. t _...t.: . /
. _ ..r=--D1'A. pqa.o-peaLT'(
Color: VI fi 11/ 6t1.6'(/ 6KOWN run>
Streak: toLo"""R. AC; 111
Lustre: 1> t.\ L...t... Jo 'M}J-lY
H:
"'""ioIl=---
Tenacity...
:p 11<:.. AL.
4
e:o MA-:.sive
"
Odour: Al(& i .
Distinction: ? rl
Occurrence:
- JA1It4\{tf\


o
...
'"
: Sn02 ... tin oxide. Hurlbut, p 3Cb
.... Known a1so as ti n-stone lPLAW({) .
Where mined: (1) ,A.L.L.UVVA.L oepoStTS )
(2) 0 [..1 vi A i I\l P&1\0 ll>uc..e:.R .. L $ i 0 le, t'1.Jq
(3) ':::.
4) ASI - "--7' .
Stream tin ... . . I pA
..twv .-f
N
1} \
0
C K.. P(lU)t>
/., '). Wood t in ... fl!*o!A$
l_. . - 1J TRAtl OMAt,. -p.u!1\.)
5.G.
I.)
I
" t
(
)
i
,
. ...
. :.":/:'
; J
:' .

,',,'.,.0- . >.\1, .... ."'''_" ," ",'
if'r:H, ;
'.
i..f
'.' J "
. ,
l /' i
J ..'..:; ..
(i
:" ;
,
...... _.
t,. -:" r , 1

o
::' !.J ,\q;,-.;
'. t: r.. : L: C\ ;':: j .r .. (\}j :
, ',
,'r:.
7 !.
'r
T
f \,/
.. 11 ..
Color: (, OMMOloJL.Y 70 of& t.,'GMT-
.. Streak: vv l-( f1t=( PALe" .
.Lustres ADA .
O How to distinguish from magnetite: 1. toJ rvtAG.,U TtTEi
. " 2. t..lG:f'HT C::: A -s6 i TCl!..i Tc==
3. )..luGc-H .
Occurrence: Commonly in""""" either in veins associated with quartz or
sprinkled throuqh the rock.
. . .M.oc?T wi1Jf .
Assocte tton: Ft..tAol(iT(:; loPA7. '" t..'-/e.tJ la:.tIMAL..ltoJE: APAT'[&
J I' !
Pf.,p62?
c
I t'" ,act{ aASE-S) ., '
.
I
___ manganese di ox
Hurlbut, p, Z;
...
H=1-2
S.G
Co1or & Strea k: \ la.Dfo.1 b\-,6..Gt(..
Lustre ,- M e.1",A.'--l.lc.. To .
U Structure:
l({O L\-S; ft
y Blowpipe work
1. Make a clear transparent borax bead. The portion of mineral powder added to
I the bead must be very small.
2. Result: Hurlbut, p.
o

Color of bead after
exposure to an O.F. Borax
Color of bead after
exposure to an R.F.
Violet or
amethystine
Manganese' Colorless, if cooled quickly
Violet red; if cooled slowly
Ordinarily pyrolusite may be formed from the related mineral manganite. Pyrolusite
is a secondary mineral.
Use:
Association:
Hurlbut, p.
;:: Color:
Streak:
Il)
""
H=
S.G. =
Occurs with pyrolusite.
A minor ore of manganese.,
.:
Mn02' H
20)
Hurlbut, p.
where R is chiefly Sa but includes Mn, Mg, Ca, Ni, Co and Cu.
Its color is dull black.
H=
Associated with pyrolusite.
I C() 3 .i ;'.' ;':; I;:::
('.....
t<;: U8 \:):::;;, "'" Pt.-:" ",::. J .. .;:: '..: >!.. \ "] r.; .;"' 1.iC J ;-1 i.:' . ...: f/.i :.;
;"'."

i.:)'? j LJ ,< t. ;,,: J,J '. . ;.j Q)
?'C
h ;..'
, '.....
'c/" .
. . . "f
l'
! , .. , . "",/: ,. ' ' ., r"': ,': .' '.', j' ....- ,.- . \.' ;" ,",', '" ,.'.;,.
, . ',: ... '.'... :. , ., ....1' - .- '" . .
( > ',', : '... r . '" ':" ' ........J t'-.I
___ __._ .. _J.__ __.Jl.LJ... Qi.._.;. __ "'.. '._ .. . (: : f
.,,"'<'" ",._-. J

.

. u,._...
jOfw.
'" " , .c;..,f.:., _ ..
1:':... j
:. ";:i:.<I;,J-'
, "'."
:J ( ,.!.' ..,. . ' :. 'I ' ..
. ..
.' '. 'J;.,
.. -'J,.,
. ...
r :.'? f !"<;
. -... .:
CO J(":".,
-,
>'"
-,..:;:'

, .j"
I
- 12 -
Wad
I
p. '
.. ,.... :; '.
-M1)?1UtrU H- 6
=
Hurlbut, p.

Red Color - ..:..;
". .)
-

/
Hurlbut, p. 2..6
Associati on - t> 0 \'0 M , ,
Essenti a1 consti tuent of i rM1"4 MQlejl>OC;Ef> TO (Z) MArL&(
Crystal system - A" 0 t..1AL.
1
Crystal forms:- calcite has a great variety of forms.
e.s. I ': ! 'i!. 7 k' :" \
scal enohedrons (dogtooth spar). f:6fl'tl> i Hlt 0 i-f)(t"t... jJ)
Iceland spar =a varjety used in petrographicmfcroscopes (nicol prisms +
polariied light).' ,"'.' " , "',,
1IIIIt= cavities sometimes encountered in mining""" and many of
'i
them are
, lined with crystals .. sometimes calcite.' "
Geodes = cavities in rock lined with crystals,. such as calcite.
Satin-spar is a fibrous form of:oa1l:ite with a silky lustre.
Stalactites and stalagmites
()
CaCo
g
+ CO:,2 -+
carbonated waters
:
= carbonation - Moore p.
. Ca (HCO 3 h + , i : 'r
t;TINK.<; Tt:: nJ (F' O(1ip tALCi 1) f, iTL.W1 SmE-LL
_ a kind of stalagmite of great del tcacy of
made by ca1ci na ti on or burni n9 to drive off Ce
2
'
calcite
CaC0
3
+ heat +
(limestone
or marble)
;:: CaD +
<:>
o
: Ca(OH)2 +
flntu - quicklime, when made into a thin paste with water and mixed with sand,
about three and one-half parts to one of lime, forms common nortar ;
IE: (in bags): (1) Natural rock cements - C4,t.e.lT' k-s 4
Ii (2) Artiffcial (Portland) cement - Hurlbut
'.,.. I
Concrete is composed of crushed stone (or gravel) and cement.
.: )
'. r" ;.'i rp ::;,; {::. u(r
dnI ...
:)!i) k {S';" ,
?;,.! '2;1
( f'"
t, ."
((-'I:,;U ..'
;:::. ,C"i J..:iJ .,' >',:G':JLG
C.; ... (.": ,[ '.':. r
': 'c' ,: ;;;!1:
C"1 ti.d5
r) L; .. -/ .':
I' ',;:r
i)'> r j C . e ,
!", D,t.,
oj
5" ," ,.;j


i
GCi ' 'V dJ'"
>} p f< '\ .:.:; .:. 1.,.\:

L

r71 \i'1! Q'

, ..
,/''; ..,
0
... 13 ..
'Distinction of dolomite and calcite ", D
1. Calcite _ (N toL)) "'/........ ..f}'(,"
,, 0' :
2. Do1omt to ,1:> L-. -t.
, ,
. - II\l t-l61 .. I-{t..l
3. Ilf19 test" for' ' A if,.O
Colors: colorless, pale yellow, pink, blue, in some marbles, may even be jet black.
Transparency - transparent to translucent; opaque.
Lustre: \/\ 1 't e0 u. ') r-? b tI\ u, '-Ao1t1&-l"(.
H:= 3 S.G. = 1. /1
Double refraction
Cl eavaoe: t< "OtA 1-t O"PoAl.,
Distinction from
1. H H (quartz): (P
2. Cleavage (calcite): fracture (quartz)
eo i:>CfU);' oA<...
.3. Acid: Calcite Quartz -
Distinction from feldspar:
1. H (calcite): H (orthoclase):,
2. Cleavage (calcite):
feldspar ._.
3. Acid: Calcite eF(=et'"-
Feldspar
Ca-flame: 61C.. "'fC.;Gr*T ftCfD.
<,
fJiMU.\ GoMfAOM M . i Hurlbut, p.
TA,(,E \ kl AIM&; pUfK.C tOJJ0 I T
Color pOt; i ey KOl I A4j$ot iA1fD wiTI-l 0 F'
Lustre: I
o
H: "3> '/.... or: 4
Crystal sys.tem - _
Crystal forms commonly slender needles ( A (.. t ) in radiating groups.
- pseudohexagonal crystals = compound twin crystals
The twinned nature is evident from the anqles in the
prism zone
Structure - 7,. ,. I (, o L. u 1M I t(f, tJ (" FOil M. I AN. Dt! o
M At,t, ,,, FUJs pr
S.G. 3
Cleavage - Qot prominent; whereas
;

Reactions with blowpipe and acid -

At, C,4.L c c-re
; Distinction from calcite - does not have a prominent cleavage;
,
There is a difference in S.G. and H. ..
'. q
4- Hurl but, p;rs3 ,
Do 1omi te"fs te mi nera1 i ntermedt ate between
a4LeiTe
Color: p 1f\(K., OK wHll 6:ItAy
Frensparencyr 0(A PR, 1
ltA
r-{S'PM ' 1'Ji To TitANS t.1I u:tq .

Lustre - "l ,
( )
Crys ta 11 i zati bn: k t)(J. (I< HtPItAt. f
J'
)
: I
" \ t ,:"',"
",':.
,,.. ,.'
.:
, .< );
i .... ':: . ;n/.. , '.'<,
J
) ; i
'.' .' I i
c;
G i
'/ I
'.1
,j. r.; 1.0> ,r... ). ;-i..
r.:
,,1 q.. .L :J(:\
o
i -' j
r., \ ,t:.
C" " .' . \' I
., ...
; :
::".'
': ,.!
:.,...:-, ..
(
,':;
, , .> r
: , "..
. ,., :..'
",; .s . j.i; \.- ","
-I..'
,
1'1 (: 1\'<'
::.; :.-
.' r.
: J..:'. Ct.! -, :,::J', .:
-., .l 'i:' .t' .'\ ',.':; -r: b.'
0,.

',: i)J',!
I,
.', "
'S i ,'.
c
0
.. 14 ..
-

(j
-

'"

Structure: crystals; massive .. fine or coarse grained,
)c - '( 1'- - A. D DL. t 1) 5 \t A. P S
Cleavage .. f f' 14C!ft)AA.L. '"
H: ,?1/2- - 4- -
Distinction: , S.G. '2" 85
1. 1:> I L.. "" ell -\ t;, \101; E-FffR.. 7
2. c u" vc D 11."0111"0 116 D (,1<r DPlE'lI> ! I+A pl.0
Occurrence:
1. Same as for calcite rocks (limestone and its crystalline equivalent, marble)
in rock masses as dolomitic limestone and dolomitic marble,
2.
1 7 " ]
. ".
The only common test for Mg is to add Na2HP04.12H20 to a strong
solution NH
4MgP04
+ (a white granular precipitate).
Hurl but, p.
is a subspecies intermediate between
Physical Properties -
Color -
Occurrence -
Characteristic:
Hurlbut, p.
Rarely found in crystals and cleavable foms, in which case they resemble calcite.
The ordinary form is a white compact mass.
Color:
Lustre:
H ;:
S.G. :=
Structure
Occurrence ..
1.
2.
Tests ;.
l.
2.
V A. 1H t(.. It 01-1 ' Hur'lbut, p,
Fe 4'--erJ ,... lMP6K1AtJT 'HttJfJ Q. GT
Color:
Cr0MMOk) THAJ...1 g'tS

1A..-Ll-r V..e..f ( liM. A A rr; D-J::z '"A / k.\
,'1.:\

,,' ';'"
:;x iJ,.V:;;'1., .'t: :,,;'\
Ui L:
<.
'.'
,..
.
(C:?}.l.,r:
j () '
... ,1; 0 ;.:A: t I:; i ',; S:i 'f,; " .: :.. ' "
J,.. , J} ::{, ,"lJq J;:, t (. 'L, '\: J (? \ ,l, -, i...HE": " ., ,'.: , ? .::. f,': I:'. ;;., .: e;; :,: .. ; . .l ..
o
\.
..
cc , s:
'. "
i
"
..
"',f, ,
'.) i..f : ,.;, \: , ,
','
.,
,', ;'i;: ,. ", ,
. , .,) ' .'.;
':. ,)f.
"l'

,',
J- . . J
r: -1 11 f il
t
.: , I:.,
., ""
: , ... '..
q, ;'!o
t; ; 17E (l. i le -
.. 15 ..
o!
Lustre: 1/ \
H = 'P '/2.. - 4-
S.G. 4 ", I '. }
Crystallization - l-+ - '
Cleavage.. 1> t 1t f -t, 1 RHC> M.f1O '" f: f).rtkL.
Structure,'" (" 0 A sE: t{ A A'&tflfGA.f'S.
Acid - V I l" H C1 f.t 10 16 1-l 0T OK. t f f t'L 'IiE.etNC
Blowpipe.. . I. -r
1. .
2. MiIVEtAL. MAC.IJE:T' C-
oeeurrence . .
1. WAWA
2 , t{. T
, , '
CuC0
3.Cu(OH)2
= Hurlbut.
=-
Rarely found in acicular (monoclinic).
o CORmon forms are - 0 TR'f 0 \ QAl..
J
l, TIJd... A cTil f!. bR R 6. N
, fJ, 1 tJ S A t-1
Color: &rt,{ fJ - l Djoe I/It.O fA,
4
1
iC

Lustre: !J. DA MAN TINt - S j 1.. 1('(
H = '3 1/2,... - 4-
S.G. = '4
Streak 1:' 'P /). Lt: 1 E. tJ .
Occurrence: Wt D S PIUAD 6rS clA M. ,'IJ ftA(,.
0 it
Azurite. 2CuCOs.Cu(OH)2 Hurlbut, p. 3+1
-
Ct.t ,((03)1. .'
c:::.
'"
c:::.
Monoclinic. It is freguentl crystallized; also in radiating spherical groups.
'"
Color: 8 LlAt.
Streak: Btl, UtE
Lustre: ,v I Tr@\t$ ,
H II). - 4
S.G. 4-
: S i m: l, i At'(, AS1 i.l(l JChJ
( -"--',
MOtJo(.L,I,t-t'(..,. .
.r)
00
';:; .
:,., c'
.: :: , ". ,
">- t, ..
.' (
t .",
;.... .

