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Matute, Emilyn D. Millares, John Acener C. Padua and Kathryn Cheshire P. Pangilinan Group 5 2A Medical Technology Organic Chemistry Laboratory ABSTRACT
Hydroxyl and Carbonyl containing samples were tested in this experiment. The samples were analyzed through tests involving the solubility
of alcohols in water, Lucas test, Chromic Acid test, 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazone (2,4-DNP) test,
Fehlings test, Tollens Silver Mirror test, and Iodoform test. Lucas test differentiates primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols. Chromic test was performed to know if the sample is oxidizable. 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazone test was performed for aldehydes and ketones. Fehlings Test and Tollens Silver Mirror Test are tests for aldehydes. Iodoform test is a test for methyl carbinol and methylcarbonyl groups. The samples are n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, tertbutyl alcohol, acetaldehyde, n-butylaldehyde, benzandehyde, acetone, and isopropyl alcohol.
INTRODUCTION
Hydroxyl group is used to describe the functional group OH when it is a substituent in an organic compound. [4] Representative organic molecules containing a hydroxyl group are known as alcohols. Hydroxyl groups are especially important in biological chemistry because of their tendency to form hydrogen bonds both as donor and acceptor. This property is also related to their ability to increase hydrophilicity and water solubility [1]. There are three classifications of alcohols by the carbon to which the hydroxyl group is attached. Primary alcohols are those in which the hydroxyl group is attached to the carbon with only one carbon attached. Secondary alcohols are compounds in which the OH- is attached to a carbon which has two other carbons attached to it. Tertiary alcohols are compounds in which a hydroxyl group is attached to a carbon with three attached carbons [3]. Carbonyl group is a family of functional groups composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom: C=O. The group is a constituent of carboxylic acids, esters, anhydrides, acylhalides, amides, and quinones, and it is the characteristic functional group of aldehydes and ketones [2]. Aldehydes are organic compound containing a terminal carbony lgroup. This functional group, called analdehyde group, consists of a carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom with a single covalent bond and an oxygen atom with a double bond. Thus the chemical formula for an aldehyde functional group is -CH=O, and the general formula for analdehyde is R-CH=O. Ketones features a carbonyl group(C=O) bonded to two other carbon atoms. They differ from aldehydes in a way that the carbonyl is placed between two carbons rather than at the end of a carbon skeleton [3]. They are also distinct from other functional groups, such as carboxylic acids, esters and amides, which have a carbonyl group bonded to a hetero atom. The tests used in this experiment are Lucas test, Chromic Acid test, 2,4Dinitrophenylhydrazone, Fehlings test, Tollens Silver Mirror test and Iodoform test [4]. Lucas test often provides classification information for alcohols, as well as a probe for the existence of the hydroxyl group. Substrates that easily give rise to cationic character at the carbon bearing the hydroxyl group undergo this test readily; primary alcohols do not give a positive result. [4]Chromic acid test detects the presence of a hydroxyl substituent that is on a carbon bearing at least one hydrogen, and therefore oxidizable. 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazone test can be used to qualitatively detect the carbonyl functionality of a ketone or aldehyde functional group. Fehlings Test and Tollens Silver Mirror Test are used to detect aldehydes. However, Fehling's solution can only be used to test for aliphatic aldehydes , whereas Tollens' reagent can be used to test for both aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes. Iodoform Test is a test for methylcarbinol (secondary alcohol with adjacentmethyl group) and methyl carbonyl group.
To prepare the reagent for this test, add a solution of 3 g of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine in 15 mL of conc. H2SO4 slowly, while stirring to a mixture of 20 mL of water and 70 mL of 95% ethanol. Stir and filter it. Place a drop of a liquid sample into a small test tube. Add 5 drops of 95% ethanol and shake it well. Add 3 drops of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. If no yellow or orange-red precipitate forms, allow the solution to stand for at least 15 minutes.
5. Fehlings Test
This test was performed on acetaldehyde, nbutyraldehyde, acetone, benzaldehyde, and acetophenone. Fehlings reagent was prepared by mixing equal amounts of Fehlings A and Fehlings B. Fehlings A was prepared by dissolving 7 g of hydrated copper (II) sulfate in 100 mL of water. Fehlings B was prepared by mixing 35 g of Potassium sodium tartrate and 10 g of Sodium hydroxide in 100-ml water. 1-ml of freshly prepared Fehlings reagent was placed into each test tube. 3 drops of the sample to be tested was added in to the tube. The tubes were then placed in a beaker of boiling water and changes within 10-15 minutes were observed.
