Ques What is computer networking?

Ans Computer networking permits multiple computers to communicate and share resources either through wired or wireless access. Or It is a system where computers are interconnected to share information. Ques What is the use of networking? Networking is needed because 1 Communication: It breaks the barrier of distance. 2 Resource sharing: Hardware can be connected to network and thus printers or scanners can be used by all the computer system in the network. 3 Cost effective: A software program can be installed in one system and can be used by other computers in the network there by reducing the cost of buying several copies. High reliability The copy of a document can be made available on many machines so if one system is not available , the other could be used. Networking transmission media Data transmission is sending a stream of bits or bytes from one place to another with the CDs, PEN DRIVES, BLUETOOTH, INFRARED or RADIO WAVES etc. The data transmission technology is divided into 1 Wired technology 2 Wireless technologies Wired technology is a method where, the data is send from one place to another through wires Wireless technologies is the transfer of information between two or more points that are not physically

connected. Distances can be short, such as a few meters for eg television remote control, or as far as thousands or even millions of kilometers for deep-space radio communications Physical /wired Communication Three basic types of guided or wired communication medium are Co-axial Cable Ethernet Cable Fiber Optic A coaxial cable is used to transmit signals, such as video, radio and data. The cables are round and of a uniform radius from end to end. Or

A coaxial cable is most commonly used to hook a television to a cable provider. These have a insulating outer case and a copper wire on the inside An Ethernet cable is a cable used to connect network devices as modems or routers. If a computer is connected to the inter net with a Ethernet cable,

Fiber optics A technology that uses glass (or plastic) threads (fibers) to transmit data. A fiber optic cable consists of a bundle of glass threads, each of which is capable of transmitting messages modulated onto light waves.

Fiber optics has several advantages over traditional metal communications lines: Fiber optic cables have a much greater bandwidth than metal cables. This means that they can carry more data. Fiber optic cables are much thinner and lighter than metal wires.

Data can be transmitted digitally (the natural form for computer data) rather than analogically.

The main disadvantage of fiber optics is that the cables are expensive to install. In addition, they are more fragile than wire and are difficult to splice. Fiber optics is a particularly popular technology for localarea networks. In addition, telephone companies are steadily replacing traditional telephone lines with fiber optic cables. In the future, almost all communications will employ fiber optics. Wireless communication Medium Short range communication 1. Infrared -they are used for short range communicationie communication between the devices which are not very far from each other such as remote control to a television or DVDs player.

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bluetooth Bluetooth is the name of a wireless technology that is standard for connecting devices without cables. Bluetooth works by using radio signals to transmit information over short distances that are generally 33 feet or less.

Long range communication Radio link Microwave link Satellite link GSM CDMA CSMA

Radio link "Radio waves" transmit music, conversations, pictures and data invisibly through the air, often over millions of miles. Eg FM with different frequencies. At low frequency they travel in all directions and at high they travel in straight line.

Microwave It is used for long distance telephonic communication, cell phone communication etc.It travel in straight line and unlike radio waves, microwavws donot pass through obstacles

Satellite link A satellite link is a communications subsystem that involves a link between a transmitting Earth station and a receiving Earth station via a communications satellite

Short for Code-Division Multiple Access, a digital cellular technology that uses spread-spectrum techniques. Unlike competing systems, such as GSM, that use TDMA, CDMA does not assign a specific frequency to each user. Instead, every channel uses the full available spectrum. Individual conversations are encoded with a pseudo-random digital sequence. CDMA consistently provides better capacity for voice and data communications than other commercial mobile technologies,

allowing more subscribers to connect at any given time, and it is the common platform on which 3G technologies are built.

Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) is a probabilistic Media Access Control (MAC) protocol in which a node verifies the absence of other traffic before transmitting on a shared transmission medium, such as an electrical bus, or a band of the electromagnetic spectrum. "Carrier Sense" describes the fact that a transmitter uses feedback from a receiver that detects a carrier wave before trying to send. That is, it tries to detect the presence of an encoded signal from another station before attempting to transmit. If a carrier is sensed, the station waits for the transmission in progress to finish before initiating its own transmission. "Multiple Access" describes the fact that multiple stations send and receive on the medium. Transmissions by one node are generally received by all other stations using the medium. Wireless local loop (WLL), is a term for the use of a wireless communications link as the "last mile / first mile" connection for delivering plain old telephone service (POTS) and/or broadband Internet to telecommunications customers. Various types of