'.'1'
" '
". ,
... J
"
'/', '!
:
13,j
.{ q
t
rI',
",: i n ;'J
: :'\t1'?,
<',,',

" ..
i .r
. '/ ". ' : .... ,
H ;;
.
HAILEYBURY SCHOOL OF MINES
\:Ji
(Earth Science GE-20l)
.. . .,
Study Out1 i ne for M. &G. Laboratory Work (Spri ng term).
Silicate Minerals (Pt'imary and Secondary); and
-
. Rocks (Igneous t Sed;mentary, and Metamot'phi c) .
Suggestions forllSpecimen Identification
ll
when studying TRAYS.
1. If the specimen is a mtneral.: . . . . .
(a) . Name the mineral, and glVelts composition (in some cases - the
formula) - you will be given detailed instructions on this as
we proceed with class work. .
(b) Classify it as (i) primary, or (ii) secondary.
(c) Observe carefully anyconspi cuous physical property (or properti es)
. possessed by the specimen. .
2. If the specimen is a rock:
(a) Name the" rock. -
(b) Classify it as:
Igneous - Plutonic
- Hypabyssal
- Volcanic
,0
Sedimentary - Shallow water
- Deep water' .
. - Terrestrial
Metamprphic - Gneiss ~ k i n d )
- Schist (kind)
- Etc.
(c) Mineral constituentSTobviously this requires a lens).
Make this a complete, thorough, and systematic coverage.. You will get
out of this Tray Study in direct proportion to what you put into it
(yourchoi ce ) .' .' '.'
"If in doubt .: consult the instructor."
* * * * * * * * * ** * * * * * * * * ~ * * * * * * * * ~ ~ * * * *
Additional Notes.
o
\
;.i .
....' ....
,.," " :', ;: ,"
'::...
'I -.' ",.,
/ ;.
" .
, ,
."' .,
l'.1C:-'! r:
j :'
.", -" .;. , .
(.' -'.'
, i:'
'). '.i 1 :"\,,'.
;"1 ,.
, i
L'
,',-.,'.'\
,:Ci-. ',,'
. ,.-,
.
: I' ':. rf.t
L<
'. ',f'
. f'
U(;{
, .'. ,"
\ .. .
o
I
".
, I 'I-_!'\ I -1
__-i- II - .... ' Page 1.
, Mineral. CompositiQn of Average:gneOUS..:d imentary Rocks
':f" ne,ous Rocks JW{m.1llUl1
,
...JoCK.L..__.......,_._u.. I
.
Mtnerals %' Minerals' . %.::r... % I
"
1 QW1:rt z 12 ,Q.uartz 22.:3 66.8
1 . 59.5 FfH;dspars 30 . 11.5
P-r'oxet\es & Amphlbo1es 16.8 .. 25.() 6.6
. Ml cas , 3. B L1mord toe >''', 9:.6. . 1.8
l Other Minerals 7.9 11.1
I. - Other 11.4' 2.2
"
i 100..
0
Tota.1 . 10.Q.Jt lQQ..'O .
------........_----_.._-
The sf ltcates (primary and secondaryrf'orm a large group. SQme mi!JJ1bers are
important as rock-forming minerals. The sili'cates are abu'ndan'tdn
c1 of rocks, maki ng the earth I s crust - the
ph tc rocks. of thest l tcates have complex chemf cal .formula.s .. the
gtnuP RiVa...a non-meta 11 i c lustre. . .' <: i
References: Pirsson: The Rock-I'Ilakirrg p, : , '
Moore: Rock-Forming Minerals
t

-. \'.' . "-t .,.
Hurlbut: Silicates, p. '

Si0
2
- silicon dioxide - silica (Pirsson, p, ; Hurlbut. p, : Moore, p.13)
Quartz next to feldspar is the most abundant nl.:lter1al of the earth's crLjst.
;1'17 forms six-sided crystals, and is colourless or white when pure. It;s
tinted. It has no cleavage, and hence it ra.re'!y presents fiat surfaces when brok.en.
Quartz usually consists of irregular intel"locking grains in rocks. . .,'
In a granite in which the light coloured mtnerals are quartz and
the quartz may be di sti nguished from the fe 1dspar by n9 the rock so
ref'lection from the cleavage planes of feldspar . secause it has no good cleav'Il'ge,
quartz breaks like glass (conchoidal fracture). .
Quartz 1s harder' than feldspar and cannot be scratched Vi'; th a knife. rts
crystals will scratch glass. Its hardness is 7. S"G. 2.65. Stre!ak 15 white (not
distirlctive). . . '
Quartz occurs in igneous t and metamorphic rocks.
irsson, p. ; Hurlbut, p. ; p,Jl)
Potash : (acid). .' K
20.A1 203.6SiO
Orthoclase - fleSh to salmonp1nk }
(red granite and red syenitE!) . } .
. - white to grayish white ..
". (gray grani te and. gray syeni te ) .
- "Sanidine" is a clear transparent variety of orthoclase'
occurring in some rhyolites and trac:hytes; which )
variety we will have no need to discuss further. )
Microc1ine - usually green; also pink. Tric1inic.
(J '
fj:3,GJ

"gcla.. ;.
.. .:.. ..\ .. .:

s: '"':'j5.9,k, O..t Ci).
fjJ... .:.//,. .} C
J .;:''J i':l,!.! f6 ;
. -, j
,I" ':r J'J;(::L:, '; t,; / /
.," ' 0,
I .I .: /
[I ,"".j: s Cr'lL .! U .fd .. 2 (: .1 i,.J 'l:\;' ';);):! itl) (
ur:; 11G ) ,
M.! ..JJ .:,' "e
..;:' !:1'uq pc. :,,1..
rl\"' Ci ' "", ";" d' ''''';'''. "'1'" ""1' ,<"
t. f,.1,,'" /".;':J,j"'r,:.. :; : ,;_ ... t. ..
hv ;d0i:
,r.!..-:C pS i.::". .l?;i.J(j <0 y'? dr:-',f_
I l! 'OI iii",' iJ!;'G F' r"fJJ ,}: we J,'d;I.' ')! .;,,)I!: :";;,';i ;.;;.; j" E1LP 'JUq 'hGJ I.F' i, '
: .. :)L::: Ok ... .>(:r ..
f,.i t q r f: j r UG CJG (1(: lj ' .':',''f, .l)l, i;'.. Ei \...i .:>:. L:;:' .i....t,: .'.": (liqj .. ; .".1 tji'.. (q< SJJ "
/ ':"". "I"':). "'IJO i"', 'I} \ 1, \ ;.. ... j':'
ej
("t'
" " .... '.' '''. """\'''' 'I" ", , !<, ''''_I\' , ,,','. .', '\";"",.,"'1"1,, ,.!" ,.,. ...!\i',-h'J'\
l'"', I .
(
t)' 1:' ,,1',.,)_' "r .1(2 t":; ,'l \, ';'>"f
\ k, ....... , r .
. f .. : ti.. ., .:.; J: -/ : ,J .. r.: .\ ... .Ipn.r-' .. JJ)
.. :_..... ,.. ..-, ,
":'1!
J
.. ",
.>4
Ei
\/ ;', () t , \/JJ 0t.
CJ Ot L(;Gt<? :-J.J ,? ..
'! U:t)(J )" SJ:: ;,.0.::j..; - +,O/-.tJj! ui'l :.;l j ,j' , l.i I',' ::. ,Ii! . !.;:; l..G :: :Y! \up i,' ,i, ,! I; if', .fi,! 1,61;; dt(-; J.f:
: .; ,
.'. , lCi ..r.' J9;,.,d6 aL.. , ..
1.0 ....
J.
1
',1
..LI 1
1:" ;. "",
I) .:.1
,(;C:
r,4' it:('; ,:.; J
..:
q:e b:l!.:!
() g \:
L':taG
--
I"age, ,

;--.......U Plagioclase (an isomorphous - -,
,Albite,- NaZO.A1
20S6Si02,(soda
,feldspar) - white (acid).
, Oligoc1ase (soda.. rf ch - sod,! in
Andesine ' '
Labradorite .. frequently wi th p1a,V of co1 ' , '
, Bytownite (11me-r1ch feldspar) .. lime in e)(cess. '
AnOrthite - feldspar) -,dark gray to green black Iba.sic). CaO.A1
203,2Si02
(ltll
,a
The plagfoc:lase feldspars at"e all triclirlic; frequently showing multiple
twinning str1at'lons or, the basal pinac()id c1eavage.

Plagioclase is an isomorchous
""hl!'l1'lN1l , _
.
,
Albite
Ollgoclase
'Andesine
Labradorite
Bytowmte
Anorthite
A 'I',
Molecule
100.. 90%
90..70%
70-50%


30-ror
10- "'0"%"
""*': .
i te '
Molecule
AUO-
O-loAtJ
An to - AY\ ';0
0- 10%
10- 30%
IO?oAtJ,
30- 50% J.c(\ 10 - Af\. 50
,0
7O%,
; 10 A:/I.i: '
A 0 - ! l\ 117
90% AW\1D .. 'rt>
7()ltloAM
'f:rO%
too AN
A)\ 40- \vo
. . _ The cleavage is more perfect ;m:one direction than in the,
er, They are' light coloured, except mOl\e basic varieties like
labradorite and anorthite. The lust1
4e
varies from v'itredus to pearly. The hardness
of orthoclase is 6, and for the other members of the family approximately 6. The
streak is white.
__ _ felds:par:-,potassium aluminium st l tcate , is commonly __
or flesh coloured grading into white or grayish giving red and
and syenites respectively, -.. sodium aluminium silicate, and
anorthite, calcium commonly gl'8y-green to feLS/C.,
,
The two kinds of feldspar, cr thoc'l ase and 1a ioclase differ slightly 1n
thei r crystal form; and Both
. varieties have distlnc wo good clElB,vages approximately at right angles).
a ,property which is of great use in distinguishing them from quartz which has no
cleavage (conchoida'i fracture). In orthoclase these make anglesof 90. Albite arid
,anorthite have cleavages that make angles of about 86,
Orthos =straigl1t "Greek"; klasis = break; plagios = oblique.
, c; " The charactet"of the cleavage faces is also of great use in distinguishing
tween the two kinds of feldspar. In the case of orthoclase and sanidine the basal
Q
inacoid cleavage faces show no multip1e twinning, whereas those of the plagioclase
frequently snow fine pare l lel lines (tw'innfng striations). . . ..

.{,,;,
(' ,: .. ::)UG
'C"_j .; , , -j,
.1 v:': .',
.
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V i,L .( ,;:,"5 C;,1- C: ' \':' : "I. '; :,} r )j',:: -k. f;J .-;\ (J I.'J. ;,., y q /\
:.Cd.'d ' ...., .;.\"1' I,!! L '" k I. : I .: :.;.,) n .:, . l:' .r I C: ':,' -;
i..-. .1''\ ,'.'j,: f} i ;")., ..;.: '
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1.
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\.'l'"
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.; i':;, (" ,',J'
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-: 1
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:! :.
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Page 3
Silicates
., Feldspar of one kind or another is a constituent of nearly all igneous
'tC'locks, the classification (nami,ng, etc.) cf whic,il depends very, largely on the type
.r8f feldspar present. One must remember tt.at the! d1!::tinction between the t\\'O types
of feldspar is of prime import,9.nce and not. mere'ly matter of detail.
The phys i ca1 properti es are alike ina11 the feldspars: the 1ustre is
non-metallic, vitreous; colour variable, but light - white, pink, 9raJ' ,
streak .ts colour-less (white; _pprpximately (scratches 'g:'ass),
but is softer than quartz; cleavage II base is perfect, the other,
the side p1nac01d is good, e spar usual y consists of irregularly shaped grains in
.rocks, '
Repeated contact tW'inning =,albitli! twinning = pclysynthettc twinning = multiple
twinning. (Pfrsso, Fig"s. & ; Hur1but, Fig's. ,& .)
Carlsbad twins (Ptrsson, Fig. ; Hurlbut, Fig. ).
Those feldspars which contain the h'ighest percentages of silica are said to be the
most actd , The acidic varieties are characteristic IJf the acid rocks, such as
.granite, and other Hght coloured klnds; while the more basic feldspars, or those
contafiiing less st l tca , are found ill basic rocks, wh'icl1 al'"'e usually dark coloured
and comparatively heavy. Thus, have a means,. know'fng thetr mineral assuctattcns ,
of dist.inguishing orthoclase end the more acid and
from the more basic feldspars. ,
By weathering felds,pars are gradually changed to ,kaolinite, which is the
ase ?f all clays. The reacttcn for kaoli ntzatton of orthoclase is
O\' . KA1S'3
0
a + CO
2
+ 2H
20
- + K
2C03
+ 4S10
2"
'
The cleavage forms of calcf te and dol()mit.e resemble those of feldspar,
but they are easily scratched by the knife , while fe'ldsparwill scratch glass; ,
moreover
t
these carbonates cleave in three direction:; while feldspars have only two
directions of good cleavage, However, if a feldspar has undergone pronqunced
be scratched with a knife or evan with the thumb-nail. The
carbonate effervesce in acids, while is not so affected.
"
Feldspar occurs in and metamorphic rocks.
, , .
- There are several var'ieties of amphibole and pyroxene,
o eac5W1CSeVera names ere given. Some of the members of each' gr'::lup are
important as rock":forming minerals. When in gra"ins in rocks , they are usually
somewhat difficult for the beginner to recognize and distfnguish. The members of
each group which are found in the more commonly occurring rocks are few 1:'1 number
and are distinguished by a bl ack or dark colour. The amphibole$ (hornblende) are
characteri sti c of the 1; ghter coloured or more add i gneolls rocks; the py'roxenes
are frequently present il1 the darker, heavier and more basi c rocks ,
Grains of a dark mineral in granite which do not possess the
cleavage of mica are likely to be hornblende; whf:!rE!as, if a dark coloured mineral
occurs in a heavy, basic rock, it may be a pyroxene. HOWE!Ver, stnce hornblende at
times occurs in such rocks one may not be able to decide ebsolutaly as to which
trieral !t is,' The not: be discouraged, 'if is able onl.y to
)ssure htmsel f that the mineral 'IS elther hornblende or a pyroxene (pyrbbole}.
-- Crystals and larger cleavage fragments of the two minerals. are more easily distin
guished, the one from the other. '
,t 9Qhq
fr ia
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(i:. :),):; 26
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;' G:i 'S i tF',,;"':1 :;:r". :';',1: (ill; ,':, i:i :'1 ':'ii:, l' r;::;1 ,6 r,
'3riJ .. ;. ::1::-; ... r G.) y. r 1'0 J j"
,,2"A::l{)'1 >lr{j ui'
9fk\' r:.. b r::;' 51\? [', k'ff:ib C "I!'. i:rhi-1';) .
I'f"!9t1!'q, '-, 'i, ?f:""" ." ..:,.;:,j'dit,(,j ",.. , "j":J',q' ,","r.' "'0(.;""""['"
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f :,: ;,.\!{ 3:' ii hi ;':,:;.; j' (1 r2r' f,
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\ .... , .. , J"" f ".... "," ;.J it", ''''.1 .... 'i.I,.., . " l'J ; ,I '. ',.,;'1 . '" .....j,.... , .. "l(., !; I:!..I ,il_//t'
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Page 4 '
, The amphiboles and pyroxenes close ly resemble one another and are dis ttn
by cleavage. The c.leavage anq.le of amphiboles is about 56 and l24,whE!reas
. ' .; poorer pyroxene ;S' 'Q,bQI;t 87
0
93, The lustre of both hornblende and
is vitreous; their colour is black or greenish black.