2. Lucas Test
To prepare the reagent for this test, dissolve 16 g of anhydrous zinc chloride in 10 mL of conc. HCL. Allow the mixture to cool. After cooling, add 50 mg of the sample to 1 mL of reagent in a small vial. Cap the vial and shake vigorously for a few seconds. Allow the mixture to stand at room temperature. Perform the test on n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcoho, and benzyl alcohol. Observe the rate of formation of the cloudy suspension or the formation of two layers.
4. 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazone test
This test was performed on acetone, acetaldehyde, n-butyraldehyde, benzaldehyde, and acetophenone.
7. Iodoform Test
This test was performed on acetaldehyde, acetone, acetophenone, benzaldehyde, and isopropyl alcohol.
2 drops of each sample was placed into its own small vial or test tube. 20 drops of fresh chlorine bleach (5% Sodium hypochlorite) was slowly added while shaking to each test tube and then, mixed. The formation of a yellow participate was noted.
CH3CH2OH CH3CH2CH2OH
1 mL
miscible
6.5 mL
immiscible
Table 3 shows the reaction of n- butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol, nbutyraldehyde, benzaldehyde, and acetone to Chromic Acid test. N-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, and n-butyraldehyde green solution whereas tert-butyl alcohol, and acetone resulted to a yellow solution. Table 4. 2,4-DNP results
Substance acetaldehyde nbutyraldehyde Benzaldehyde acetone Condensed Structural Formula Results Orange ppt. Orange ppt. Orange ppt. Orange ppt.
Table 1 shows that ethanol, n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, and tert-butyl alcohol are all miscible with water with the exception of benzyl alcohol which exhibited insolubility. Table 2. Lucas test results Condensed Results
Structural Formula CH3CH2CH2OH
Table 4 shows the reaction of acetaldehyde, nbutyraldehyde, benzaldehyde, and acetone to 2,4-DNP test. All the samples exhibited positive result because they all formed an orange precipitate. Hence, 2,4-DNP test proved that the samples are carbonyl-containing compounds and are either aldehydes or ketones. Table 5. Fehlings test results
Substance acetaldehyde Condensed Structural Formula Results Brick red ppt. 2 layer: green, brown Brick red ppt. 3 layers: Colorless, light
Table 2 shows the reaction of butanol derivatives to Lucas Test. N-butyl alcohol, secbutyl alcohol, and benzyl alcohol yielded a clear solution when subjected to Lucas Test whereas tert-butyl alcohol resulted to a cloudy immiscible suspension which eventually formed two layers.
nbutyraldehyde
Benzaldehyde acetone
It is shown in Table 5 that acetaldehyde, nbutyraldehyde, and benzaldehyde exhibited positive result. Acetaldehyde, in particular turned from blue to muddy green then formed a crude red precipitate upon heating. These three sample compounds which exhibited positive result to Fehlings test are all aldehydes. Table 6. Tollens Silver Mirror test results
Substance acetaldehyde nbutyraldehyde Benzaldehyde acetone Condensed Structural Formula Results Silver mirror; black ppt. gray solution Clear solution Gray solution
[3] Hydroxyl Group. (2010). In Encyclopdia Britannica. Retrieved September 19, 2010, from Encyclopdia Britannica Online: http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia /P/phenol.html. [4] Shriner, Fuson, Curtin. (1964). Systematic Identification of Organic Compound: A Laboratory Manual Fifth Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York: Van Hoffmann Press
In table 6, acetaldehyde prdouced a silver mirror with a black ppt when subjected to Tollens test while the other compounds did not formed any silver mirror. The formation of the silver mirror may be affected by the preparation of the Tollens reagent. Table 7. Iodoform test results
Substance acetaldehyde nbutyraldehyde Benzaldehyde Isopropyl alcohol Condensed Structural Formula Results Brown ppt. Redish briwn ppt. Yellow ppt. Red solution
Table 7 shows that among the sample compounds tested, acetaldehyde, acetone, acetophenone, and isopropyl alcohol exhibited positive
REFERENCES
[1] Bayguen, A.V., Cruz, C.T., de Guia, R.M, Lampa, F.F., Pea, G.T., Sarile, A.S. and Torres, P.C. (2009),Laboratory Manual in Organic Chemistry,C&E Publishing, Inc. [2] Carbonyl http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonyl