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Springs are used as cushions to absorb shock, as i machine supports, on automobile frames, and in airplane lending gear; as a source of power by storing up energy that is later delivered as driving power, as in clocks, trigger mechanisms, etc. ; and to maintain contact between machine members by exerting a direct force, as in clutches and brakes. Springs are also use as load measuring devices, as in spring balances, power dynamo meters, and in instruments such as gauges, meters, and engine indicators.
17. GEARING
Transmission gearing. The word gearing may be used as a general term for all machine elements used in transmitting motion. Belts, friction pulleys, and other types of power transmission that depend upon friction are subject to slippage and hence do not transmit a definite and invariable speed ratio. Chains and gear are used when positive drives are necessary, and where the center distances relatively short, toothed gears are preferred. Spur gears. This is the type of gear most commonly used to connect parallel shafts, which then rotate in opposite directions. They may be straight-tooth with the teeth parallel to the
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18. BEARINGS
Bearing classification: A bearing is a machine part which supports a moving element and confines its motion. The most important as well as the most common applications of bearings are those in which the relative motion between the members is either a sliding action guided in a straight line as between a planer table and its bed; or the motion is rotation, as in case of a shaft with its axis held in a fixed position by journal bearings, and end wise movement prevented by thrust bearings.
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A journal bearing is one which forms a sleeve around a shaft and supports a load at right angles to the shaft axis. The journal is that part of the shaft which rotates in the bearing. A thrust bearing is one which takes a thrust load in the direction of the axis of the shaft. When worn, the bearing may be restored to its original condition by replacing the liner. The piston pin bearing in an automobile connecting rod is a familiar example of this type of bearing. For ordinary work, light loads, and moderate speeds, unlined cast iron bearings may be used. Ball and roller bearings. Bearings for rotating members may be still further classified into two groups according to the type of support and the relative motion involved. Thus we have plain bearings, in which the shaft journal is supported directly by the bearing surface with which it is in sliding contact, except for the film or lubricant. Another group is ball and roller bearings, in which the journal is separated from the bearing support by balls and rollers. The surface in this case are principally in rolling contact. Ball bearings were developed along with the bicycle toward the end of the last century; roller bearings appeared even later; yet today these machine elements are of tremendous importance. Characteristics of ball and roller bearings. While ball and roller bearings are commonly known as anti friction bearings, and have certain advantages in reducing friction, they have other properties of as great importance. Dependability in service is perhaps their outstanding characteristic. They are less exacting with respect to lubrication than plain bearings. If well filled with grease and protected from dirt and moisture, they will run from three months to a year without attention; they need only additional lubricant. Another characteristic of anti friction bearings is their ability to support heavy overloads for a considerable period of time without sudden failure. There is no extremely great superiority from a standpoint of low operating friction of ball and roller bearings over plain bearings, provided the latter are perfectly lubricated. With imperfect lubrication, however, which is the case for many plain bearings, a considerable reduction in friction is obtained by the use of ball or roller bearings. Lubricants. Since there is relative motion between the contact surfaces, a certain amount of power must be absorbed in overcoming friction; and, if the surfaces actually touch, there will be more or less rapid wear. It is necessary to provide a lubricant to reduce the friction and to eliminate the wear as much as possible. A lubricant is any substance that will form a film between the rubbing surfaces, preventing, to some degree, the actual contact of the surfaces. Oils and greases are the most common lubricants, although water is used in thrust bearings and in bearings of some vertical water wheels where oil lubrication tends to corrode the bearings, water lubricated bearings are usually made of rubber. A few solids (such as graphite, mica, soapstone, talc and other greasy nonabrasive materials) are used as bearing lubricants. When properly used, they fill the cavities, smooth out the irregularities in the surfaces, and reduce the friction and wear below that produced between dry surfaces.
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