tPi rsson , p, Hurlbut, pAlO; Moore. p, ) .
The amphiboles constitute an important group of 'minerals which may occur as stout
crys tels, but more generally they are long bl aded or fibrous ones, green or black'
in colour. The chemical composition of this mineral is very similar to that of
pyroxene. The amphtbo les are calcium, magnesium, iron and aluminium silicates and
generally have complicated fcrmu lae.
Monoclinic system:
Tremo1'i te , H
2
(S1 0.,)
Actinolite,
Etc.
Hornblende, ,Fe,Ti>aSi
60
,OH)2
The crystal forms are to pyroxene eing monoclinic
s

orthorhombi c. The cleavage angle!s are 124
0
and 59 (approximately 120 and 60 ).
This is a good to fair cleavage. '
, Amphiboles may have a sf lky sheen a-id thisis an aid in distinguishing them
from which usually have a duller lustre. The amphibole's (hornblende) are
ft ell Q. be scratched with a kn'i fe. H'= 5 - 6 (s ane pyroxeses). Noti l:e
,at the cleavage angles oi hornblende ate approximately 120 and 60 whereas fn
1T:Y'foxenes they are approxhnatel '90 S.G. 2.8 - 3.3. Uornblende plays the part
m; ca 1n ce .s and !;yen'; tes.
Hornblende is a comon constituent of igneous rocks. It is less common
pyroxene in the very dark basic rocks
t
on the other hand. it is more frequent
in the intermediate and lfght co'leurec acid igneous rocks. See your Table of
Ig1eous Rocks.
The amphiboles are found more frequently in fibrous. acicular, and bladed
forms than the pyroxenes, Tremolite is a white or very pale fibrous amphibole
found tn crystalline limestone'. Actinolite is green. commonly fibrous or columnar.
and frequently showing a radiating structure. is black or greenish black.
robl . nstituent of r,' s e .. Hornblende crystals in
m'as'sive rocks (e.g. diorlte are imperfect (irregular) grains.
1

Cleavage: Pirsson - Figs. '3qeo ; Hurlbut - Figs.
p, ; Hurlbut, ; Moore, p. )
Tbe pyroxenes are coml tcatad compounds of silica (Si0
2
) with lime (CaD). mag'nesia
(MgO). alumina (A1
20 3
' . irons manganese and other substances. The commonest varietys
known as augite, is an important rock forming mineral.
The crystals of the corronon pyroxenes are of the type and have
fair cleavages almost at right. angles each other (81' to 93 ). This property
A
, of great value as a means of determi nat'j ons as broken pieces of pyroxene w'j 11 be
o
,,;"i' , __, __,
p
b rI : ; ,i ; I, ,':::; ,j f D
I
{: ::)")(}iJr',i , L:,. i .,'!. .\, F'. .': ! :1:'
. l J . .: .:
s.: >1:Jj::tc ;.; .. 9(:T
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hilf' ":';;. r.. 1;!lJ fI(:::ufc:!:"f. fwd ,i:llJ!",O!iTb:i:
'JI .: '0 y ..:,--: ,) j< i
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,.'
( He, :) i ('J .. .' :' /.
t.,' : ::: ;J!:. h:J l':i) i ,', 'j .
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,
( I:; ;':: ,;;: f:' :': ';:c;
!-; .
'
f ../ ':t, i ) 1 ./ (1 {1F. ",:, '': ,,: .. ( ; .: (0P6 VF':.. i./ ':;::
,:) r ,.!!r<);:'"L.d"Ll 'i;'
V", v; :" r.' .. L:, '!' r) j' ("l (,:!,)):c 6 ,';' .::. i'd-';
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ij': :;i :;j ,'iji& i)'1:
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I"{vq

.- I' .::
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l
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":L:'h,Ld .. ,;,:} ;1h;r::)(clo'tpH . IFi)';; c,r', 1J Di Dr;"1; ; ,iC':'!;' '{r ("
1'1' f f"j' 2It':':; <iff": oH .. ?fl;';:' __
. 2(! [,I j lid huH " t':: i -._1 .; 2' f (! ,: iJ 6 :,.: :'? :Ji" .1
(
t:\ f, "Cl .r:
:'\', r ';
(!
,,:, "'''Il'' 'i61''' / (lr- "j i "'if: 'r r
... r,..,. \.... ,' .. r. !.'l,. J 1 dJl,,, 5} fi'? rCFi'{...,,}
1,b\! :\' c.if1T
. ribj
2
I, i'" ,:,)i '" :<! ';! :; i,
n l ,(,,5 r 0 q: ': Y, ::' : '.,' r, >
"i i'f,') cC'"')'<'
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...,;:_
. .. Page 5
almost sure to present fragments on which this angle (approximately 90
0
) may be
o
observed. Crys ta' s Of. aug f te freque nt ly show ltendency to separate ; nto 1ayers
(lamellae) parallel to the basalp1ane, which is inclined to the c-axts , The Hnes
showing this structure can often be seen on the vertical faces. This is parting, not
cleavage (Hurlbut, p, ). This phenonenon is not characteristic in grains in .
massive rocks (e.g. gabbro). .
The pyroxenes constitute an ;'mportant group of minerals that are generally ,
recognized by their short stout crystals and their two fair cleavages almost at right
angles. . .'
. Pyroxenes are Fe-Mg s t 1i cates, and some have .compl i cated formul ae.
Orthorhombi C !i,yStem t
Enstatite,
Hypersthene, (Mg,Fe)Si0
3
Monoclinic system:
Clinoenstatite, MgSi0
3
Dtopside' (Dia"l1 age), CaMg( Si0
3
h
Augite, Ca(Mg* Fe,Al)(Al,Si)206
Etc. (Jadeite) ..
G
. Most pyroxenes are green black or d,ark coloured particularly those that
contain much iron. As a rule pyroxenes have a dull lustre and this ts an aid in
distinguishing them from some amphiboles which tend toward a silky sheen (hornblende
is vitreous, like Some pyroxenes (augite) may be scratched with a knife.
H =5 6 S.G. =3.2 .. 3.5. This indicates a heavier mineral -than quartz or feld
spar. Hence a rock containing rnucrl pyroxene is going to have a' greater S.G. than a
more acid rock. '
. The most corrmon p,yroxene J augite, 'is most 1ikely to be mistaken for
hornblende, but it may be dhtfnguhhed by tIle angle of cleavage, and the mineral
associ
.-.
Augite is found ci'liefly in the dark-coloured igneous rocks. Seldom fOllOd
in rocks that contain much quar-tz, Augite is common in the pyroxenites, peridq,&iite-s.,
\J,.eN>t( gabbros!, .and basalts and is thus a wiclesp"ead mineral. Enstatite and hypersthene a.re
orthorhombic pyroxenes which are fy'eqllent"ly found in basic rocks. When hypersthene
( a dark brown variet),) is present as an essential constituent, the rock is known as
norite (Sudbury intrusive). Anorthosite, a rock related to gabbro, consists essential
ID
ly of p"agioclase feldspar, generally lab)adorite. Being readily decomposed by .
o
'O'l
ng pyroxenes play no pay't ; n sedirnentary beds. Pyroxene crystals in mass ive
o
10
rocks (e.g. gabbro) are imperfect (irregularly shaped) grains.
....
Cleavage: . Pirsson - Figs.
Harlbut - Figs.
Association: See Table of Igneous Rocks.
Summary (Amphiboles and Pyroxenes)
1.
of the emohtbol es (hornblende) strongly resemble pyroxenes (augite). Both
hornblende and augite crystallize in the monoclinic system. Hornblende is
frequently found in crystals witl1 s;ix faces, while in aI.Igi'te the-number
is commonly eight;.. . .. ,0t'" ,
. ,,\"",s'L
,$'-':;;3"

j
oJ
(I tHHjr.:j 2 fl J 'f r i'
ri .
sd '{f:\1H {'Joe VJ9J sm (XO' IqQ1'))9rgnf) r' ,I rL:; f i: () 0:) en:F: 120m!'r:,
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. Silicates
Page.6
There is good to fair cleavage in hornblende and fair cleavage in
pyroxene parallel to some of the vertical faces (vertical prisms prisms of the III
o
th'ird order). The forms produced by this cleavage show angles of 120 (60) in 0
hornblende; whereas the characteristic cleavage angle of augite is more nearly
rectangular, being about 90.
2. Slender bladed crystals are more common with the amphiboles than the pyroxenes.
3. In composition the hornblende and augite are somewhat complex silicates (Fe-Mg
silicates). They both are calcium, magnesium, iron silicates containing
aluminium.
4. Members of both groups .of minerals are of little importance in the arts.
i-:embers of each group are found in the more commonly occurring rocks. While
they are not so common as the feldspars, they are, however, very important as
rock-forming constituents.
4iIIIIIIIIIIIiI(Pirsson, p. ; Hurlbut, Moore, p. )
This group contains a number of complicated compounds containing silica, SiO"
alumina, A1
2
0
3,
magnesia, MgO, potash, K
2
0, and other in less amocnt.

. .
, Ml:Iscovite, white mica, is a variety once used for stove windows. Biotite,
Q
,,-,,'lack mica, which resembles muscovite except in colour, has nearly the same chemical
composition but contains iron or magnesium or both. The amber mica is phlogopite.
System:
. .,....,.j ,CC . (Si0 H
2KA1 3 4)3
oS ;"'iwbw, H
2
K(Mg,Fe )3(Al ,Fe )(Si0
4)3
4-r-.!i*4I!! F;fa
Mariposite - a manganese mica (copper red) .
Lepidolite - a lithium mica (pink lilac colour)
Fuchs i te - a green chrome mi ca .,
1.i-","",,- vu'( t: I-U' P.J.IM P fORM or;. r
t
.
Etc.
While the different micas belong to the monoclinic system they all
mate to six-sided prisms (pseudohexagonal), and they all have a strong tendency to
cleave parallel to the base, whereby the familiar flakes of are broken off
. Muscovite and biotite, both important and very common rock-forming minerals usually'
as irregular flakes and scales in massive rocks (e.g. granites, and
diorites), rather than as distinct crystals. Altered biotite has a bronzy lustte ,..
and is golden yellow; in fact, it may be mistaken for flakes of gold.
. -
Phlogopite and muscbvite are extensively used as an insulating material in
electrical apparatus. Biotite usually contains too much iron to be used for this
purpose. On account of its colour phl'ogopite is known in commerce as amber mica.
The lustre is sometimes sub-metallic, pearly, or even vitreous . The colour
.. varies with the varieties, from clear transparent to almost black. The 'streak is .
- white, or very slightly tinted. H- about 3. S.G. - 2.7 - 3.1. Thin mica sheets
are elastic.
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5i,' i cates Page 7
Mica is a very ccnmon constituent of rocks. black it may be mistaken
a rock.for or but be distinguished by picking with a
WhlCh wlll cause the thln. flakes to break off.
1{Pirrson. p, ; Hurlbut. p, ; Moore. p. )
Olivine - an isomorphous series (crthcrhomatc system).
Mg SiO is f'ors terf te
{M,Fe'2si04 is chrysolite (peridot)
Fe
2Si04
is fayal ite
Peridot is the name used by jewelers.
Olivine, magnesium-iron silicate, is found in many basic and ultra-basic rocks, and
usually occurs in stout crystals. It contains only 41 per cent of silica. It is
glassy like quartz but is generaily olive-green or yerlow. It is usually found in
the form of small rounded grains. Its grain in a rock often resembles that of granu"
lated suga-r. The physical properties are to those of pyroxene and
hornblende. The co1our is yellowish green and genera'l'ly lighter than in those two
minerals, and the absence of c1eavage in olivine ts of value as a means of determina
tion, and in distinguishing from pyroxene and hornblende. The lustre is vitreous.
is high, 6.5 - 7, S.G. 3.3 - 3.5. Conchoida'J fracture.
O
4--t % L.i lA:"{e. '-
Olivine occurs more particularly in the very dark-coloured basic igneous
rocks - e.g. the peridotite-limburgite series. Some ga.bbroscontain minor olivine.
he rock dunitehas olivine as the principal constituent.:Jl'ivine al ters very
eadily into serpentine by deep-seated processes (netamorphtsm}. is often
associated as an accessory constituent with olivine. .
See:Pirsson p. (bottom) and p, (top); p.
( _; ; if:0 I,'; IJ '1
V
;';
- - ----.--- - -
Secondary Minerals of Igneous and Sedimentary Rocks
The above minerals - quartz, fe1dspars, amphiboles (hornblende), pyroxenes (augite),
micas, and olivines, and others . are primary minerals of igneous rocks; some of
them occur also as secondary minerals. Primary minerals crystallized directly out
of a magma.
As a result of deep seated processes by heat and stresses (thermo-dynamic
processes) a rock may be transformed by more or less thorcugh recrystallization into
a well characterized new type with change of texture and structure, and mineral
composition by a regrouping of the elements that are present .. Thus, secondary mi
nerals such as almandite garnet, epidote., etc. are formed duririg:,deep-seated metamor
s.!!!.' Also the des trUctl ve a I terati on and decay by wea ther; n9 processes actll'l9. at
't e surface and down to the depth to which atmospheric oxYgen can penetrate forms new
minerals - e.g, kaolinite, limonite, etc. Distinguish between alteration by metamor
phism and weathering. -
Garnets, chl orites, serpentines, talc, sil nmanite, staurol i te, epi dotes 9
C]Ser1citet kaolinite, etc. are secondary minerals.
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Page 8
Garnet Group (Pirsson, p. ; Hurlbut, p, ; Moore, p. )
O' Pyralspite: Pyrope
:;: 3MgO.A'203,3S'i0
2
Mg
3
A1
2S'i
3912
,ftt,MAt-lO;f\I! Almandite
Fef1
2Si3
0
12
: 3FeO.A'2033SiOZ
Spessartite Mn ditto.
3
Ugrandi te: Lvarovt to Ca
3Cr2
Si 3012
i Grossularite Ca
3A1 2
ditto
Andradite Ca
3Fe2
ditto
See Hurlbut, p. -
Garne.ts are typical secondary minerals formed as a result of great tnErtarnor
phism of argillaceous (shaly) rocks. The variety, alnandf te , is commonly formed this
way. It is a silicate of alumina and ferrous oxide.
Garnets are iron, cal ci urn, or magnesium si 1i cates I' usual ']y red or brown
but sometimes green. Vitreous lustre. Streak is colourless. H:: 6.5 - 7.5.
5.G. = 3.15 - 4.3. They have no good cleavage but break llke quar-tz or that
is, with a conchoidal fracture. They belong to the cubic system, usually in the
form of rhombi c dodecahedrons (12 faces of rhombi c: shape). or trapezohedrons.
Garnet is comsonly found as a primaryltineral in some igneous reeks. But
garnet is more conunon as a secondary mineral in metamorphic rocks - particularly the
iizetamorphosed argillaceous rocks. Garnet is characterized by the fact that it
f\,suallyocc.ur.s in distinct, well defined crystals (carcunc'les ) , which are readily
. . .
of the most beautiful crystals of garnet are f'ound in mica schtst ,
It is also a mineral constituent of some gneisses. It occurs wit.h grains of magne
tite and quartz with sand on beaches. Garnet in the form is emp lcyeces
an abrasive material, but is inferior for this purpose to emery and corundum. The
clear, well coloured varieties are used as gems.
Chlorite Group (Pirsson, p. ; Hurlbut, p. ; Moore, p, )
Varieties: Clin?chlore - Ha(Mg,Fe)sA12Si3018 = (Mg,Fe)SA12Si30l4.4H20
Penmnite
. Prochlorite
Etc.
This mineral occurs as the result of metamorphism (deep-seated alteration) of other
minerals such as pyroxene, hornblende, and biotite - a miner'alogical transformati,on
caused by heat and rock movement. Chlorites ate hydrous s11 icates of aluminium.
containing magnesium and iron. They are soft, 2.0 '. 2.5 (thumb-nail ranqe}, green
or dark green i n colour, and the crys taIs resemb1e mi ca because they have one exce1
lent cl eavage. Un1 i ke mi ca the cl eavage pl ates are not elastic but are flexi ble I
therefore when the plates (sheets or fl akes) are bent they do not resuee thei r
original shape on release. like micas, chlorites occur in plates or minute scales
with hexagonal outline (pseudohexagonal). The 1ustre is pearly to vitreous.
. Chlorite is often mistaken for serpentine but th,e chlorite has perfect
cleavage while serpentine is massive or fibrous.
Chlorite is the chief mineral constituent of chlorite schists (see the
Table of Igneous Rocks). Chlorite is frequently an al terat.ton product of biotite.
-:'
----_._---
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Si1icates Page 9
; rnblende , and augite. Chloritle;s usually gl"een to blackish green. The green
lour of many - basalts and andesites, and the green colcured
hists - 15 due to chlor tte tnto wh'len thE! silicates have altered.
Also occurs in mtca-chlcrf te-qarnet schists and gneisses.
. (iT
c
.
Serpentines p. ; p. .; Moore, p.' ) WlAtPt't ,
(
Varieties:' H Mg.Si 0 :;; 3NgO.2S'i0
I .-\ [.I
Antlgor1te) 4'3 2 9 2.2H20.

Etc.

Serpentfne is a secondary minera:1 resul ting from the alteration of hornblende,
pyroxene, and particulal'ly olivine, Serpentine is a hydrous magnesium s i licate,
It is usually massive.
'=. +
Talc (Ptrsson , p. Hurlbut, p, ; Moore, p. )
Talc - = 3MgO.4Si0
2.B20,
a hydrated ma;nesium silicate. It is often
associated with serpentine, talc , or chlori te schists. Like serpentine it results
from the alteration (deep-seated metamorphism) of rornblende, pyroxene, and olivine.
Lustre is pearly; colour white ell" saa-qreen , and streak white (on dark cloth).
5.G. 2.8. It scratches with the being H = 1 of Moh's scale, and has a
soapy feel, hence the name' "soapscone". It occurs in both the massive and fnl tated
(leaf-l i ke) forms. In the latter' case the leeves jircduced by the perfect basal
cleavage are inelastic (flexible), tr.us differ"ing f.'om those of mica. The compact,
usually greenishgray var'ieties are known as steatfte or soapstone. The rninercll
occurs commonly fn association with crystalline l tnastone.
Talc is grc,urld and used as a filler in the manufacture of paper, and as a
base for cert.ain paints. Steatite is sawn into slabs for use in the censtruct-on of
hearths, etc. .
Ta1c , a mi nera1 of secondary or; g'; n, is characteri sti cally found 4n meta
"'.. )lrphosed basic rccks , occurring as a prominent constituent in schistose rocks , a's
--in talc-schist. .' . .
(;2
...... ,...,........,........
. ... .i' G:: ::: 1fiD
'. I. t:' '32 (1 ;.. np (j. J x: j" {. I._ ,;, ,)n-: L P . .; ," :U j' t"j) f'l ... i' z.,.,; J 0 o f\
. '.1 '.J ': u-'j r i,;
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-,.
.
j
: r.j r"t f:,V ...J"j
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1
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. :",')\;' (" 2? fig: '/ r r i J
"
-; t;U ()
, G t-

r: . t rr

fj r ";:;MO C\U :.'J;;:
r ....
0')(('1 ,:: A:; f -;;f1:L 'I <: 'n,;;\
'hi :J i'i";'
'
., q (lO<:! :';"t' j' q " bnt: t';': i'
.....
, ::0 f ;::J ::J i: r ,.; \n r r;:!'{; !',
't en i

J r 1'L: (;' f ,6 i" =t;o:I()t'J i:)(1:1 " pn l' dJo i:) ,;;'; -YLJ) ,qr)"'f i)
,)'()f?;j'1 0:'"
to' .',
f; r j"fj'sd 2,1') <: .:Jq ?' ."l; t-.)i11' ri'1 f'''lr..J ::: "((,' t -; r(:IV' r;.:.1 j ;'::,:.,7
02r ... " , "I
\,ci:lf.n q 2 j' r ;) f1 G 1 uor0:) j '\ fr;, , ,:r f;:9f;ji; ::i l ,'(() , r (J r
i] .c.:. prj dj:od, t 2r 61"'j ht :';il r;;:. r .!,;'-. ;') .,.'-: :"1'

..:: ')' ..-- ;'t 0"') i! ,1 .q ..
(1 '
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:
:2 fi,.- ,? .\' f 0 nf j" n Xrj " .';' ..' J. ; 'f (Ji "'; ,..J .; :::" ':;:', ': 'j:' ;;" (1 ti !i i- \.\' ) J.;., '( :)() l?: b
';.i tr Co 1.:"1':: < ;:>Clex li'1V.q, sbne rdfl"!O I,;";.' :;<;",,:;';;\/:, j :y'; I"'C, j' 6:':;2" CI'o !,< :iJ i6,:,MJ i;1;;yd'
.fd.:tor:, {;.;:Ji'dw "!(: "fUC':'c,;.. r.V... 2[ 91"\fS;;tJJ
\1 f r i ::::::::,r .. -, :;' I. 1s
<.:.i>
r " :,' j ')9 c.:J ""\ :" "')JiJ I", C."'t' c' ':'\(" ::7 r ",d');', "I" w" ')' or'j ,.. ;' r'T ",-"tl"!Ol >l i r-:1 6'" r \

"9f\:i 'r
"
r.;3'1 f:)f1 rn t :'j rtT .. {:-q 6 0 2 ., (') rJ ':: ? ;;: 11 ::}"{.;:' r t' "1.15:J \:. p... f1 (,() {2 \:, rf ;;jB
,1
;)!'ioj ::Jf:;' i I rt:.J 2\/....,() f I'tC: {J' 0 2 ;:,; C;i ;,;. rn0:71"no':; :){}
fi 20 bnt> <'li:lq6q to S"fi)S::)f,rUfq',i'il ;:}d:r il: "lbl ;"'j f; h,!f, !:Ii1lJ"ip J;f
TOll0:-S:HriJanO::) sMj ni' :;,2!J '''fO'," ",;,rrlid'4 rdf<J'\':<) ''Ie1'
,:j ,Zt1'J"l r.;r-Jri
.- ",j SIl' n"
f.J
i'rmo1" rrrq
,.u
i ';'?
...
i"u';+"lfi"jt'
,'Ql",-
rl"'\ ');,
l 4'
ni' .... ('
....
"1""
".)
:"
.....
I'U';" <p j-,.. f
"1
!,"
.... '1.\
;-'IJ
....
t- - rbT
y .1.< I (..,..., ..J ....... 1' ... t.'
f{'
\. ... \.

,(.,,1,,
;:;f; l)2oj':!j-,b:: Hj' j'n911;J'(':i;:f';(/) J\) ;:(:, ,200": ,<did
;)"; r::" ;?<l r.61 nr
Hfij-" f) AL 116 dl:Ir' MkL
Page 10
Silicates T '/I'ftT
. )"A \..Wrt 0 I t? r<. I III .
yi11imanite (:'irss,on, p, ; p, )
if
'Tomposi t ion: A1 Essentially a compound of si 1i ca and al umina. A1
2SiOS
=:
203.5i02:.
P: forms long slender crystals which in extreme cases are fibrous. Lustre is non
metallic, colour orown, gra:r- 01" gr'eEm, steak white, H is 6 - 7, S.G. 3.2S.
Th is mi nera1 wou1d scarce":y be mentianed were it not for ; ts presence in
rocks of frequent occurrence in northern Canada, namely, the gneisses and schists
in the highest gradE! of metamorphic rocks. It is a secondary si l t cate ,
(Pirsson, p. ; Hur1but, p.
(
:omposition: H2o.4caO.3(Al.Fe}203.6Si02' The mineral is a complicated compound of
silica, alumina, iron and lime with a small amount of water. Epidote is corrmoniy
formed by the metamorphism of impure calcareous sedimentary rocks or igneous rock
containing much lime, It thus often occurs in gheissic rocks, mica schist, amphi
bole (hornblende.) schist; also in quartaf tes and .sandstones which contained 'lime,
and in limestones altered by neighbouring igneous rocks (contact metamorphism).
Recall the eptdot'izettcn seen in the pillow lava during the field work east of
North Cobalt. Often associated with chlorite.
p1$ TAcc1f',t:) Gll\.eeN .
The lustre is 'vitreous to pearly and resinous, colour usually. yellowish
-9reen, streak white, H=6 - 7, 5.G. 3.25 - 3.5. Its association and colour tend
-1 to cause it to be mi staken at. times f'Jr serpentine or chlorite but i
- 7 is characteristic. Perfect basal cleavage.
o Table of Igneous
Sericite (Pirsson, p. HurlbJt, P. )
ft cs i:
, .
This mineral is related to but it contains more water than the typical micas.
It occurs in the form of silvery, glistening scales in schistose rocks, and is
always the resu'lt of alteration of or'iginal minerals. Sericite schist forms when
acid rocks have been sheared by movement. E.g.
is a fine scaly or fibrous kind of muscovite - the name is
usually contlnE-d to white mica 'ilhich is secondary. .It is often the product of
alteration of a feldspar p. ). It 'occurs in acid rocks.
rhyol i te or trachyte turns to a form of seri cite schi st. See Table of Igneo,Js
Rocks. .

