Chapter 22 CONTAINMENT 1. Soviet dominate E Europe 2. foreign policy blcok Sov/com expansion 3.

Primary US foreign policy (47-89) Truman Doctrine 1. protect Greece/ Turkey from Soviet influence 2. 400 mil econ aid to greece/turkey 3. Doctrine- support "free peoples... resisting... outside pressures" Marshall Plan 1. West Europe devastated- vulnerable to Soviet 2.Plan= econ aid for recovery and prevent Soviet spread 3. plan increased American influence in W/S Europe Nato Alliance 1. North Atlantic Treaty ORganization- defensive military alliance (Us,C an,10 W Eureopean) 2. America break from isolationism Warsaw Pact 1.Soviet response to Nato 2. Soveit Union, 7 E European nations (not yugoslavia) Berlin Airlift 1. 1945- Germany into 4 occupation zones (for Us, Britain, France,Soviet ) 2. Berlin in Soviet zone, Berlin 4 zones also 3. Soviet cut off west access to Berlin, provoked first cold war 4. Truman sent airlift of food/supplies to West Berlin 5. successful test of containment 6. Berlin Airlift -> West Germany (Us/Britain/France)(Federal Republic) and East Germany (Soviet)(Democratic Republic) REVIVAL OF WESTERN EUROPE Economic integration 1. European Coal and Steel Community -Jean Monnet=econ copperation key to good relations b/w France + W Germany -Schuman Plan(french premier)-> creatin European Coal and Steel community -tariff-free trade(coal/steel) in (France,W Germany, belgium, it aly, luxembourg, netherlands) 2. European Economic Community (EEC) -Treaty of Rome-> EEC of Common Market (same six countries as EC SC) -eliminated trade barriers, so a tariff union almost -EEC=driving force of econ integration W Europe *(Treaty of Maastricht->EEC->European Union) Christian Democrats 1. econ growth, Eur integraion, natoinal health insurance, farmers aid, democracy 2. leaders=Konrad Adenauer (W Germany), Alcide de Gasperi (italy), Rober t Shcuman (france) 2. Keynesian economics- govts should stimulate econ growth Charles de Gaulle 1. 5th French Republic (1958), president til 69 2. policies=algeria independence w/drawing Fr military from nato french nuclear weapons opposing britain entry to EEC SOVIET UNION UNDER KHRUSHCHEV Stalin's Last Years 1. Stalin, new 5yr plans (industry) after WW2 2.absolute obedience, or else slave labor, death,prison

3.his death->Khrushchev as leader Khrushchev's Secret Speech 1. attacked Stalin in speech at 20th Commnunist Party Congress 2. denounced reign of terror and "cult of personality" De-Stalinization 1. included= more consumer goods, lessening power of secret police, more freedom to intellectuals/writers 2.Solzhenitsyn(writer)- pub. One day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich- hor ros of Stalin camps 3. Pasternak (writer)- pub. Doctor Zhivago- chalenged communism, limits of destalinization\ Sputnik 1.1957- soviet put 184lbs sattelite Sputnik into orbit around Earth 2. sputnik=symbol Soviet tech. power, space race b/w Sovet and US Cold War Confrontations 1. Berlin Wall - 1949-61= 3mil E Germans fled to W Germany, crossed W Berlin -1961- E Geramns/Khrushchev built wall b/w East and WEst -Berlin Wall halted refugees, symbol of Soviet oppression 2.Cuban Missile Crisis -began when Khrushchev built nuclear missiles in Cuba -Krush w/drew if US did not attack Castro of Cuba -undermined Krushchev credibility, led to his oust from power Eastern Europe 1. Destalinization- raised hopes more freedom in E europe, protests in E germany, Czech POland, hungary 2. Crisis in Hungary- liberal communist leader Imre Nagy- free elections and no more Soviet troops 3.Khrushchev, ordered Red Army invade Hungary, crushed rebellion, Nagy e xecuted 4.US did nothing, as Hungary in Soviet sphere of influence SOVIET UNION UNDER BREZHNEV Stagnation 1.Conservatives thought destalinization threat to Communist dictatorial powers 2. Brezhnev got rid of dissidents (Solzhenitsyn) 3. econ stagnation, polit repression Czechoslavakia `1.Dubcek (com leader)- democratic reform "socialism w/ human face" 2. Brezhnev called Warsaw Pact nations to remove Brezhnev from powr 3. Brezhnev Doctrine- his justification saying Soviet/allies rite to inv olve in dom affairs of other Com countreis 4. US did nothing again, as Czech in Soviet sphere of influence Detente 1.Nixon policy of detente- reduce hostility b/w Soviet/US limit nuclear arms/ expand trade 2.Helsinki Accords= zenith Cold War detente, confirmed territory boundar ies after WW2/ protect basic human rites COLLAPSE OF EUROPEAN COMMUNISM Gorbachev's Reforms 1. 1985- Gorbachev selected by Politburo (Com. party decision-making gro up) 2.blamed poor living conditions on rigid politics/stagnant econ 3. program of reforms 4.Glasnost -openness, encouraged open disscussion among citizens about ways to reform society 5.Perestroika -economic restructuring 6.Demokratizatsiya

-democratization->Congress of People's Deputies (2250 member) ne w legislature Comparing Stalin and Gorbachev Stalin 1.rejected free markets of Lenin's NEP 2.5 yr plans for industrialization 3.peasants on staterun farms collectives 4.purged slightest dissenters 5.executed millions 6.rigid totalitarian state 7.Soviet control E Europe Gorbachev 1.private ownership property and free markets 2.allowed public disscussion criticism Com policies 3. open elections 4.heard minority grievances 5.encourage E Europe to reform w/o fear of Soviet arms 6.raise hopes of freedom in E Europe Poland/Solidarity 1.Poland=1st to test Gorbachev policies 2.Solidarity=Democratic Trade Union, led by Lech Walesa 3.Pope John Paul 2- support Solidarity labor mvmt POland 4. Polish voters reject Communists, elected Solidarity candidates, 1st t ime people peacefully forced Communist regime out Fall of Berlin Wall 1. E Germans wanted change 2.1989, reopened Berline wall->reunification of Germany, marked end of C old War in E Europe Collapse of Soviet Union 1.E Europe inspired ethic groups in Soviet Union 2. glasnost loosened controls, allowed protests 3. Communist hardliners military coup failed to overthrow Gorbachev 4. Gorbachev reforms-> no fear of party 5. BOris Yeltsin, president Russian Republic, stopped coup 6. Gorbachev resigned KEY SOCIAL/DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS Key Demographic Trends 1. birth rates Europe rose in 1950s, steady decline after 2. decolonization->former colonial ppl migrating to Europe 3.immigration from N AFrica/Middle East-> many Muslims in W Europe 4.econ motivated, S Europeans moved to N europe Key Changes in Women's RIghts and roles 1.sIMONE BEAUVOIR, feminists, social problems, women control own lives 2. feminist goals = more employment opp.s, more child-care faciliites, m ore access to birth control info, liberalized divorce laws 3. this postwar period= woman married younger, had fewer children 4.married woman empolyment rates increased by alot