(ROBOTICS)

A SYNOPSIS
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Certificate of Diploma of Engineering In

Computer Science & Engineering

SUBMITTED TO RAJ SINGH

SUBJECT (EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES AND CURRENT IT TRENDS)

SUBMITTED BY : KAILASH MISHRA

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING

Lovely Professional University

YEAR : 2011-12

INDEX
Introduction History Requirements Uncertainity in robots Human robot interaction Robotics objective

Pictures

Autonomous robot control Scope pf robotics Conclusions Refrences

INTRODUCTION
Robotics

is the branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, structural disposition, manufacture and application of robots and computer systems for their control, sensory feedback, and information processing. The concept and creation of machines that could operate autonomously dates back to classical times, but research into the functionality and potential uses of robots did not grow substantially until the 20th century. Today, robotics is a rapidly growing field, as we continue to research, design, and build new robots that serve various practical purposes, whether domestically, commercially, or militarily. Many robots do jobs that are hazardous to people such as defusing bombs, exploring shipwrecks, and mines.

HISTORY
The word robot was introduced to the public by the Czech writer Karel Capek in his

play R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots), published in 1920. There is some evidence that the word robot was actually coined by Karl's brother Josef, a writer in his own right. In a short letter, Capek writes that he asked Josef what he should call the artifical workers in his new play. Karel suggests Labori, which he thinks too 'bookish' and his brother mutters "then call them Robots" and turns back to his work, and so from a curt response we have the word robot.
The word 'robotics' was first used in Runaround, a short story published in 1942. I,

Robot, a collection of several of these stories, was published in 1950. Asimov also proposed his three "Laws of Robotics", and he later added a 'zeroth law'. Law Zero:A robot may not injure humanity, or, through inaction, allow humanity to come to harm. Law One:A robot may not injure a human being, or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm, unless this would violate a higher order law. Law Two:A robot must obey orders given it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with a higher order law. Law Three:A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with a higher order law.

Date

Significance

Robot Name

Inventor

Third century B.C. and earlier

One of the earliest descriptions of automata appears in the Lie Zi text, on a much earlier encounter between King Mu of Zhou(1023957 BC) and a mechanical engineer known as Yan Shi, an 'artificer'. The latter allegedly presented the king with a life-size, humanshaped figure of his mechanical handiwork.

Yan Shi

First Descriptions of more than 100 machines and century automata, including a fire engine, a wind A.D. organ, a coin-operated machine, and a

Ctesibius, Philo of Byzantium, Heron of

steam-powered engine, and in Pneumatica and Automata by Heron of earlier Alexandria

Alexandria, and others

1206

Created early humanoid automata, programmable automaton band

Robot band, handwashing Al-Jazari automaton, automated moving peacocks

1495

Designs for a humanoid robot

Mechanical knight

Leonardo da Vinci

1738

Mechanical duck that was able to eat, flap its wings, and excrete

Digesting Duck

Jacques de Vaucanson

1898

Nikola Tesla demonstrates first radiocontrolled vessel.

Teleautomaton

Nikola Tesla

1921

First fictional automatons called "robots" appear in the play R.U.R.

Rossum's Universal Robots

Karel Capek

1930s

Humanoid robot exhibited at the 1939 and 1940 World's Fairs

Elektro

Westinghouse Electric Corporation

1948

Simple robots exhibiting biological behaviors

Elsie and Elmer

William Grey Walter

1956

First commercial robot, from the Unimation company founded by George Unimate Devol and Joseph Engelberger, based on Devol's patents

George Devol

1961

First installed industrial robot.

Unimate

George Devol

1963

First palletizing robot

Palletizer

Fuji Yusoki Kogyo

1973

First industrial robot with six electromechanically driven axes

Famulus

KUKA Robot Group

1975

Programmable universal manipulation arm, PUMA a Unimation product

Victor Scheinman

REQUIREMENTS
Autonomy Robots have to be capable of achieving task objectives without human input Robots have to be able to make and execute their own decisions based on sensor information Intuitive Human-Robot Interfaces
Use of robots in smart homes cannot require extensive user training

Commands to robots should be natural for inhabitants Adaptation Robots have to be able to adjust to changes in the environment

UNCERTAINITY IN ROBOTS

Robot systems in intelligent environments have to deal with sensor noise and uncertainty Sensor uncertainty Sensor readings are imprecise and unreliable Non-observability Various aspects of the environment can not be observed The environment is initially unknown Action uncertainty Actions can fail Actions have nondeterministic outcomes

HUMAN ROBOTS INTERACTION

He robot has to be able to communicate its intentions to the human Output has to be easy to understand by humans Robot has to be able to encode its intention Interface has to keep humans attention without annoying her Robot communication devices: Easy to understand computer screens Speech synthesis
Robot gestures

ROBOTICS OBJECTIVES
IN THIS MODULE I WILL : Identify the characterstics of a variety of types and sizes of robots.

 Describe how artificial intelligence is applied to robotic systems when ? how ? Identify,sketch and label all major parts of an idustrial robot(need to look at module to see what can be drawn _when ?) Describe the basic components that allow an operator to program robots. Compare and contrast robotics applications in medicine,industrial and entertainment applications. Set up and program an interactive robotics station Identify and describe the preparation and requirements for careers related to robotics.

PICTURES

AUTONOMOUS ROBOT CONTROL

To control robots to perform tasks autonomously a number of tasks have to be addressed: Modeling of robot mechanisms Kinematics, Dynamics Robot sensor selection Active and passive proximity sensors Low-level control of actuators Closed-loop control Control architectures Traditional planning architectures Behavior-based control architectures Hybrid architectures

SCOPE OF ROBOTICS
A course in robotics trains and educates a student in the field of artificial intelligence, computer-aided manufacturing, computer integrated manufacturing system, computational geometry, robot motion planning, digital electronics and micro processing. The different facets of building a robot include working on developing the hardware, software, intelligence control and adaptive control of the machine. Robotics is not all about designing the robots. Its maintenance, developing new applications and conducting research are equally important. Specialising in design and control in robotics is close to mechanical engineering. For hardware design of robots, a

BTech in electrical or electronics and communication engineering forms a good base. Computer engineers can look at hardware design in robotics and the controls part requires aspects of electrical engineering. This field also requires the application of computerintegrated manufacturing, mechanical engineering, electrical and software engineering and biological mechanics. Perfect choice, actually today robotics is in great demand. if one knows how to work and build up robots he/she is going to have a fat package for sure. The various scopes are modern warfares,surgery,nano-technology ,spaceexploration,military,usages,automatic vendors and executors for devices Robotics have a wide future.After completing +2 you can opt for specialization courses in Robotics. Make sure you get cetification for the courses you study.There are many sectors where robotic technology used. A specialisation in robotics is a popular choice for students going abroad to study. This field offers job opportunities and a robotics engineer can apply his mastery in diverse fields like modern warfare, surgery, nano-technology and space-exploration. Many funding programmes and scholarships are available for research and PhD. students. Developing a robot comes with the goal of finding a solution to the problem. Along with the technical know-how, interest in research is essential. This field has no boundaries and will continue to grow until the machines take over

CONCLUSIONS
Robots are an important component in Intelligent Environments Automate devices Provide physical services Robot Systems in these environments need particular capabilities Autonomous control systems Simple and natural human-robot interface Adaptive and learning capabilities Robots have to maintain safety during operation While a number of techniques to address these requirements exist, no functional, satisfactory solutions have yet been developed

 Only very simple robots for single tasks in intelligent environments exist

REFRENCES
www.wikipedia.org
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Robotics http://www.galileo.org/robotics/