Note: 1. chlor-ite schist f'orms f'ror1 basic rocks. E.g.
2. Seri d te II "aci d ,:. E. 9.
r-. r '
II
r-. ,
. . V>
Kaol ioite p, t. Hurlbut. p. ; Moore, 1AJ . '.
This is a very mineral composed of silica, alumina, and water. The
is non-metallic the colour 1s white, but various light tints maybe
shown, streak uncoloured, H= 2 - 2.5, S.G.-= 2.5, argillaceous odour, tenacity is
. fri ab1e , unctuouS fee 1
Kaolin (kaolinite) results from the decay (weathering) of orthoclase, or
other minerals. Together with ether related minerals it makes up the bulk of c'lay
beds and is responsible for the pl,;l,stic of clay.
I' e.,
.' !
r r'l
.,.
'.;; ..;
" " .'
'. i :;'1'.
,-
.
.
:,
)1.,;:
t
t: }.: j /".; .:: i":' J
':::VO;-'\jj '1).jL'.)(:f:;',-.f.';q;; l; .... I<
((? ; I :::. ;.;. :.. .t c }., ! .4':, (' ":." J nt J.;'\
..Li): .: ",.. lq'k.}. ;:-}.! Co,, : t.:; q I\!
I...
: ,. ,', ;",.'"
1I.! , .,..,:
\
. ',: ..,' .' ....:,. '. i : :-. , ,.t,:t'D I V!
I.'
" l" _ . J') -.' '(..' ".- ' ; I ,- .: :.. i! I."
,'t'
:'"/'"
..-, rc:: . ;
!"'-}\"
J ,!' :.. -;
.1,";..1(;
i..:.:.;}".1.'; 1 'rC; C\l, ':;'''J. "'(;;.- :';:,...:,.U2' '.;'c ';;" l;':!"J.
'. t;
.;: G,; ') f:J t,,:! cif'; cr.!<:1\,.. (j,. ,":' L
rf,.: j J'A. ::.O}.. u -:,:"1 .f.G ;';1: .:{'l. ":,'!'. -.i
?':; .J. i:: ;:: ,:r ;., ;.:: :,1 r j'l
c.
'. ' U'.! ,)t.V. J ., ? :.
r, ","
".' r, '. '1 :>. ('.;, 1r.;;: .,f. t ..
. , , ":,'"
iCC: (.1: r ':I ; }.' ';
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:,','. ... UL (".. - ;;." j:JL: .;\" t:tf
)' ".',
:...
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r.::}".',
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;, "
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I .f :> r, (,' )U;..j 9 :,'?-\ ..':, J
tJq tr:; \,/ t .f1,U(), f1 .: q U ; :;: <
'n 'liit\,f\O,,, 1, }.; i:.L?Gt (.; . 'I
LU(:: f.'r;).1 C" i i> ... ,,!' ()f.. '.,
j'):_iC:!
O
T
(','.
,,r.I".'I')f"""'; ... d.).- . .; ,j,. (",ni," '; '.'" ;r
f I "".,13 r .J 0 : j '\ q
Ii 'f .. '
""t;."'.:;'-.:".: ::;=. .. ..: .. ...
(, .! IJ f'b
,(

:",." :,;';.! -.:t
c:
", , T ,
ff, ' \ I ....
,.,.. '".',, "
.'. { I,; i,
-. -i '"
-[;.1 -. 1; """'.l ..."{:-': ... -:.
t.::. cH' ",f.r'
i :
,l .. r ;(' U

(' ; ; f' " )
.'.OCF"
. .i.l i,': "
: . \
Silicates Page 11
By exposure to the feldspiir:s gradually lose their potash, soda,
--_....
and lime, and part of their silica
l
and are changed to kaolinite, which is the
o
base of all clays. E.g.
Orthoclase:
K
2
0. A1
203
,6Si0
2
.+ CO
2
+ 2H
20
== 2H
Z
O.A1
2
0
3
2Si 0 + K
2C03
+ 451
2
2
(kaolinite) (quartz)
Some of the soh.ble K eventue l ly reach the sea.
2C03
may
Albite:
CO
2
+ 2H
20
.. 2H20.tl"2,032Si02 + Na
2C03
+ 45i0
2
Na
20.A1 2036Si02

Anorthite:
+ CO
2
+ 2H
20
=' 2H
ZO.A1 203
, 2Si D
2
+ CaC0
3
calcium carbonate
,
1, Study i n 1 the pri nted sheets, and
your accompanying notes. Make any extra
Garnets notes of YI)ur own. '
Feldspars "}
Chlorites 2. Study in detail Moore p.11-15 inclusive.
Amphiboles Serpentines 3. Pf rsson, (;.'lapte'r IV, p.2S, etc. - for
Pyroxenes. Talc appropriate sections.
Micas Si 1"1 irant te 4. Make use of thE! fo11 owi n9 references:
Oiivines Hurlbut, Dana {red), Leet &Judson, etc.
Sed cf ta 5. Study the :1Ii nere1s i:'} the Work
Kaol i n'ite INDIVIDUAl.LV - pot in pairs.
o--.Q'....
,
H * * * ** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *


Additional Notes '
,.- , 0 R M,E, 0 f 0 MA '- .... ttl N l\l, vk..
4 L. TtON" .
gEtt!JtJOAtty' IJt f, 1A rtp i-l ,It SUtL1 D/ MA :
(",,\ ._,

fOPM.
' .. l

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. t'
) .:
.. ' ,: . ..
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, "
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.: ',' I: ...-ig
., S!(C 'JJ\,I::
1
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.... r"
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.. .
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(:,130'! H:,j .('G',
)
01, ., .<
\.
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1
) ... t; ';"; ::> oJ i} "j : -. s. i .J
\ ... ,I
'J-, ': \.'
C:.: ..rt1{ ) ( ..:
p<i2 C;.. '.; ,I J ';1st, [ ' u '

.r . /'IltG9 ...
-. .'" '''_''' __ .._' __
?! .i j C9J,:6?
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,
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-'" , - -.. ' .. ' "" - " _ " . " - .- " """'''1'''''' " .
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......._ - _ _ _ - - " --.- -.- _ .
............._ _ - --_ -..- - - -. ..- - _ - - -. _.-.._............. .,"''''' - "'- -- i
I
"
1

'
...- -.. ..- .. ":-3i-J'''aNll-.,..V------ "., _.. _ _ __ -t-..-_ _ --' .

!
.::::=:::

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r

,01,1-,OJ - t

...-'..,..... .....,....... -.. ....,_.,.'" ..-...-. .. .. -..ijjfffJV)Y)fUji.fr
,.,., :

.... .. .. .. .. _.. ., .._ ....
...... -..,.. ...,,._._., ...,..,...._., '":-- , ..,,_.. ":" , ,_."" _._""'I?..,.,. _.._:_,_., ...,,._...,__ .. __ .,_,,. """ " _._ .__ ._:_.._.,.,..,._- '1 _ -"' '".r., ", ,'_--. _.. ,...
. ..."-.. ..... ,, .. ... --..._..,,...,..-__.. ..., __._-_.._
, --'.. - .,...._. _,._.__, -r -1->"'-.,.,... .. """" , ."" _ , _
I
I
-e-- -: - _.._--,..,..$g--rvdr.. ;; __.. _'-_.__._..
--..... ,.-:-.... .... ..... ...... .... ...... ..,.,_ ......... .. .,-;l...r.. __ ""'.--.... . - __,......:+__ ....:__
.... .._-_..:,-__-'-;;-""'-.--... .. .... _--_ _.._.._--_..__._.....L. __ .
.__ __.__ _._ ._. . ._ _.. __ .'_"._ ..__.. __'_A__ .'__'__ _._
,
...... ---.- .. -.- --- "'--"'-- -.-- -- -.- 0"''''''''''- - ..- - - -.................-.
-f------- -..--- - .--.- .
.... ... ... -r-r-.._.........._._-. _.. _...
.... --.----.-.-- ..' --.... - .. .. -..---.-------.. ........-....---- --. -.-...-.-.-.-.....----.-'1-.-..-. - --- .. --_..-......
,
... .c-.. (. '7, '... ... ''"7.;.--.-.-.------.. ....... ', +,-
I
.,. '; t '. ',j \: " I'. e ,.. ,. . Ie t- 'r .
_ _ ,-- , _ _---_._-_..--,,--_ _ .. ,.. ---_._--_ - -----_ _- ---. __._---.-- - +-----_ -._
_A
,
.._...._... __.._._-- ------.-".-,_.. ..__.._.....-.._-----, ---_..
,
. _..'---- ,''''-_.-- .... _._..._.,.
-----_..._-. --,-_.. __ .. ,- ..- ---_ ..._--_.. ,.-_._.--------.. --_.--_._---._---._.__.__...- _.._-----_._--...----._----..._-.._----.----.- .-----;.._...-.---...- ..----_.,.. ----.- ._.-..._--.
---.- ------.-_._._..-..---_..-_...- ..-..-_._-----...-._... _-_.._._..._-_. __.. .._... __.. ...__. __._---.- ._-_._-_.. - ----..__._----_.-----_.--------_... _.-- ..--.---- .... -- .... --....-.-- .. --- --_....----..--
--- --- -------.- _---- ----._--, - - --_..- .------- - _ __._._-_._..--_ __..-..---.,.. .--.-.-._---.._-,.. _ ..
._._,-,--.. ....._..._,_...-,...',_._-_......-...,..." .. ..
--------A-
!
,
-_... ""---,.. .'-'--...-.... _._.. __.-..._. __..... ..-.+,-_... _._.,-,.. .... .. ... _.._
.. _.... .. \
. .
.._-:...-------.-.-.---....-....--':--..- ..-.. .. -_.----- .- -..-...--------- -- ---.-.
1-.,1, t;'f: ..- _..-----------..-_ .. ..------'-' '.".- .------- - .. -.-- -- - -..--. ------- -- -.,.- -- --- -",.. --.. -.-t- .
i,;----------- " ..---- ------..----..---------- -..-.-.'",- - ..-- -..,..-- -.-- --.-..-.-..- --- - --------..- _---.- _-..---- - .'-------, -t---------..--------..-------..- ..
!
---.--.. ..------.-..--.-.-.-':------.-.. .. ..-..----..--------..
I" .
----_._-------+.__.__.,.. _-----._.. _._.... _-------
;
(
/ \
...-"-.._'--_--_..__ _..__.. ..._.. ......l.hhAh__ __ __U.. .. __'..
-------.-------.---.--.-' r-j' .,'::" ," ..-------. ';.:, I, " \'." "
; ;1 ,y rr : ',,'./ \ \
\
-------.---..----.-..--- ..- --..-.--.. ------ --"---- --.,,.-..--.,- ,,- , - - - ....- -..-- -.. -..-..-.. t -,--, ----..-.. ".. -..--_ -.
I :
_., _.._._._._ __ -..-..__.._,." ,--+- .. ,,--_._,-,- -
I
,
.b Z __ .... _"'''
,,-------
-- ---.----- ----- --1'-------- --. ----------- ---------------..-----.
I
i
T
-- --..- --- --- -- -- -------.-. --i- --. -----..----, -"
....-- --..---- -.. - --------,--. ---.. --t
I
-.- ----
I
I
--- -- - - __ ._."_ _._. . _ __ ._ - , __ __ __ __ ._._ -.-.-.
I
'._' __ '_. _.-- --,-- --. ,.-- ---4.-- ..-... - -. -.-.. _
... ._._. __. ... __ . l
... __..-._._-----,._-_._._--,_.. _.- _. __...._._---,--, _._.. .._-_._.._------_._---_.- ._. -'- ' ..-'- "-' .-_.'-,----- ._.. - ..__..
! .
i
. _. --".'--"-'-"'-' ....:
... _, __ ....,, __ .. __.. " ...._,J... ........ _.
".__ .. " .._..._.. --. __._-- - '-"--,. -- ._-.......--_." ...."....----.",----.
"_ ,_._,__ _._. __ __._, _._ ...... _ ..... A; _
": ... '-:.-- r' .... -..._.. A..
!

__... -_._--_._--,_._.. ; "
.- ..,,-... --.----.-- ... ----, -_.....-. .. .. ---'.---'."
3' \.
---_._.---,"'--,--_.._-- .- .-_.. .... _._--_.. .._... .. ... ... . __.,_._... _-_... ------_...-- -_..... ....
: l;' ! .-" '.J . .i. 'j ; .----- --.--.
--..------.------.. j_ .;-;--- ..-.-.------,..._-...-.....-.-_.----...--.-.--.----.. ._-.. -"' -----.,--,. ...--.-------- -- .. --.... -- ...
)
'i.,J'"
- ---- .-- . .-'-- --- - ----- . ----.-._-' -- - - - .---- _. --- - .. .. _----...-_.....----. -- ..
] . l
.. j f." - ,--.- .. _--._.---.- - _-. -.--_ _ _----- ,-.-..--._. - ..- - ..-.__u -. -.'"-. .. -
!
.-- ....- .....--.. ... -.-._...-.... ...--.-.-..._-.- ..-._.. .. -------...-,-.- ._.--- .--.--.. ......-.. .._. --'.- i--------
j
-.-------.----'---'-'-_.- ..p----..-._-_.-_. .... ..-- .... --_. ..-- ..,--.--- -- -----.---.. ..__.-..-..---- __ .....- ..._..----.--.... --'-'.- "--'-'1
..-- -i ..,f:'::" 'j i i' .. -h_---rhh_--h-.-'--_.-h-'
___", , .__._______ .. . .,......4---.-, . I
'<:f f ' -----vr j v d f\Y;'1f1t. t
t t "( .-. 'i '.'" v, ,,..., 'I' 1 /
----...--_.._-----,._.._-_.. ..--'--"'---'--"
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.-,
<,
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/ \,
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. -'- /"
- - ... ....-._- .--_ ... -.- .. -_....--.-...' ... --._.-._.._-- --_.._-- -_ .. ... ...._-. __ .....----_._-----_.__._--
1
-....--..--.' ....----- - -- ...-.---...-._.. ",--- --..._.._-,-- -,------... -.-.. ...
- .-- ..-,'.---.,...,.-..". "---'-'--- ... __. _v._. _._ .. ----. --.- ---...---..---.------.-. __ .. .. .. __.-.--------.--._-
I
,
... - -.-.. ----..---.--------.-.--.--.-----.. --.. .. ----.. ----.. ..
..-.....--.---.. ---.--.--..-.-.-.--... --..-.--.----.. ---------.--.--..-..---....-------.--.---.------------------------------------t------------------
I
..... _..-.._._._.__ ..-_... ..__.._---_.._------_._-._.__ .._-----_.. --_..----_.__ .. ..__ ... .. ..
i
- .- ----..-. -- -.-_. - - -.-- _ ..--. -...--.- _..-._.. -- ---..- .. .. -----.-.---.-.. -.---------1-----------..-....--- -.-.---
..-r'- --..- _._..- .--.-.----. ---. -.---- ..
I
s;)_ .__ . -.lr, .......-.. .-.1:-:--.-::
l 07J.Q6Y", rr-; i
-.--.- .....--- ..-. - =- ...:
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Q
GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES
HAILEYBURY SCHOOL OF MINES
GE-3.01: 3rd Year M. & G.
INDEX
(Title Page)
Sodalite = 3NaAISi0
4.NaCI
1 page ............... Na
4AI 3CI(Si04)3
_ Nepheline . NaAISi0
4
... 2 pages
_ Sphene
................. caTiSio
S
1. page
-Topaz .................. (F,OH)2 . 1 page Al
2Si04
.
- Zircon .............. ZrSl.O4 2 pages
3NaAISi
30S.NaCI
& 3caAl
2Si20S.cac03
1 page
'"--Apatite .... CaS(F, CI, OH) 1 page
0,
(P0
4)3
Beryl ....... Be
3Al 2
(Si0
3)
6 . 2 pages
Tourmaline (Na,Ca) (Li,Mg,AI) (AI,Fe,Mn)6(B0
3)3(Si601S)
(OH) 4 2 pages
Rhodochrosite MnCO4 -................ 1 page
Bari te ..... BaSO.
4
...... 1 page
Celestite SrSO4 1 page
Zeolites (stilbite) .. caA12si701S.7H20 2 pages
co
o
o
o
0'\
()
//
r-4
o
"
GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES
HAILEVBURY SCHOOL OF MINES
\0 ..
. 3rd Year (GE..301) . .
v
4
Al
P <Sf0
4)3
[!CtJaAI f,Lc.G Hurl. p,
=3 NaA1Si0
4.NaCl
(not a mixture of nepheline. &common salt
molecules).
This mineral is also a feldspathoid (see nephelinQ).
ystemof crystallization. Crystals are rare (dodecahedrons);
usua1ly occurs in shapeless grains.
.. " 'AtJ't, .
Corrrno,
blue to dark blue); may be white. greenish. If)

Streak - white.
like feldspars &nepheline).
little less than nepheline).
transparent.
_
Cleavage - dodecahedral (not prominent).
ract - uneven to poorl3'*conchoidal.
vitreous. greasy
us bility - sodalite blowpipe with bubbling
to a colourless glass. Colours the flame yellow -- why?
o
Fluorescent in ultra-violet light.
Occurrence - as a comparatively rare rock-forming mineral with nepheline,
and albite in syenite rocks; also in trachytes, phonolites.
etc.
Additional Notes
Regarding your filing sequence -- see the accompanying printed INDEX
(Title-page).
CI
...
o
...
...
--.r- pt..'1t)I\J\'c. tOU(S! (.OMiE LAVAS.
GIl
ASSo,. .. r (1 )
Il rvt"';Ntt/ I
lAr( ilt,$ Vtc, \,4 Vt'(J.S
__ .-) - PlfecAO\lS . .
'\ -
( . ) \, 'C
"--- 11_ t..., Is LA.z.IN\..;t= Mw'"'T *1 C60JF'<f.tSO.
------..
..
. ./
t.(. 'Y.2

..---.'--...,-..--=---
---..... , - - , ~
---- -- ~ - -
C)"
r;:
SCIENCES .
HAILEYBURY SCHOOL OF MINES
3rd Year (GE-301)
J
p, 451
O.D.M. p.
A small varying of KprOXies for Na.
Nepheline is a fe1dspathoid'mineral so-called because it accompanies
or takes the place of the feldspars in making of special kinds of igneous
rocks. Another feldspathoid mineral ts s6dalite. The feldspathoid
mi nera1s (nepheline, 1euet te. sodalite, nose1i te & hauyni te) are far 1ess
CORmon than the fe1dspars., -
Rocks: Nepheline and sodalite syenites) Consult your TEXTS
, Nepheline syenites - Phonolites) and REFERENCES
.
- almost invariably massive in irregular grains like
quartz; nepheline rarely shows distinct crvstalform in short
. hexagona1 pri sms ,( rare)
Cleavage: is weakly .FlIt\lrt..
Fract.ure:conchoidal like quartz. I j!,.:. 're
. .
ike feldspar). . ..
pproximate1y. . . .,

common colour 1ig ark; less
reddish or brown'sh;
Translucent.' " '
_:.. vitreous with a cast,
Resemb1ence
J.
, The small glassy grains of nepheline in igneous rocks (e.g.
syenite) are likely to resemble quartz; quartz is slightly harder.
. .... The. following clue is valuable in arousing suspicion of its
presence in rocks. Nepheline is easily susceptible to weatherfng, .
which l"esu1 ts i,n the weathered surface of a nepheline-bearing rock
'being marked with innumerable small pits which have been etched out.
The final decision should be based on the characteristic chemical
tests for nepheline or ,quartz. c:>
...
:>
:>
....
CI) and nepheline are only in cases found together.
.- '.. Nepheline quartz A1bfte' .
t!!.W!_ Si0
4
+ 2Si0
2
........ Na A1 5;308
wllitAAflT'Z.- Nepheline is found only in rocks whose magma contained
. insufficient silica to combine with soda to form feldspar (e.g. albite).
Nepheline is found in crystalline rocks with feldspar (albite),
biotite. leucite, sodal1te, etc.
Uses: Iron-free nepheline is used in the glass industry. It has about
15 other uses.
Cont'd on page 2
o .""" I>!TI!llSlI/if OJ! , P'CoMATiJf-S
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GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES
HAILEYBURY SCHOOL OF MINES
3rd Year (GE-301)
J Nephe11net Cont' d Page2 of 2
Additional Notes
1. See: Nepheline Syenite Deposits of Southern Ontario by D.F. Hewitt.
Volume LXIX. Part 8. 1960; pages 10 & 180. 181, 182.
2. See: Other REFERENCES _... organize your own listing.
3. Regarding your filing sequence -- see the accompanying printed INDEX
(T1 tle-page).
JAA'; I t.lIIIJA, DlI..

f s.p IN Of
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-
GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES /'/
HAIlEYBURY SCHOOL OF MINES
t
3rd Year (GE*301)
:J
(Titan1tel
Hurl. p,
O.D.M. p.
CaO.Ti0
2.S102
Crystallography: The crystal form of titanite varies
considerably, but it often shows an acute edge from which ft',gets
Sh! The Greek word ,' sphene' , means wedge. ' ",
rR."MA11C., TA0fllARtI _ __ .'
Colour:
_lIIit yellow,. ; rarely gf7een or pink. '
. whitt Or 11 ht gray
.Lustre: _.reasy. vitreous .
H.. ; -t.., ;'.5 S.G... 3,5
. "
./:
Tenacity: brittle.
Parting may be eVident. '.. .
e - DisriNt! ll\( '2.. 0Itt ., FAlr! (U\i M.O'(HEtL
Fusibil1ty:' sphene fuses with intumescence to a yellow., brown. or black
, 91' S5 . . .' , .
, '
Phosphor salt (microcosmic sa1t) bead test: sphene gives a vfolet bead
tn the R.F., (tt-tin1umh' $eeHurlbut. ' .
. .
peroxide) test: Fuse the R'!1neral with sodt'urn carbonate.
, ' in equal amounts. of concentrated sulphuric acid and
=:J
, water. When the solution is cold, dilute it and add a few
. drops Of hydro,en peroxide. The $101 utton will become yelloW .
. , to amber in co our. '
ftJVttltJtJMQJT- ',' ' , '
Oecurrence: frequintly as crystals in deposits with $capolite. apatite,
etc. in crystalline limestone. Also as crystals embedded in
. metamorphic rocks .. gneiss. and chlorite schist. In peglllat1tes.
o
...
Use: As a or use as a pafnt pigment (white)_ T10
2'
o
.,
is used to give a natural colour- to false teeth. '
, -6. rw RA- '
/tIr
HoWever the cOntJldn minerals from which titanium is obtained CD
comnerc1allyare ilmenite, FeTf0
3
(FeO.Tf0
2);
rutile, 110
2
;
and arizonite, Fe203.3 11
2"
,
Additional Notes ' .
1. !ie:"' TlTARtuM -, Its Occurrence, Chemi'stry t and Technology by Jelks
. Barksdalej.2nd Editioh. 691 pages; in main Library.
See: GEOLOGY OF'TITANIUM AND TITANIFEROUS DEPOSITS OF CANADA by
Rose; Economic Geology Report No. 25; 177 pages; in main
l fbrary.' ", '
, .
'2. Regarding your filing sequence ..... see the accompanying printed INDEX
(Title-page). '

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GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES

HAILEYBURY SCHOOL OF MINES

o
3rd Year (GE-30l)
Crystal 1,
ounded

Hurl. p.
O.D.M.p.
I Topaz occurs almost always as crystals
pr1sms and dipyramids; often nearly as square prisms
with base; seldom in massive or fibrp.us forJJ1. ,
1lt6et( 1"0 M60 sot.Ae 6-IJOKtrtldILS ttl? TC) rl.:10 '"'N
Cleavage:, The perfect basal cleavage 0 topaz is one of
ts mas c aracteristic properties. Therefore it will yield plates
with very smooth faces.
Colours: usually rarely yellow t or white. or bluish.
Transparent, rarely white translucent.
H (Moh;s scale) i!:,' S.G. 3.5 III
Lustre ' 2 and brilliant.
Infusible
Occurrence:
Topaz is not a common or important rock-forming mineral, but it
is very interesting, since it is particularly characteristic of
the pneumatolytic stage in the formation of igneous rocks. It
occurs as crystals in miarolitic cavities of granites. also in
()
pegmatites and in fissures of the country rock; it has been
found in gneiss, and cavities in rhyolite.
fJ 6"MA ----*-
Association: with cassiterite. beryl, apatite.
fluorite, etc.
Distinction: it may resemble quartz but can be distinguished by cleavage.
and chemical tests, and H (Moh's scale).
Uses: 1. Used as dIIIIIIIIIIr.
:>
..
2. The sherry yellow and pink varieties which
::>
show fire areused
::>
..
D
Additional Notes
Regarding your filing sequence
(11 tle-page)
. WGI?Y
TOPA1- l
/ )
/
-- see the accornpanying printed INDEX
. I
.
. I
. 1
fJ
PA1 .1 r TaMS ArID./T U.s
rr 1St-! , A IUAL- .
.'1,,\
, .. : . ~ ". '.. .."...
. ,""!':.;, .
"",
. ,::"
0:
{ ..
. ~ , '
\ ...
J

j"}
.
o
o
o
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ex>
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"--.,
, SCIENCES
HAILEYBURY SCHOOL OF MINES
3rd Year (GE-301)
i-
Hurl.'p.
__ . t ..
O.D.M.p.
a?r I +1iWJ 7? ' - 6U,"6DAAL.-l.t 1)10 MPI1'P&.l kT/..S
Foul1<:l as crystal s of th .... . . . usually showing a simple
combination of prism an dipyramid of the 1st order; base is very rare;
occasionally found in irregular grains.. '," .
Name the f 0 11 owi ng faces oii zi rcon crys ta Is :
la l_
Ipl_
......
Im'.;.
IXI_
IU
I_
Physical Properties
H = S.G. =
Colour: mostly some shade of DECltlA SHih as slate Iilail. ; H!l:b bi 0"";
b;"O'''P) ahl , yellow, IS lavendar-gray, j &
rarely green or colourless.
Streak: white or light gray.
Lustre: vitreous, adamanttne.
Diaphaneity: usually translucent, but may be transparent; opaque.
fracture; brittle.
the tAN .,At1iAlL.'(
ACfZVl;
Occurrence
Zircon is very widely distributed as an accessory constituent in all types
of igneous rocks, but especially in granite, granodiorite, syenite, and
monzonlte. It is very common in nepheline syenite.
The crystals are usually small. .
It occurs as loose crystals in placer sands often with gold; also with
diamond. It is thus found in rounded grains.
Found in: many metamorphic rocks such aS,gneisses and schists, and
crystalline limestones.
Remarks
Zircon is one of the very earli:est minerals to crystallize from a magma,
and therefore it is enclosed in many other rock minerals (idiomorphic);
see Text p. . .
Zircon is similar in appearance to cassiterite, Sn0
2;
see Text p,
,
1. As a gem when transparent. The high index of refraction gives zircon
a lustre'and fire that in some stones compares favourably with diamonds;
see your Texts. G<,
2. As a source of (refractofy):
ItNI WAP'A1
00tJ
.
ltJ . l'N RAc(O\(.,S
-,
; , :GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES,
f1AtLEYBURY SCHOOL OF MINES'; ,

'3rd Year (GE-301)
. ' '
iircon-cont. Page 2 of 2
Idiomorphic " .. " - - .:: ',;,i '.'; " " ,
A general term appl ted to forms 'of igneous rock - mineraJswhich are
completely bounded by crystal faces pecul tar to the spectes =E,u'hedral.
You place an approprtate d,iagram be]ow.
. '
Additional Notes
1. See: INDusTRIAL MINERALS AND ROCKS - S.W. Mudd Series; 3rd Edition;
934 pages; in main Library, and, M. &G. Prep. Lab.
INDEX - use page 934 as follows:-
Zircon
Zirconium
Zirconium ores
2. See: MINERAL ,FACTS AND PROBLEMS - Bulletin 630; U.S. Dept. of the Interior;
1118 'pages; in main Library, and, M. & G. Prep. Lab.:
INDEX - use page 1118 as follows:-
Zircon
ZircOhium ' ;,'f<,, '
Also see Bulletin 650; 1291 pages; inmain Liiir;ary..
:/.';:

3. Regarding your filing sequerice-- see the accompanying printed INDEX
(Tit1 e - page). ' " . ';,'
.... "il4l vf lr-lOIX ;1 slC tel..t"'T \liS flE'RJoJ ..::.". A,
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l


. - GEOLOGlCAl ..SClENCES .. .
HAILEYBURY SCHOOL OF MINES
3rd Year (GE-301)
.
. . Hurl. p.
JrP
( O.D.M. p
. . '.' ....{3NA A1S1
30SNaCl
} rd, C '1/\ I(ll g. Q ..<,C t 1111
. Q.) '1 1Jt,"j I 3 1
10
2.4- f.Al1) .
3 Ca A125128' CaCO3 . .. 61( .
Hence: . 3 \1atl To '? Os
3 fonnlila we1p,hts(f.w.) of a1bite 1 e.. of halite .
3 '(f.w.) of anarthfte + 1 f of calci te ..... II
. .
The name scapol1te designates a group (,f minerals be1ong1ng to an
series (like the feldspars), Therefore its composition is varied.
See your Texts: mar-ialite ' .' "
_ varies gray. .. , Sii
. . . 'greenish and bluish C. .I.
Lustre: vitreous. silky. greasy; fresh.
Diaphane1'ty: . transparent to translucerlt .
H S.Q.. "2..5
.us.uapy $quAre prisms. and low _ .
fnTexts. also massive, .
1-) Fusib1lfty: fuses, mostly with intumescence (strong bubbling), to a
wh1te blebby glass and colours flame yellow (why?). . .....
-::
................,; to distinguish scapolfte feldspar or I ltght
:lfAvN1E oiSlleJt.1 pyroxene (diopsfde). . .
. Scapolite is distinguished by hav1ng.crystals in the form of a
square prism. or an e1ght-s1(fed set formed bf two square prisms
parallel to each of which there is fa1r cleavage. This gives
four cleavage directions at 45
0
fLt.{(>(WC-e '{eu.ow. .'

f04
Occurren: e es crystals are assoc ated apatite. .
o
fit
CD
mfca, calcite. zircon. etc in depo$1ts in crystalline .
limestone formed through the action of contact metamorphism
of an intruded igneous rock see several References.
\
SCap.ol1te a1so occurs in schists. gneisse.s. and anlph1bOl1tes
probably derived in many cases by of plag1oc1ase
feldspars. .
Name Wernerfte after an early German mineralogist. .
Scapolite from the Greek meaning a shaft, in allusion to the
pri$m8tfe habit of the crystals.
Use Gems from Madagascar; see your Texts.
Additional Notes .
f11ing sequence -- see the accompanying printed INDEX

(Ti tl e-page). . \

!
, I
( '0
"'---.>o[) 1
1
'(JtJ
lb ? f;>
1'-= =-

CAUiTG V-

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MAte.ll\U1
f
Me.totJ
i
1
lG

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9'w3, - -;S3-s-:::O-ff
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(J"'
roe1 odV:J$,',

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S7Y
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!
f ..
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i
<z: - --- .
... ..........'
...-_ -. -.- _- -. -
-------.----. --.---.---.-.----.-.----------...-- --- .. -.. ::.:- --. --. .....
--------.-------.---.-.-- ---..-------.---.-------.-------.--.-.-....-- - --.---.'-' - "-- ----;;t= /Sf;;,?"---'-':' --.. . .
- --.----- -.- .. ---.-.- - - .
c' .,,:: - .
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--..--... --._-_. *tt11ifJJr}l9 ( .':':- .. - .. i"---- .;'," -t-;- - __u ._...
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-.-..--._-----
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1\
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--.--- ' ,"' __ --, __,__,___ .-0.---...._..._'.... __.. _. __.._._. ._.. __ __...._..._.. .. -.,-... ...-i-.-.------...
I ..
...
..... -- -. .. -. "C'/ ---.-----.--.--- -.-.-.-.--.---.- ----- -----t--__- .. ..
!
... - -... ...-_.-.--. __.-.. -_.-._-----.----_.t--.-.-.. _;--.-._.__ .....
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....-- ........- ... - ... i

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w tJJO?
...... ...... pL_
... . .L -.------ '. . .-.-t-----tf-..----
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...............-. -
.:.
?
GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES
HAILEY BURY SCHOOL OF MINES
A5
3rd Year (GE-301)
CaS(F, Cl, OH)(P04)3
Hurl. p, ::f0q
o,D.M. p.
Apatite is recognized usually by it............... It commonly
occurs in long six-sided prisms by
low pyramids; also in short stout hexagonal prisms, often with
numerous modifying faces frequently capped by a basal pinacoid.
There are also massive forms - granular to compact.
imperfect cleavage parallel to
IS scale). It can be scratched by a knife, but not easily.
e:
S.G. r2
Lustre: vitreous to resinous.
Colour: common colour is some shade of green (sea-green or bluish green);
also reddish, brown, yellow, black, sometimes violet, colourless
to white.\
\
Distinction from beryl
-:
Apatite Ber.vT
Hardness 7.5 - 8
Acid
I
Dissolved by HCl
or HN0
3
acids
Not acted on by
acids.
Form Hexagonal prlsms Hexagonal prisms
Apatite scratches with a knife or beryl doesn
It.
Occurrence
1. Apatite is an accessory constituent in many igneous rocks (granite,
etc.), sedimentary rocks (limestone, etc.) and metamorphic rocks.
2. Apatite also occurs in pegmatites, and in veins.
C>
3. With some ores of iron (magnetite iron ore of Sweden); and with
C>
ores of tim.
C>
....
co
4. In places apatite occurs in commercial quantity as masses in
crystalline limestone, and in veins and irregular pockets where
igneous rocks have intruded limestone.
Uses .
-l.-Fertilizer -- "without phosphates plant life cannot survive".
2. Phosphorus for incendiary bombs.
Additional Notes
Regarding your filing sequence -- see the accompanying printed INIJEX
(Title-page).

( )
\
\ )
'- .
C ' - - ~
-, )
.<..:" .
J
I
. . , ~ ~ ' .
" -. . ~
$
GEOlOGICAL SCIENCES
OF MINES
o
:. : 1.1 ':if' 'l;' i/'Q.'J!'J1..I T
" ." .'1. I
; :.1 "j '.i' :'('; f'
,
Be Al Si
-;01.4-
I: 3 2 6 18
".'1- .'
=3 BeO.A1
203.6
S10
2
Beryl is almost 'always :in distinct crystals: and usu.ally; in forms easy' .
to recognize. ", , , '"
-,' ..,' ',1:-,'-
Crystallography: 'The,crysta'1s"are hexagonal 'prisms terininated 'W1th: base:'
study your several' :Texts; a1so..ri1ass1-ve \,' ...., "
r It 'i .the lly' have
a1 planes.' .
,? : .; , " i: .!
/..-." .. ..
to translucent.
Usually some shade of green.
1. Common beryl: bluish green.
2. I j , It clear mountain-green beryl.
3.1[ tta deep emerald-green.
4. Morganfte. or rose beryl: pale pink to deep rose.
5. Golden beryl: clear golden-yellow.
o
practically infusible before the blowpipe.
Occurrence: Usually in gran1ticrocks with feldspar and quartz. as a
drusy lin1ngin geodes; common in pegmatite dikes. Also in mica
schists. bituminous limestones. etc.
Association: With fluor spar. tounmaline. cassiterite. etc.
o
Distinction from Apatite:
...
o
o

II>
Bervl AUG I.; .f!!
,
H: 7.5 - 8 H: 5 (Moh's scale)
Not acted on by acids Dissolves in HN0
3
&He1 acids
H
2SO4
added --... CaSO4
(a copius white ppt.)
Hexagonal prisms
-
Hexagonal prisms
... Cdrttl,d, on page 2
(
!
,
i
.,{.:\....
Ii
JAJlOOJ(}3l)
'11ft 1 :l ,,:')rll.: "" l.l?,' r\l:L .
I '. ."' "'G'EULWltAl' j':s,; IENCES
, ,- " ,'. OF MINES
; #. ,,-,
, 3rd Year (GE-301) ,
; . , ....
. ....
.
, Ber,yl ,: cont I d. page 2 of 2
..
r .. I.'
Use: 1. Gem stone of various colours.
2. The principal ore of beryllium.
Druse: . Acrysta111zed -crust lining' the sides: of a cavity.. ..':
""'l -c-, ...... '
Additional Notes ,
OF CANADIAN BERYLLIUM DEPOsiTS by Robert ..: ,
Economic Geology Report No.23i in main Library.
see: GEOCHEMISTRY OF BERYLLIUM by A.A. Beus i Edited by loR. Page ,
,i ' ' : 1965 t ' 401 pages; 'in main' .Li brary .; .: . . ... : '. .< : :.;... ...
2. Regarding your f11ing sequence -- see INDEX.;:
(Tf tl e-page). , ... , ..
: 1..
, '" " . .. ! .
" '
..;. ...
{
" i
'" . -
.!;
-, -': , "Lj :. r;;
"i' ;
] .-
.

;. :. .... i. ., .-- ........ -...

" "

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. .'
. , - .. :
.'.
' ;..
"1 a f l '. ,
,
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:" ': '; r :
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: ", .
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. .... ..
. ..
,.. 0'
""-." ..- _.. .'
" ",.".-. .... ,:;:...:..; ! . .
':' (.
(j

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-:
(
\
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- ---. - ._- ""0 -- ----t- .. - -.__.. -.
(" ..
..=- .
-- - .
--. -"-"
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.--.---.-.----.-.--.-.--..-.-.----.--.-----..---.-- _.__. __.__.. __ u ___. u__.- ---- --..- -.-.. - - -.- .


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.,
. ._" _._ ."_ - ..",,_.........
....-.. -.- -.... -.-- -.. -- J;."....,..;rff5T

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- .-......--- .
---------.. .. r --
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., _n .
-.- :-_.- . " -- -.-.-- -.. -._-..--..- -- -..- -- ..-,,. .n.,. . _ "n
- -..:- -- -.- -- .

I
--.--------.-..-.-- --- --.----.---- --- ----------------------------i---..-..---.-- -.--.

------..--.--.------.-.----..-
i
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< .. Uu . ...n nn , uu _
)
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.... .... ..... _- .. .. ..
.......-. . -
... . . _., _._-_.\S ,-- .. --- -..----- --, -.- -- -- --- __ .w-._..n_t--- .. - ,--.. ---.
........ u ..

.. ' .. , _...... . _ _ _ _ __ , _ _.__ __ __ _ .._ _+-
i
--."-""--"__.".. . _0 ..

i ' I

. ,
-----.. -...--.----,- -_. _.-.----.---.-----.. -- ...-.------.-,-_.. ------.-.------.-.. -._-_._._... -,.--'- -_...-.- --- ._-_. -_ .."-_.._..----..... ..... '---'---"-" ----.--.---.. ---.-.---- -- ---"---. --'-. ------r ... -... .---_.,-,. --'._-,''''-'-''. --, -_..
.... .. .. .. --------..- ---- -- ;
...... .....J\. ,. . .-...-.. ,---- .. - - - ; _- .. _1

\._.. _.. L.. .._-.----.. --..... -----
. .
1'--.
.. .. .. ....:-1....;;::;-&.. - -- -._ - -- _._ -- -..----
l
)'
(:fl
--'.-.. -- ,
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-. i- .

)
.... -.+). .tiii;).r
.. .-......-.-. ::.n._ -.'.--.' _ , n..
--.
--- -.-- .-.- ... -..,
.
... ....
...-.. m _. .
r
... .
. . . ...... . .. ....- . ...............
r
(
... -.- .....
- I
... '" ...
j
'hmh h.- ... -.-.-.-----.h------.h .. .. _.....-.o
h
.n. .. ---0- ... - ...
, . .. i I
__ ,._..__ .. . _ '. __ .__... __ . ._k.. __ ..__ .. .__. .. __ ._. ,__. .".. ._.._:_..j..----.--.. ..__ __. ,_. __.__
Haileybury School of Mines

GE 301

Geological Sciences
Hurl. 3
. Fe
2
+ can substitute for Mn
2
+,fOrming' a complete solid solution serie.s
between rhodochrosite and siderite.. Ca, Mg and Zn may also substitute'
forMn. . .
. . Physical Properties
'. .
7 ; . Msystem .... rarely in crystals, which commonly
have curve aces; usually or compact, but
cleavable
tP
Cl eavage- perfect on (1011) .' ;. fragi 1e .
Hardness: 3. -:5 - 4.0 .
S.G.: 3J(
Lustre: vitreous to pearly
Diaphaneity: transparent to translucent
:). Colour: usually a shade of red or pink; may be light pink to
dark brown
Infusible
Distinguishing Characteristics
.. ..
.M g.' ndrhombohedral cleavage; hardness helps distinguish it
. from r odorri te;
Occurrence'
Relatively rare, occurring in hydrothermal veins with., -Pb, Cu and_
Mn ores; rarely in pegmatite's & &
I.I"l
N')


Found in 9 ; Saxony, Argentina,-,. '(mined as a

South Africa, Spain, France, U.S.S.R.
"
Uses
--Mi'nO! .
. I ; g.. .
\
e6/llil l.'e%.
"'--__ .-4 ,I
Name Tc:t::>r-
etif .
Derived from Greek words
c
... " .' ..""'j
\ .
..,. t
}
.'. \
",
':3' .
.j,'
{'; .../ :
",'f.:;'.'
("I; .'
, .
; I r .: ,"
2
\ },
.'. ,;
:.. '
it "'.,'.' "
,.
.'
"j'
,.
, I,.,
q,
..,
. t- "."; j,,;" :.J t,.
."! ; : ,.:;;., .
r\:." -, ... ...j f j, n) '"
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t" \, !N1,,;, ' .. ,u.:l: .j j.J
/ ... J j'
(' :JJ
o
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"'.."
." .. c: \!. i 1 "
--l
1- .-.'... .... \c.
!
i
. _ ._.rl ,_. .. . ._., _" ."' _" .,.rl'", _ ,. _.' .,.. , . .. '" .__ ._ ,.. < __ . _ .. ' __ ' ' , ". _" .,_,_. _._-...._, _ ."'"..,.- __..... .. _,_,__" "._" r'" ... . ...,.. rl. __
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0


GEOLOGICAL SCINCES
SCHOOL OF MINES
- .' . v'( ....; '<""'i lit , ;.. r
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WX3B3A13(A1Sf209)3(O, OH. F)4' Where -
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W Na, Ca; X:I A 1 Fe . Li 9 .
Consult your respective Texts; re CompoJit1on.
The, colour is varied depending upon the composition.
Varieties:
1. COlll11on tounnaline (schorl1te schor1) is black" It 1$ Ir\' "ron
tourmaline. It is the commonest kind. It'is often found'in
granites; occas1onal1y in quartz veins,,_
Black needles; prisms or clusters of prisms; 'sometimes in'
radiating groups (sunburst) which are characteristic.
2. ,Brown tounnal1ne is a magnesium variety.
3. sem1-prec1ous gem stones:
w red or pink stones, .'
emerrlds (tourmaline) - green coloured stones.
- dark blue stones. .
4. ! or colourless.
Crys tallography:
Usually (ound in prismatic crystals, often bounded by three
sides, sometimes by sb
J
also by nine.
Long trigonal-shaped prisms; frequently rounded. The crystal
faces are usually striated vertically.
Draw, and 1abel.the Figure
Structure:
Crystals; radiating groups; massive kinds commonly shOw a columnar
structure; some varieties are compact.
,
H- I 5.6,.
., crystals occur in the colour varies in different
parts --- e4g. pink at one end and green at the other; pink centre
surrounded by green border. . .
Distinction:, ,
Frequently mistaken for bla.ek amphibole (hornblende). Tourmaline
has no cleavage. Reea11 the c'eavage of amphibole (hornblende) -.
consult your "Texts.
Boron .. see appropriate References.
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Conttd on page 2
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, '.,.' tEOLOGICAL' SCIENCES
SCHOOL OF MINES

3rd Year (GE-301)
;.
Tourmaline, cont'd Page 2 of 2 '
1,,1 I.e"
Occurrence:
An accessory mineral in pegmatite dikes, occurring with granitic
intrusions. It h l very.conmon and characterfst1c: mineral formed
by pneumatolyt1c action through the agency of vapours 'carrying
bOl"On and fluorine. It may be deposf ted in the country rock "
surrounding pegmatites. It ,also is found fn gn,1sse$. schists.
andcrystallfne limestones - especially the b1ack tounnal1ne.
Comnon in high temperature ve1l1s with schee1'fte. CaS0
4;
e.g.
the lonetime' deeper levels of the Hollinger. '
Strongly pyroelectric - consult 10ur Texts.
Pneumatolys1s) Consult your various Texts a other References
Pneurnatolytic. ) ,
Additional Notes '
Regarafng your ffling sequence see the accompanying printed INDEX
(Tftle-page). . '
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GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES
o
HAILEYBURY SCHOOL OF MINES
3rd Year (GE-301)
Witherite. BaC0
3)
. Hurl. p.
O.D.M. p,
Barite is also called "barytes". i1heavy spar". or "baryta,l.
It is the chief mfneralof barium. .
Occurrence
'1. Barite occurs commonly in veins with ores; often with galena.
It is thus a gangue mineral. A barfte fraction could be removed
.1f flotation1s employed. .
2. Bar1tealso forms in veins in certain rocks.
progerttes . .
4.5.n account of its high density it is often called "heavy spar".
Crystal.habit: flat tabular forms are cormton. The "habit" varies
considerably, because some crystals are elongated tn the
vertical directi,on. Orthorhombic.
Cleavage:perfect cleavage parallel to the base; prismatic cleavage is
a1so perfect. ..
Note the.similarity with Celestite for crystallization and
cleavage.
Structure: barite also occurs in granular fOnm5. globular (rosettes).
fibrous. concretions. etc.
o
Colours: usually white, colourless; impurities cause a wide range in
colour such as lemon-yellow, yellowish brown, pale greenish blue,
pale green, gray (black), and yellowish white; even frregular
reddish iron stains.
Lustre: vitreous, pearly.
H: 3.0 ... 3.5.
J!.!!!: 1. As an adulterant in white paint.
. 2. As a filler 1n paper and cloth. .
3. Barium meals in medical radiology
. 4. In making glass.
Co
... 5. Its biggest use is in making a slUdge with a high S.G. in
o
o
Oil-Well Dr1lling.
II'l
aD
Flame colour - consult your TEXT.
2. SOvercoin(Hepar reaction).
Additional Notes . .
your filing sequence ... - see the accompanying printed INDEX
(Title-page). .. . .
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GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES
HAILEYBURY SCHOOL OF MINES
o
3rd Year ( G E ~ 3 0 1 )
._0
4,
Hurl. p,
O.D.M. p,
An essential constituent of celestite is strontium. Strontium
is the source of the red flame in fireworks. It is also used for
tracer bullets and signal flares. Strontium salts are also used
in the refining of beet sugar.
Celestite is the chief ore of strontium but Stronianite,
SrCO , is also an important ore.
3 Barium is also present in Celestite (isomorphism).
Celestite closely resembles barite in appearance. Both
minerals have similar crystallization and appearance.
Physical Properties
Crystallization-Orthorhombic. The crystals like those of barite, are
sometimes flat platy masses. .
Cleavage - perfect basal cleavage; prismatic cleavage is less prominent.
Structure - crystals, cleavable grains; massive, fibrous.
Colour - commonly white, light sky-blue; there is a brick red variety.
Lustre - vitreous to pearly on cleavage surfaces.
H: 3 - 3.5.
S.G. 4 approx.(a little less than barite, 4.5 approx.).
0,
Association &Occurrence
1. Celestite is often associated with limestone, gypsum, rock salt,
clay, or sandstone, of various geological ages. Sometimes
large masses are deposited from sea water with anhydrite.
2. Occasionally as a gangue mineral in metallic veins with galena and
sphalerite. . '
3. At times in veins -- in its own right, in contrast to 'gangue' above.
(i) Representing concentration by circulating (ground =meteoric)
water in some limestones.
(ii)Hydrotherma1 veins - e.g. in Onto
Flame Test: Consult your TEXT.
Additional Notes
Regarding your filing sequence -- see the accompanying printed INDEX
(Title-page). .
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Hai1eybury School of Mines
o
GE 301 Mineralogy and Geology
Hurl. p, 4L,2
These are a we ll-defi ned group of mi nera1s whi ch are b#ra+e
d
;&'77 All
.s'i i I'tWCt!!S Of Jsg calfi"T cbjpf'r . .They have the unique property of
being able to lose part or the whole of their water without change in crystal
structure, and being able to absorb other in place of the water
removed. They are closely related to one another in composition, conditions
. of formatf onv and mode of occurrence. They do, however, comprise a number of
independent specf es of widely varied structure.
. .
Name:. derived from the Greek word meaning to boil, and refers to the
. and apparent boiling that. occurs when these minerals
are heated and water is driven off.
Occurrence: Zeolites are one of the last deposits from magmatic solutions,
or are secondary minerals formed by hydrothermal activity. They are
often the alteration product of feldspar, fe1dspathoids, or volcanic
glass. They are formed in amygdaloida1 cavities, fractures; and
openings in igneous rocks of the gabbro/basalt family. Theya1so
occur in some meta11 i ferous vei ns (aspect ally where the gangue is
cal ci tel, and in hot spri nqs . They are also formed in tuffaceous
sedimentary rocks during diagenesis, or low-grade metamorphism.
NOTE: The occurrence of zeolites in various rock-types is used to
o
define the low-grade metamorphic zone known as the
"zeolite facies".
Zeolites are used in water softeners or II mo1ecu1ar sieves"
Locations: Nova Scotia, New Jersey, Faeroe Islands, Iceland, Austria,
India near Bombay, Scotland, Ireland
1. 0L'1111 b CaA1
2Si
7018' 7H
20.
Monoclinic; usually tabular or in aggregates; cleavage
perfect on (010) ; H - 4; S.G. - 2.1 to 2.2; lustre vitreous to pearly;
colour white, or rarely cream, pink ..
2. JV*n]U.A Na2A12Si301O.2H20

Orthorhombic; crystals usually prismatic and commonly acicular with prism
N)
c:::.
zone vertically striated, often in crystal groups; also fibrous,
c:::.
massive, granular; cleavage perfect on H - 5; S.G. - 2.25; lustre
O)Q
'"
vitreous, colourless or white, rarely tf nted yellow or red
3. llsal&!idl bc:t - CaA12Si7018;6H20
Monoc1iniC;cCr
Yjta1soften
diamond - shaped or trapezoidal tabular; c1:avage
perfect on . 010 ; H - 4 (3 on cleavage surface): S.G. - 2.2; 1ustre Vl treous
to pearly; colour - colourless, white, reddish-orange or less commonly . .
. yellow .
/-,
.:
4. aChU? ; tJ - Ca2A12Si4012.6H20
Hexagonal (rhombohedral);crysta1s_u.;;ually rhombohedrons which are
pseudo-cubes; cleavage poor on (lOll} ; H - 4; S.G. - 2.05 to 2.15; lustre
vitreous; colourless or white, yellow, pink. .
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. MINERALOGY Hand Specimen Test '.' '..
8\
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'. MARKS.
4

4

4
k
4

4
40
4
TRAY NUMBER
0-1
0-2

0-4
0-5
0-6
0-7
D-8
0-9
0-10
Name: "o,A\lf, ,,--'.;__
. . . QUESTION . .
Identify the green-black-pink mineral, its .
. crystal system, and the name of this .
variety if it were gem quality. . .... ...... ' .

"""". . V' .
. Identify the two minerals with a V"
somewhat radiating pattern
A ... e.EU$'\ ;f v
.
Identify the two main minerals present
. .
b -j)lA(<:lA." 0(2 V"'. .
Identify the two black minerals
A7 V
6'; V""
Identify two minerals in this specimen
that were studied this year, and suggest
. what-is unique aboutJPem (e.g..
$oPA':;1 Tc
SooAt.frt el.uc- - ',. .
- t ,. ."
Identify the green and bIUlsh-greeQ.. .
minerals, as well 6Yspecial narn
areJPY) for these ie,ti?s;, ., .L \l ,. .,.,
(v$f., -
#.' A.,. t!
In Sample A, the dark brown
crystals, and in Sample 8, identify the
\
PES>
.
-
Ider'ttlfythe 2 grey to white massive . . -
mineral specimens. ... " r"c ....../"v I ANC.r
A. - r V\Jt::;t""\CLl )V"",. 'II" . . I '.
B -: ""- . .
IdentIfy the two brown to dark brown .
minerals present.
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QUARTZ PORPHYRY
MASSIVE RHYOUTE
CHALCOPYRITE STRINGER ORE
MASSIVE. BANDED&BRECCIA ORE

"DACITE" SEQUENCE
:1 Pl'lEOOMI'lANTLY AI..TEREDULTRABASIC
"
ANDESITE-DIORITE
LEGEND
/HOT NECEsSARILY'.. CHRONOLOGIC OROER/ .
...

&I!:51Ell . CARBONACEOUS. ARGILLACEOUS
!i!2lal HORIZOK


m
RHYOUTE VOLCANICLASTICS
..
9
6

SCALE
FEET
zoo 400
, ,

IbO
P1TUt.tT
llOO
i
200
lOCI
,
3bo
KIDD CREEK MIN E 5 E C T ION 214,600 N
IN
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Haileybury School of Mines
o
Summary of Exploration Methods for Volcanogenic Sulphide Deposits
' , .
. (C= Canada; A= Australia; K= Kuroko deposits, Japan)
Method Cate.9.2!X Remarks
Geological genetic model
Environment
predictive grade/tonnage
model
careful mapping
o
petrology/petrography
Remote sensing reflectance
-"0
o::t
o::t
1-..
QO
satellite imaging
/)
<c.:>
. -based on submaritie volcanics;
tholeiitic or calc-alkaline
(esp. felsic) volcanics; clusters
associated with rhyolite domes;
alteration suites; and stratigraphy
-recognition that mineralizing
process over relatively
short period (eg. 200,000 yr, (K
... Sangster's work suggests that the
average total base metal tonnage
for deposit clusters associated
with volcanic centres is 5
million tonnes (C) (excluding
supergiants such as Kidd Creek
and Bathurst)
-identification of alteration
haloes/pipes
... di sti ncti on of proximal vs.
distal accumulations (eg. Cu/Zn
ratio decreases steadily away
from main vent) and recognition
of paleoslope .
... mappi n9 vent areas (eg. fragment
size) (main vent probably vertical
zone of intense stockwork
mineralization terminating @
paleosediment-seawater interface)
... albitized and tourmalinized
zones (e)
... combi ned wi th geobotany
(eg. variation in oak leaf
reflectance in Virginia assoc. with
change-in conc. of Pb and Cu
in soil) .
-.define large lineaments, as
intersections appear to be
important sites
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Summary of Exploration Deposits page 2
o
Method Cate9.Q!l Remarks
Geophysics
o
Geochemistry
-'0
a
a
"'
00
AEM and aeromag
gravity
spontaneous potential
I.P.
resistivity
,UTEM (A)
M.I.P. -(magnetic
induced polariz.)
down-hole devices
. (eg. SIROTEM)
(also applied potential
'mise-a-la-masse?
pulse E.M., hertz, loop,
vert. loop, VLF
regional stream,
sediment and soil
l;thogeochemistry
(esp. in drill core*)
... especially useful as
pyrrhotite commonly present
in massive sulphide lenses,
and magnetite in underlying
strfngerzones (C) .
.. apparent association of
graVity highs with major vole.
sulphide deposits (A)
.. one of most cost-effective
methods
.. useful to mark breccia and
stockwork zones
- helps define massive lenses
.. good. although conductive
overburden can be a problem
.. (A) - holds promise for
deposits underlying condo
overburden - further study
... able to locate sulphides within
100 m. of hole
... can detect up to 60 m away from
hole
-common exploration tools (C &A)
-esp. Cu, Zn, Ag, and Au, but also
Pb. and Sn
... Fe
2
0
3
& MgO enrichment
Na
2
0, CaO, and Zn depletion
S10
2
may be .> 70%
*increase in K
2
0/ N toward mass. a
20
lens
*increase in Si0
2/C02
toward mass.
lens .
-if lenses are stacked, those
near base appear to have higher
Cu ~ o n t e n t and be higher' grade
.. -" . . _ ~
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,
@ ., II 1.0
- Summary of Exploration . Deposits
,
page 3
o
Method Cate.92rl .Remarks
Geochemistry (contd) isotopic evidence - low 40
18
over central Amulet pipe
- high G0
18
@ Kidd Creek' (suggests
large deposit size due to high
i0
18
fluid that allowed more
sulphides to be d e p o s i ~ e d )
o
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C)
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